Sibonga umeluleki we-NSA u-Edward Snowden abantu abaningi abengeziwe e-US nasemhlabeni jikelele bafunda ngokugadwa okubanzi kukahulumeni wase-US kanye nezinhloli. Kunezinombolo ezitholakala esidlangalaleni ezibonisa ukuba ngokoqobo kwalezi zinkinga zinkulu kunalokho abaningi abakucabangayo futhi iningi lalokhu kuhlola kwenzeka ngokugadwa okuncane noma ngokungekho nhlobo kokuqondisa kokwahlulela.
Amakhulu Ezinkulungwane Angaphansi Kokugadwa Nguhulumeni
Iqiniso lokuqala ukuthi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu e-US bebelokhu beqashwe uhulumeni eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Ukubhekwa kukahulumeni kwabantu e-US kusabalele kakhulu kunalokho labo abaphethe abafuna ukukuvuma. Eminyakeni emithathu edlule iyodwa cishe izicelo eziyizi-5000 ziye zavunyelwa zokugada nge-elekthronikhi okuphelele okugunyazwe yinkantolo eyimfihlo ye-FISA. I-FBI igunyaze eminye imisebenzi yokuqapha engu-50,000 nge-National Security Letters eminyakeni emithathu edlule. Uhulumeni uyavuma ukuthi bangaphezu kuka-300,000 abantu abake babanjwa izingcingo zabo ngocingo lwesifunda nolwenhlangano ngonyaka odlule kuphela. Izicelo zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kwezi-50,000 zolwazi lwe-inthanethi zitholwa unyaka ngamunye njengoba kubikwe abahlinzeki be-inthanethi. Futhi, khumbula, lezi izinombolo ezibikwe esidlangalaleni ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi kuningi okuqhubekayo okungazange kubikwe esidlangalaleni.
Izinkantolo Cishe Azilokothi Zenqabe Izicelo Zikahulumeni Zokugadwa
Iqiniso lesibili liwukuthi akukho ukugadwa okubucayi kwezinkantolo zalokhu kugadwa. Abavikeli bezinhloli zikahulumeni balokhu bephakamisa ukuthi izinkantolo zibhekisisa futhi ngokucophelela kukho konke lokhu futhi zivumela idlanzana labantu ababi ngempela ukuba licushwe. Akulona iqiniso. Naphezu kwezinkulungwane zezicelo zikahulumeni wobumbano zokubheka ngokujulile izimpilo zabantu, inkantolo eyimfihlo ye-FISA yenqaba izicelo nhlobo kule minyaka emithathu edlule. Izinkantolo zombuso kanye nezinkantolo zibika mayelana nezicelo ze-wiretap zibhala ngaphezu kwezicelo ezingu-2000 ngonyaka zokugadwa ezigunyaza ukutholwa kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezingcingo nama-imeyili. Izinkantolo sezenqabile uhulumeni izikhathi ezimbili embikweni wakamuva. Izincwadi zokuphepha kuzwelonke ze-FBI akudingeki nokuthi zigunyazwe yinkantolo nhlobo. Ukuntuleka kokuqondisa kukaKhongolose kubonakala ngokucacile kodwa ukuntuleka kwanoma yikuphi ukubuyekezwa kokwahlulela kweziningi zalezi zenzo zokugada kanye nokwengamela okubuthakathaka kakhulu lapho izinkantolo zibuyekeza kufanele kukhathaze noma ubani onendaba nokuziphendulela kukahulumeni.
Ake sihlakaze ukugadwa yiziphathimandla zokuhlola.
Enkantolo ye-FISA Uhulumeni Uyanqoba Njalo
Uhulumeni waseMelika uzame ukuthi umphakathi ungakhathazeki ngokuthi uhulumeni uzothatha izigidi zezingcingo kanye nemisebenzi ye-internet ngoba akukho lwazi lwangempela oludalulwayo ngaphandle kokuthi lugunyazwe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ye-FISA. Ngakho-ke, ungasethemba ngalolu lwazi.
