“Sikholelwa ukuthi iningi labantu baseMelika lingamangala lapho lifunda imininingwane yokuthi le mibono yenkantolo eyimfihlo ihumushe kanjani…umthetho wePatriot. Njengoba sikubona, manje kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kwalokho abantu baseMelika abaningi abacabanga ukuthi umthetho uyakuvumela nalokho uhulumeni akusho ngasese ukuthi umthetho uyakuvumela. Lokhu kuyinkinga, ngoba akwenzeki ukuthi kube nenkulumompikiswano emphakathini mayelana nokuthi umthetho kufanele uthini lapho umphakathi ungazi ukuthi uhulumeni wawo ucabanga ukuthi uthini umthetho.”
- Izinduna zase-US uRon Wyden noMark Udall
UMongameli, iNhloko Yesikhungo Sezokuphepha Sikazwelonke (i-NSA), uMnyango Wezobulungiswa, Ikomidi Lezobunhloli LeNdlu neSenethi, kanye noMnyango Wezobulungiswa, bagcina ngamabomu ulwazi oluningi mayelana nokugadwa kwe-US nabanye abantu kuyimfihlo kubavoti.
Ukwengeza, abanye, ukukusho ngesizotha, abalona iqiniso kulokho abakutshela umphakathi. Lezi zinkulumo ezinganembile zingamanga ngamabomu ahloselwe ukudukisa umphakathi noma ziwubufakazi bokuthi abantu okuthiwa baphethe umsebenzi wokwengamela abazi ukuthi yini okumele bayibheke. Izambulo zakamuva ezivela ku-Washington Post, ngo-Edward Snowden, zibonisa ukuthi i-NSA yephula imithetho yobumfihlo noma yeqa igunya layo lezomthetho izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane unyaka ngamunye. Ukuthi abantu baqamba amanga noma abazi ukuthi benzani, noma ngayiphi indlela, lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu. Nazi izibonelo eziyishumi nantathu.
Eyodwa. Uhulumeni ubamba futhi aseshe konke ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi nemibhalo engena noma ephuma e-US
Ngomhla ziyisi-8 ku-Agasti, 2013, i-New York Times yabika ukuthi i-NSA iqoqa ngasese cishe wonke ama-imeyili wamazwe ngamazwe nokuxhumana kombhalo okweqa imingcele yase-US ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle. Njengoba i-ACLU isho, “i-NSA icabanga ukuthi kulungile ukunqamula bese ifunda ama-imeyili abantu baseMelika, inqobo nje uma ikwenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Kepha akusiyo indlela iSichibiyelo Sesine esisebenza ngayo…ukuhlaselwa kobumfihlo babantu baseMelika kungokoqobo futhi kuyenzeka ngokushesha.”
Okubili. Uhulumeni udale futhi ugcina ukufinyelela kwangemuva okuyimfihlo kuzo zonke izingosi zolwazi ukuze kuseshelwe ulwazi ngezakhamizi zase-US
Ngo-August 9, 2013, iThe Guardian yaveza omunye futhi umbhalo oputshuziwe ka-Edward Snowden oveza ukuthi “i-National Security Agency inomnyango oyimfihlo emininingwaneni yayo emikhulu ngaphansi kweziphathimandla ezingokomthetho eziyivumela ukuthi ifune ama-imeyili nezingcingo zezakhamizi zase-US ngaphandle kwemvume. .” Lena isethi entsha yezimfihlo mayelana nokugadwa kwabantu base-US. Le nqubomgomo entsha ka-2011 ivumela ukusesha ngamagama abantu base-US nezihlonzi lapho i-NSA iqoqa idatha. Lo mbhalo uthi abahlaziyi akufanele basebenzise le mibuzo kuze kube sekusungulwe inqubo yokwengamela. Alikho igama lokuthi inqubo enjalo yathuthukiswa noma cha.
Ezintathu. Uhulumeni usebenzisa isizindalwazi esikhulu esivumela ukuthi ahlunge izigidi zamarekhodi ku-inthanethi ukuze abonise cishe yonke into umuntu ayenzayo.
Okudalulwa kwakamuva kuka-Snowden no-Glenn Greenwald be-The Guardian kubonisa ukuthi i-NSA isebenzisa uhlelo olukhulu lokugada olubizwa nge-XKeyscore. Uhlelo lokuqapha seluqinisekiswe ezinye izikhulu zeCIA. Kuvumela uhulumeni ukuthi afake igama lomuntu noma omunye umbuzo ohlelweni futhi ahlunge olwandle lwedatha ukuze akhiqize yonke into ekhona ku-inthanethi ngalowo muntu noma ngelinye igama losesho.
