Lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, uDean Miller wayeseyazi kakade ukuthi ufuna ukuba isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngikhulela e-Australia, umhlaba wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle wawubonakala umangalisa futhi ungenamkhawulo, uthi.
โBengifuna ukufunda izimangaliso zeGreat Barrier Reef, ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo ezimelela i-ecosystem ehluke kakhulu emhlabeni,โ kusho uMiller etshela i-Truthout.
Kodwa eminyakeni emibili edlule, konke lokhu kuye kwashintsha.
โManje sengibheka ulwandle njengesimiso semvelo esihlushwa izenzo zethu futhi ngizizwa nginecala ngendlela engenakukholwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kwegceke lami, ngeso lesizukulwane sethu,โ echaza. โAngisaphuphi nge-kaleidoscope yokuphila, umbala nokunyakaza okumele izixhobo zamakhorali emhlabeni. Esikhundleni salokho, ngiyakhathazeka futhi ngilwela ubukhona bangempela bezixhobo zamakhorali njengoba sizazi, njengoba izinguquko engizibona zenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu - ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho okungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguzunga zamatshe.โ
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kule minyaka emibili edlule, iGreat Barrier Reef, ethandeka kakhulu kuMiller nakwabanye abangenakubalwa abajabulela ubuhle nezimfihlakalo zolwandle, iye yaba khona. ukufa ngenani elingakaze libonwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokufudumala kwamanzi olwandle.
Ukukhanya kwamakhorali kwenzeka lapho amakhorali ecindezelwa amanzi afudumele kunalawo avamile, okuwenza akhiphe ulwelwe lwe-symbiotic oluhlala ezicutshini zawo, lapho ethola khona amandla awo. Ikhorali liphenduka libe mhlophe ngokuphelele lapho liba mhlophe. Uma lihlala licwengekile isikhathi eside ngokwanele, liyafa.
Omunye usosayensi usevele wahamba kakhulu ukumemezela iGreat Barrier Reef manje โisesigabeni sokugcina.โ Iningi lalabo abacwaninga ngezixhobo zasolwandle liyavuma ukuthi okwenzekayo akukaze kwenzeke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, okungenani, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zedwala elide elingamakhilomitha angu-1,400 nyakenye, okwaholela ekufeni okungamaphesenti angu-22. Manje omunye umcimbi wokushibilika usuholele ekutheni okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezixhobo ziphinde zibe mhlophe futhi.
Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle uDavid Burdick, osekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 efunda ngamakhorali azungeze iGuam, utshele i-Truthout ukuthi izenzakalo eziba mhlophe azibonayo โzintsha kithina.โ (Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho kaDavid Burdick)
"I-bleaching kulo nyaka iqhubeke kakhulu eningizimu futhi ibamangaze ososayensi ngobunzima bayo kanye nezinga layo,โ kusho uMiller. Futhi wesaba ukuthi isimo solwandle singase sibe sibi kakhulu kunalokho ososayensi abacabanga ngakho, njengoba kwenziwa izinhlolovo zasemoyeni kuphela ukuze kuhlolwe umonakalo futhi awukho umkhumbi wocwaningo osebenzayo njengamanje olwandle ukuze unikeze imininingwane ecokeme.
Njengoba amazinga okushisa olwandle ekhuphuka emhlabeni wonke njengoba ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic (ACD) kuqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini, iGreat Barrier Reef, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yamakhorali eMhlabeni, ingase ibe isibonelo salokho okwenzeka kuwo wonke amakhorali emhlabeni.
โLokhu Kusha Kithi Sonkeโ
Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle uDavid Burdick sixhumanisa uhlelo lokuqapha izixhobo zamakhorali oluxhaswe yi-NOAA lwesikhathi eside oluphuma e-University of Guam Marine Laboratory, futhi sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kweshumi enza izifundo zezindawo zamakhorali zaseGuam.
"Ngo-2013, saba nomcimbi wokufiphala okumaphakathi kuya kobunzima obuvele buvele buthule futhi obudonse izinyanga ezintathu, futhi salahlekelwa ingxenye yesine yamakhorali athinteke kumaphesenti angama-80 ezinhlobo zamakhorali eziba mhlophe," kusho uBurdick etshela iTruthout ngesikhathi. inhlolokhono yakamuva ngeGuam.