Empeleni ebizwa ngeForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court, inkantolo ye-FISA yakhiwe amajaji ayishumi enza ngamabomu futhi anqume ngasese ukuthi uhulumeni angakwazi yini ukuqoqa futhi abuyekeze izigidi zamarekhodi efoni nawe-inthanethi. Le nkantolo, nakuba ngazi futhi ngihlonipha amalungu ayo ambalwa, ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengomvikeli onolaka wamalungelo omthethosisekelo kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi.
Abameli bakahulumeni baya kula majaji eFISA ngasese. Abameli bakahulumeni bethula ubufakazi obuyimfihlo ezinqubweni eziyimfihlo kungekho mmeli wabasolwa noma omphakathi noma abezindaba abavunyelwe futhi bacela imiyalo eyimfihlo evumela uhulumeni ukuthi ahlole abantu ngokuyimfihlo. Imibono yayo iyimfihlo. Okuwukuphela kwengxenye umphakathi oyaziyo umbiko wesigaba esisodwa owenziwa minyaka yonke ngenani lezicelo kanye nenani lokuchithwa yinkantolo.
Okubi kakhulu ukuthi amajaji ayimfihlo awalokothi abajikijele abameli bakahulumeni abayimfihlo.
Phakathi neminyaka emithathu edlule, uhulumeni wenze izicelo ezingu-4,976 enkantolo eyimfihlo ye-FISA ukuze uthole imvume yokugada nge-elekthronikhi ngezinjongo zobunhloli bangaphandle. Kodwa inombolo enkulu ye-FISA inguziro. Zingaki izicelo zikahulumeni zokubheka inkantolo eyimfihlo ye-FISA eminyakeni emithathu edlule.
Ngo-2012, uhulumeni wacela imvume kumajaji eNkantolo Yokugada Intelligence Yangaphandle (FISA) eyimfihlo izikhathi ezingu-1,789 ukuze ahlole nge-elekthronikhi ngezinjongo zobuhlakani bangaphandle. Kube khona ukuphika kweqanda. Ngesinye isikhathi uhulumeni wasihoxisa isicelo sakhe. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress, Ephreli 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
Ngo-2011, uhulumeni wacela amajaji e-FISA izikhathi ezingu-1,676 ukuthi ahlole i-electronic for services intelligence yangaphandle. Kube khona ukuphika kweqanda. Uhulumeni wahoxisa izicelo ezimbili. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Ngo-2010, uhulumeni wacela amajaji e-FISA izikhathi ezingu-1,511 ukuthi ahlole nge-elekthronikhi ngezinhloso zezobunhloli zangaphandle. Kube khona ukuphika kweqanda. Uhulumeni wahoxisa izicelo ezinhlanu. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress April 29, 2011. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Akulona irekhodi elibi, huh? Cishe ukunqoba kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu kwalabo abafuna amandla okugada futhi akukho ukuhlulwa kuyirekhodi okufanele lithinte wonke umuntu ofuna ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi.
Izincwadi Zezokuphepha Zikazwelonke ze-FBI Ziqoqa Ulwazi Akukho Ukugunyazwa Kwenkantolo Noma Kudingeka
Ngencwadi ye-NSL i-FBI ingafuna amarekhodi ezezimali kunoma yisiphi isikhungo kusuka emabhange kuya emakhasino, wonke amarekhodi ocingo, imininingwane yababhalisile, imibiko yezikweletu, imininingwane yokuqashwa, nawo wonke amarekhodi e-imeyili ahlosiwe kanye namakheli e-imeyili namagama esikrini awo wonke umuntu uxhume leyo akhawunti. Isizathu kufanele kube esokuphikisa kobuhlakani bangaphandle. Asikho isidingo sokugunyazwa yinkantolo nhlobo. Ngakho azikho izicelo ezinqatshiwe. I-Patriot Act yenze lokhu kwaba lula kakhulu ku-FBI. http://epic.org/privacy/nsl/#authority
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi e-Congressional, kube nezingaphezu kuka-50,000 zalezi zicelo ze-FBI NSL eminyakeni emithathu edlule. Lokhu akubali izikhathi eziningi lapho i-FBI inxusa ukudalulwa kolwazi ngaphandle kokuthola i-NSL. Futhi ayizibali izicelo ze-FBI ezenziwe ukuze uthole ukuthi i-akhawunti ye-imeyili ekabani.