Ezine. Uhulumeni unenkantolo ekhethekile ehlangana ngasese ukuze igunyaze ukufinyelela kwe-FBI nabanye abaphenyi ezigidini nezigidi zamarekhodi efoni, umbhalo, i-imeyili namarekhodi ebhizinisi ase-US.
Kunenkantolo ekhethekile yamajaji enhlangano ehlangana ngasese ukuze igunyaze uhulumeni ukuthi aqoqe futhi abuyekeze izigidi nezigidi zamarekhodi efoni nawe-inthanethi. Le nkantolo, ebizwa ngokuthi iForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court (inkantolo ye-FISA), ivumela abameli bakahulumeni ukuba beze phambi kwabo ngasese, ngaphandle kokuba abamele umphakathi noma ummeli wabezindaba noma abezokuvikela abavunyelwe, ukuba baphikisane ngaphandle kokuphikiswa ukuze bagadwe okwengeziwe. Lena inkantolo, esinqumweni sayo esisodwa kweziyizinkulungwane, igunyaze ukunikezelwa kwayo yonke idatha yekholi edalwe yi-Verizon ngaphakathi kwe-US naphakathi kwe-US naphesheya kwe-Federal Bureau of Investigation. Umphakathi ubungeke wazi ngokugadwa okukhulu ngaphandle kwemibhalo eputshuziwe evela ku-Snowden.
Ezinhlanu. Uhulumeni ugcina Imfihlo Ephezulu cishe zonke izinqumo zenkantolo ye-FISA
Cishe zonke izinkulungwane zezinqumo zenkantolo ye-FISA ngokwazo zihlukaniswa njengemfihlo ephezulu. Yize umphakathi ungavunyelwe ukwazi ukuthi izinqumo ziyini, amarekhodi omphakathi akhombisa ukuthi uhulumeni wacela kangaki igunya lokugadwa nokuthi wenqatshwa kangaki. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi eminyakeni emithathu edlule, uhulumeni wacela ukugunyazwa izikhathi ezingaba ngu-5000 futhi akazange anqatshelwe. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, inkantolo ye-FISA yenqabe izicelo eziyi-11 kwezingu-34,000 zokugadwa.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, Izigele ezimbili zase-US zixwayise Ummeli Omkhulu 'Sikholelwa ukuthi abantu baseMelika abaningi bazomangala lapho befunda imininingwane yokuthi le mibono yenkantolo eyimfihlo isihumushe kanjani isigaba 215 soMthetho we-Patriot Act. Njengoba sikubona, manje kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kwalokho abantu baseMelika abaningi abacabanga ukuthi umthetho uyakuvumela nalokho uhulumeni akusho ngasese ukuthi umthetho uyakuvumela. Lokhu kuyinkinga, ngoba akwenzeki ukuthi kube nenkulumompikiswano yomphakathi unolwazi mayelana nokuthi umthetho kufanele uthini lapho umphakathi ungazi ukuthi uhulumeni wawo ucabanga ukuthi uthini umthetho.”
Eziyisithupha. Uhulumeni ulwela ukugcina iTop Secret ibe yisinqumo esibalulekile senkantolo ye-FISA yango-2011 ngisho nangemva kokuba inkantolo ngokwayo ithe singadalulwa.
Kunombono oyimfihlo omkhulu wamakhasi angama-86 wenkantolo ye-FISA owamemezela ukuthi ezinye zezinhlelo zokugada ze-National Security Agency azihambisani nomthethosisekelo. AbaPhathi, ngoMnyango Wezobulungiswa, benqabile ukunikeza lokhu ku-Electronic Frontier Foundation eyafaka isicelo samarekhodi omphakathi kanye necala lokubeka lokhu emphakathini. Okokuqala uhulumeni uthe uzolimaza inkantolo yeFISA ukuvumela lokhu kuvezwe emphakathini. Khona-ke inkantolo yeFISA ngokwayo yathi ingadalulwa. Phezu kwalokhu, uhulumeni usalwela ukuthi kuyimfihlo.
Isikhombisa. Uhulumeni usebenzisa i-National Security Letters (NSL) eyimfihlo ekhishwe yi-FBI ukuze athathe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamarekhodi
Ngencwadi ye-NSL i-FBI ingafuna amarekhodi ezezimali kunoma yisiphi isikhungo kusuka emabhange kuya emakhasino, wonke amarekhodi ocingo, imininingwane yababhalisile, imibiko yezikweletu, imininingwane yokuqashwa, nawo wonke amarekhodi e-imeyili ahlosiwe kanye namakheli e-imeyili namagama esikrini awo wonke umuntu ixhumane naleyo akhawunti. Labo abathola ama-NSL ku-FBI kufanele bawagcine eyimfihlo. Isizathu kufanele kube esokuphikisa kobuhlakani bangaphandle. Asikho isidingo sokugunyazwa yinkantolo nhlobo. Ngakho azikho izicelo ezinqatshiwe. I-Patriot Act yenze lokhu kwaba lula kakhulu ku-FBI.