Khona-ke, esikhathini esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-2013 kamuva, lokho akubiza ngokuthi โizinga lokushisa elingavamile endaweni yolwandleโ kwabangela esinye isenzakalo sokuba mhlophe okusesilinganisweni kuya kwesibi kakhulu. "Amakhorali abesevele ebuthakathaka ngomcimbi ka-2013 - abaningi babo bafa," echaza. "Lo mcimbi wawusakazeke kakhulu, futhi amakhorali asinda emcimbini ka-XNUMX awazange asinde kulona."
Amaphesenti angu-2014 amakhorali abola ngesikhathi somcimbi ka-XNUMX afa.
UDean Miller, usosayensi wasolwandle Ifa leGreat Barrier Reef, inhlangano yezemvelo engenzi nzuzo esebenzela ukukhuthaza ukuphathwa okungcono kwe-reef ngokunikeza ukufinyelela kwamahhala kososayensi. (Isithombe: Dahr Jamail)
โKhona-ke, ngenkathi sisahlaziya yonke imininingwane yethu evela kulowo mcimbi, saba nomunye umcimbi omkhulu wokushibilika ngo-2016,โ kusho uBurdick. "Ngakho-ke saba nemicimbi emithathu emikhulu yokushibilika, empeleni eyodwa ngonyaka, okuyiphethini manje, ngokusobala."
Ngaphambi kwalezi zenzakalo, babengakaze babone lutho e-Guam olwalungahlukaniswa ngale komcimbi โomaphakathiโ wokufiphaliswa kwamakhorali.
"Lokhu kusha kithina," kusho uBurdick.
UMiller naye umangazwe yilokho akubona eduze kweGreat Barrier Reef, okufana ngendlela emangalisayo nalokhu uBurdick akubona eGuam.
โIzingxenye zezixhobo ezingazange zibe mhlophe ngonyaka odlule manje sezingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, futhi lokhu kwehluke ngokuphelele ngoba lokhu kuwukuba mhlophe okulandelanayo,โ kuchaza uMiller. โUhlelo lwase lunengcindezi, futhi lesi yisigameko esisha sokucindezeleka. Sibona ukufa okuningi emanzini endaweni yethuโฆ. Okungashonanga ngonyaka odlule kuyashona kulo nyaka.โ
Ukwengeza ekushiseni okusha emcimbini walo nyaka, izingxenye eziseningizimu zezixhobo ezivame ukuba semanzini apholile manje seziyaba mnyama.
โKubuhlungu ukubona,โ kwengeza uMiller. โImisebenzi eqondile ephathelene nezokuvakasha eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa kanye nemboni yezokuvakasha eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, konke kusengcupheni, ikakhulukazi phezu komonakalo wakamuva weCyclone Debbie.โ
NgokukaDean Miller, isenzakalo salo nyaka sokushibilika kwamakhorali eGreat Barrier Reef siye samangaza ososayensi โngenxa yobukhulu nobukhulu basoโ futhi senzeka eningizimu kakhulu kunonyaka odlule, esabulala amaphesenti angu-22 ezixhobo zamatshe. (Isithombe: Ngokuhlonishwa kwe-ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies)
A Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngoMashi ephephabhukwini iNature ithole ukuthi ukushibilika konyaka odlule kweGreat Barrier Reef kwakubi kakhulu kangangokuthi kwakungekho analog efanayo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka yamakhorali amakhorali asendulo asetshenziswa ososayensi ukuze bahlole izimo zezulu ezidlule.
Olunye ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku-Nature kwabikezela ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2050, amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-98 ezixhobo zamakhorali emhlabeni wonke azobe ehlushwa โukucindezeleka okushisayo kwezinga lokushisaโ njalo ngonyaka.