Lezi zinombolo ze-NSL ezibikiwe futhi azibandakanyi izinombolo eziphezulu kakhulu zamabizo okuphatha akhishwe i-FBI adinga kuphela ukugunyazwa kwelungu lehhovisi lendawo lommeli wase-US. 21 USC 876. Bheka 1 William & Mary Policy Review 51 (2010). David Kravets, "Asidingi incwadi egunyaza ukunuka: ukukhuphuka okuphazamisayo, okunganqandwa kwe-subpoena yokuphatha." I-WIRED, 8-28-12 http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/08/administrative-subpoenas/
Ngo-2012, i-FBI yakhipha izicelo zezincwadi zokuphepha kazwelonke ezingu-15,229 zolwazi oluphathelene nezakhamuzi zase-US. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress, Ephreli 30, 2013. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
Ngo-2011, i-FBI yenza izicelo eziyi-16,511 zezincwadi zokuphepha kazwelonke zokuthola ulwazi oluphathelene nabantu base-US. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Ngo-2010, i-FBI yenza izicelo zezincwadi zokuphepha kazwelonke ezingu-24,287 zokuthola ulwazi ngezakhamuzi zase-US. Umthombo: Incwadi yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US eya kuCongress April 30, 2012. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2011rept.pdf
Njengoba ingekho imvume yenkantolo edingekayo, akukho ukuphika. Irekhodi le-NSL lingcono kakhulu kunerekhodi le-FISA ekuwineni okungu-56,027 futhi akukho ukulahlekelwa Kokubhekwa Kwethimba.
Izinkulungwane zama-Wiretap Ngamunye Athinta Abantu Abayikhulu Eligunyazwe Ababili Abanqatshiwe
Ngokombiko wakamuva weCongress of the US Courts, kube nezicelo ezingu-2,732 zama-wiretaps ezithunyelwe kuzo zonke izinkantolo zombuso kanye nengxenye yezinkantolo zombuso ngo-2011. Ingxenye yezifundazwe ayizange ibike ngezinombolo zazo ngakho lezi zinombolo ziphansi kakhulu. . Itemu elithi wiretap liphelelwe yisikhathi njengoba le nqubo okwamanje ihlanganisa ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngezintambo zefoni ezivamile, omakhalekhukhwini, imibhobho eyimfihlo, imibhalo, ifeksi, ukupheja, nama-imeyili athunyelwa ngekhompyutha.
Ngonyaka ka-2011, ezicelweni ezingu-2,732 2700, ezimbili kuphela ezenqatshiwe. Ukulahlekelwa okubili kokuzama okungu-XNUMX kuyirekhodi elibi ngokuqhathaniswa lokulahlekelwa kwabantu abagadayo.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-wiretap ngayinye ibambe ukuxhumana kwabantu abangu-113, ngakho-ke abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu baye babanjwa izingcingo zabo.
Isizathu esivame kakhulu esibikiwe sama-wiretaps kwakungamacala ezidakamizwa. Ubude obumaphakathi be-wiretap bebuyizinsuku ezingama-42. I-wiretap eyodwa yombuso e-Michigan iholele ekutholeni imilayezo yeselula engaphezu kuka-71,000 enwetshwa ezinsukwini ezingama-202. I-wiretap yesifunda saseNew York ibambe imilayezo engu-274,210 ezinsukwini ezingu-564. http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/Statistics/WiretapReports/2011/2011WireTap.pdf
Imibiko Yenkampani Ngezinhloli Bonisa Amashumi Ezinkulungwane Zezicelo
Kwaziwa kahle ukuthi ama-akhawunti abasebenzisi kwa-Google, Apple nakwamanye aqukethe inqwaba yolwazi kulwazi oluyisisekelo lwekhasimende okuhlanganisa ukusesha, ukuthanda nokungathandwa, ukuthenga, abangani, nokunye okunjalo. Abaphenyi bakahulumeni bafuna lolu lwazi izikhathi ezingamashumi ezinkulungwane unyaka ngamunye njengoba imibiko evela ezinkampanini ibonisa.