Nokho, ukubikezela kungase kube kubi nakakhulu: The ososayensi ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni kusukela ngoMashi baqagula ukuthi inkathi yokungabi mhlophe kwamakhorali emhlabeni wonke engapheli kungenzeka isifikile kakade, nakuba emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili kunalokho okwakubikezelwe ngisho nangonyaka odlule. Bachaza ukuthi iGreat Barrier Reef idinga iminyaka engu-10 kuya kwengu-15 phakathi kwezenzakalo zokushibilika kwegazi ukuze ilulame ngokugcwele, futhi leso sikhathi sokululama โasisasebenzi.โ
โAsazi Nanokuthi Silahlekelwa Yiniโ
U-Laurie Raymundo uyisazi se-coral ecologist e-University of Guam Marine Lab osebenze eduze noBurdick iminyaka. Ngokufanayo noMiller, lapho eneminyaka engu-11 wayazi ukuthi wayefuna ukufunda amakhorali. Manje usefundisa eNyuvesi yaseGuam, futhi uklama izifundo ze-coral reef ecology kanye nokuphathwa okuzohlanganisa imithelela ye-ACD. Uhlale eGuam kusukela ngo-2004 futhi ungumbhali ohlangene we-2016 Paris Climate Agreement.
Njengabanye ososayensi uTruthout akhulume nabo, uRaymundo ukhathazeke kakhulu ngalokhu akubonayo.
Isazi se-Coral Ecologist u-Laurie Raymundo kanye neNyuvesi yaseGuam ungomunye wababhali beSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu sase-Paris sika-2016. (Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho ka-Laurie Raymundo)
Uma silahlekelwa izixhobo zamakhorali, uRaymundo waxwayisa i-Truthout, โSizolahlekelwa yizo zonke izinhlobo zethu ezizwelayo, futhi sizoba nokuhlukahluka okuncane.โ
Okumkhathaza ngokufanayo ukuthi kusekuningi esingakakwazi ngokubaluleka kwezixhobo zamakhorali.
โAsazi nokuthi silahlekelwa yini, futhi asiqondi ukuthi kusho ukuthini ngokuphelele ukulahlekelwa yizinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, kwezemithi, kwezemvelo, nangezinye izindlela eziningi,โ kusho yena. "Silahlekelwa izinto ngaphambi kokuthi sazi, ngokugcwele, ukuthi silahlekelwa yini."
Umsebenzi owodwa obalulekile esiwaziyo ukuthi siyalahlekelwa: Nakuba izixhobo zamakhorali zimboza kuphela amaphesenti angu-0.0025 olwandle, amunca cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ye-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwa ngokushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
A umbiko we-UN Food and Agriculture Organization ibonisa ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali zinesibopho sokukhiqiza amaphesenti angu-17 awo wonke amaprotheni asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, futhi leso silinganiso singamaphesenti angu-70 noma ngaphezulu emazweni ayiziqhingi nasogwini njengalawo aseMicronesia.
Ngesikhathi sokubhala lokhu, Umhlaba uye yalahlekelwa cishe ingxenye yamakhorali ayo, futhi ukufudumala kolwandle kuqhubeka kuphela ngesivinini.
"Sithola ukuthi izixhobo ezihlala ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-anthropogenic iminyaka eminingi sezilahlekelwe yizinhlobo zazo zamakhorali ezibucayi, futhi lezi ezikhona manje sezivele zingama-bastards aqinile," kusho uRaymundo. โFuthi lapho izixhobo zamatshe zinokwehlukahlukana okuncane, kuyancipha ukushoda kwemvelo; ngakho-ke maningi amathuba okuthi adilike.โ
Ikusasa Elingenakho Amakhorali?
A Ucwaningo lwe-2012 yembula ukuthi ingxenye yeGreat Barrier Reef yayisinyamalele kakade eminyakeni engu-27 edlule. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kwakhululwa ochwepheshe abafaneleke kakhulu emhlabeni umbiko okubonisa ukuthi, ngaphandle kokungenelela okumangalisayo, iGreat Barrier Reef izonyamalala ngokuphelele ngo-2030.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, a Ucwaningo olushicilelwe futhi lwakhululwa yi-NOAA ngo-2011 waxwayisa ngokuthi, โngaphandle uma kuthathwa isinyathelo manje ukuze kuncishiswe izinsongo,โ amaphesenti angu-90 azo zonke izixhobo zamatshe ayoba โsengoziniโ ngo-2030, futhi zonke izixhobo zamakhorali eMhlabeni zingase ziphele nya ngo-2050. โ ibale ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi afudumele, ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi, ukudoba ngokweqile, ukuthuthukiswa kogu nokugeleza kwezolimo njengezici ezinomthelela.
Yize lokho kungase kuzwakale ngokweqisa, uMiller utshele i-Truthout ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi umbiko awuhambanga ngokwanele.
โNgicabanga ukuthi idla ngoludala,โ echaza. โAmakhorali adinga iminyaka eminingi ukuze ajwayelane namanzi olwandle afudumele, futhi asisenaso leso sikhathi. Ukufudumala esikubonayo manje kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu ukuvumela ukuziphendukela kwemveloโฆ. Ngakho-ke esikubonayo manje ukufa. Yilokho okushiwo i-bleaching.โ
UBurdick, owachaza izixhobo zaseGuam โnjengezigcwala,โ uvumile.
โIzinto ezahlukahlukene zizothenga ezinye izindawo ngesinye isikhathi, ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlobo zamakhorali zingase zihlale isikhathi eside, isikhashana,โ esho. โKodwa [ngemicimbi] yokushibilika njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi, ngeke unikeze amakhorali isikhathi esanele sokubuyela lapho ayekhona. Konke kumayelana nezinga loshintsho. Futhi njengamanje, lelo zinga liyakhula, futhi ngokushesha lapho. โ
Emuva e-Australia, uMiller udumele ngokuthi uhulumeni wakhe wenza okuncane kakhulu, uma kukhona, ukudambisa le nkinga.
U-Truthout ubuze uMiller ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo uhulumeni wase-Australia azithathayo ukusindisa iGreat Barrier Reef.
โNgokubona kwami, akukho lutho,โ ephendula. โAbagxilile nhlobo kulokhu, kunalokho baphusha i-Adani Coal Mine ukuthi iqhubeke. Thina lapha e-Australia asikukholwa neze, uma sikhuluma iqiniso. Eqinisweni, uhulumeni akakaze aphawule nhlobo mayelana nokufiphala. โ
Imayini yamalahle akhulume ngayo ibukeka sengathi izoqhubekela phambili, okuzothi, ngokusho kukaMiller, ilethe eminye imikhumbi engama-500 ethwele amalahle ewela iGreat Barrier Reef njalo ngonyaka.
U-Truthout uxoxisane nozakwabo kaMiller, u-John Rumney, umqondisi ophethe we-Great Barrier Reef Legacy ngo-February, lapho kuqala umcimbi walo nyaka wokufiphalisa umbala.
โLelikhorali lisenkingeni enkulu,โ Kusho uRumney ngaleso sikhathi. NjengoMiller, uBurdick kanye noRaymundo, uRumney uxwayise ngokulahleka okukhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo okuza nokushabalala kwezixhobo zamatshe.
"Lapho yonke lelo coral lihamba, konke lokho kuhlukahluka kwezinhlanzi okuncike kuyo kuyahamba," uRumney utshele iQiniso. "Lonke uchungechunge lokudla lusenkingeni enkulu."
UMiller uvumile, wathi, "Singahle sibone i-ecosystem iwa ngendlela esikwazi ngayo."
Isidingo socwaningo oluzimele ngeGreat Barrier Reef phakathi nalesi senzakalo sesibili sokufiphalisa inqwaba sidingeka kakhulu kunangaphambili, ngokusho kukaMiller. Inhlangano yakhe kanye nekaRumney ilwela ukuthola ososayensi abengeziwe emanzini ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
โIsithonjana semvelo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esiphilayo sidinga usizo lwethu kunanini ngaphambili, futhi ngaphandle uma sisebenza njengabantu abakhathazekile emhlabeni wonke, akukho okuzokwenziwa,โ ephetha. โAkukephuzi kakhulu. Ulwandle lufanele ukulondolozwa - futhi izenzo zethu manje zizonquma isiphetho sezixhobo zamakhorali eminyakeni emi-5 ukuya kweyi-10. Kufanele sithathe isinyathelo.โ
Dahr Jamail, intatheli yezisebenzi ze-Truthout, umbhali we Intshisekelo Yokumelana: Amasosha Angenqaba Ukulwa E-Iraq nase-Afghanistan (Haymarket Books, 2009), kanye Ngale Kwendawo Ehlaza: Ukukhishwa Okuvela Kuntatheli Engahlanganisiwe e-Iraq Ehlalwe (Izincwadi zeHaymarket, 2007). U-Jamail ubike ese-Iraq isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, kanye naseLebanon, Syria, Jordan naseTurkey kule minyaka eyi-10 edlule, futhi usezuze indondo ye-Martha Gellhorn for Investigative Journalism, phakathi kweminye imiklomelo.
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