I-Apple ibike ukuthi ithole izicelo zikahulumeni ezingu-4,000 kuye kwezingu-5,000 zokuthola ulwazi ngamakhasimende ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Disemba 2012 kuya kuMeyi 31, 2013 i-Apple yathola izicelo zomthetho zedatha yekhasimende kuma-akhawunti angu-9-10,000 noma kumadivayisi. Le nombolo ayifaki izicelo ze-FISA. Iningi lalezi zicelo zivela emaphoyiseni ezigebengu, izingane ezidukile, njll. https://www.apple.com/apples-commitment-to-customer-privacy/
I-Facebook ibike ukuthi esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha esiphela mhla zingama-31 kuZibandlela wezi-2012, ithole izicelo eziphakathi kuka-9,000 neziyi-10,000 ezivela kuhulumeni wase-US ngedatha yabasebenzisi kuma-akhawunti angu-18,000 kuya kwangu-19,000. http://newsroom.fb.com/News/636/Facebook-Releases-Data-Including-All-National-Security-Requests
I-Google ibike ukuthi ithole izicelo ezingaphezu kuka-15,000 zedatha yizikhulu zikahulumeni wase-US ngo-2012 ukuze uthole ulwazi lwama-akhawunti angaphezu kuka-30,000. Ikhiqize idatha engama-88% yesikhathi. http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/userdatarequests/US/
I-Microsoft (kuhlanganise ne-Skype) ibike izicelo zokugcinwa komthetho ezingu-75,378 zolwazi kuma-akhawunti angu-137,424 emhlabeni wonke ngonyaka ka-2012. Ezimweni ezingaphezu kuka-11,000, abakwazanga ukuthola idatha yokuphendula izicelo. I-Microsoft idalule ulwazi olungaqukethe emacaleni angu-56,388, ikakhulukazi e-US, UK, Turkey, Germany naseFrance. http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_on_the_issues/archive/2013/03/21/microsoft-releases-2012-law-enforcement-requests-report.aspx
E-US, i-Microsoft ithole izicelo ezingu-11,073 ezivela kwabezomthetho ukuze uthole ulwazi lwama-akhawunti angu-24,565. I-Microsoft inqabe izicelo ezingama-759 noma u-6.9% ngenxa yezizathu zomthetho. I-Microsoft ihlinzeke ngokuqukethwe komsebenzisi ezimweni ezingu-1544 kanye nedatha yababhalisile/yokuthenga ezimeni ezingu-7,196. http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/transparency/
I-Yahoo ithe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha zokugcina zika-2012 ithole phakathi kwezicelo eziyi-12,000 neziyi-13,000 zedatha yabasebenzisi evela kwabomthetho. http://yahoo.tumblr.com/ Juni 17 Marissa Mayer CEO kanye Ron Bell
Isiphetho
Embusweni wentando yeningi, ukubeka izinto obala nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi kubalulekile. Lokhu akuphathelene โnamaphekulaโ kuphela. Lokhu kumayelana nenkululeko yomphakathi kanye nokuziphendulela kukahulumeni. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ahlolwa minyaka yonke ngokuvuma kukahulumeni wethu emphakathini. Kukhona ukugadwa okuncane kwamajaji futhi kuncane kakhulu yiCongress. Uma uhulumeni evuma lokhu okuningi, ungacabanga ukuthi kuningi okusazophuma. Sekuyisikhathi sokuvuka. Lezi zikhalazo eziyimfihlo nezinkantolo eziyimfihlo kanye nezinqubo eziyimfihlo kufanele ziqedwe noma zishintshwe ngokuyisisekelo. Uma kungenjalo, shintsha isiqubulo sedola sibe โEkuyimfihlo Siyathemba.โ
UBill ungummeli wamalungelo abantu kanye noprofesa wezomthetho eLoyola University New Orleans College of Law. UMthethosivivinywa uphinde usebenze neSikhungo Samalungelo Omthethosisekelo. Inguqulo ende yalesi sihloko enemithombo iyatholakala. Ungafinyelela uBill ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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Nikela