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi e-Congressional, kube nezingaphezu kuka-50,000 zalezi zicelo ze-FBI NSL eminyakeni emithathu edlule. Lokhu akubali izikhathi eziningi lapho i-FBI inxusa ukudalulwa kolwazi ngaphandle kokuthola i-NSL. Futhi ayizibali izicelo ze-FBI ezenziwe ukuze uthole ukuthi i-akhawunti ye-imeyili ekabani. Lezi zinombolo ze-NSL ezibikiwe futhi azibandakanyi izinombolo eziphezulu kakhulu zamabizo okuphatha akhishwe i-FBI adinga kuphela ukugunyazwa kwelungu lehhovisi lendawo lommeli wase-US.
Isishiyagalombili. INhloko Yezokuphepha Kuzwelonke ibanjwe ingakhulumi iqiniso kuCongress mayelana nokugadwa kwezigidi zezakhamizi zaseMelika
UMqondisi Wezobunhloli Kuzwelonke, uJames Clapper, utshele iSigele saseMelika ngoMashi 12 2013 ukuthi i-NSA ayizange iqoqe ulwazi ngezigidi zabantu baseMelika ngamabomu. Ngemuva kokudalulwa kwe-Snowden Guardian, uClapper uvumile ku-NBC ukuthi akusho kuCongress kwakuyimpendulo "engenalo iqiniso" angacabanga ngayo. Le nhlangano ayisakuphiki ukuthi iqoqa ama-imeyili ezakhamizi zaseMelika. Ephepheni elimhlophe lakamuva, i-NSA manje iyavuma ukuthi "iqoqa imethadatha yocingo ngobuningi," kodwa "ayiqondi" izakhamuzi zaseMelika ngokuphambene nomthethosisekelo.
Ayisishiyagalolunye. Uhulumeni waqinisekisa ngamanga umphakathi wase-US ngokubhala ukuthi ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo kunamandla kakhulu kunalokho oyikho ngempela futhi amaSenenja awazi kangcono awavunyelwe ukudalula iqiniso.
AmaSenatha amabili ase-US abhalele i-NSA incwadi ephikisana “nesitatimende esingalungile” nesinye “isitatimende esidukisa ngandlela thile” esenziwe yi-NSA ekhasini labo lomphakathi langoJuni 2013 mayelana nokugadwa. Yiziphi izitatimende ezinganembile noma ezidukisayo? Umphakathi awuvunyelwe ukwazi ngoba amaSenator bekumele aveze imininingwane engxenyeni eyimfihlo yencwadi yawo.
Engxenyeni esesidlangalaleni yencwadi yabo bathi “Esahlulelweni sethu lokhu kungalungile kubalulekile, njengoba kuveza ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo babantu baseMelika njengokunamandla kakhulu kunalokho abayikho ngempela…” AmaSenenja aveza ukuthi isitatimende somphakathi se-NSA siqinisekisa abantu ukuthi ukuxhumana yezakhamizi zase-US ezitholwe ngephutha zibhujiswa ngokushesha ngaphandle uma kuwubufakazi bobugebengu. Kodwa-ke, amaSenenja abhale ukuthi i-NSA empeleni iphenya ngamabomu amarekhodi ezakhamizi zaseMelika nokuthi i-NSA isho kaningi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhomba inani labantu abase-US ukuxhumana kwabo kuye kwabuyekezwa ngaphansi kwegunya le-NSA. imithetho ye-FISA. I-NSA iphendule lezi zimangalo ngendlela eyinqaba. Abazange basho esidlangalaleni ukuthi zaziyini izitatimende ezidukisayo noma ezingalungile futhi abazange balungise irekhodi, kunalokho bavele basusa ishidi lamaqiniso kuwebhusayithi ye-NSA.
Ishumi. Umvikeli omkhulu wezobunhloli eNdlu yabaMeli, uSihlalo wekomiti elincane lezobunhloli, akazange akhulume iqiniso noma mhlawumbe okubi nakakhulu wayengalazi iqiniso mayelana nokubhekwa.
UMike Rogers, uSihlalo we-House Permanent Intelligence Subcommittee, utshele kaningi iCongress kanye nomphakathi ezinhlelweni zezingxoxo ze-TV ngoJulayi ukuthi akukho hulumeni obheka izingcingo noma ama-imeyili. “Abawaqophi ama-imeyili akho… Kamuva, u-Snowden kanye no-Glenn Greenwald be-The Guardian badalule uhlelo lwe-NSA olubizwa nge-X-keyscore, olubamba ama-imeyili ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.7, izingcingo kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana usuku ngalunye. Manje sekuqubuka imibuzo ngoRogers, ukuthi uqambe amanga, noma uqanjwe amanga yilabo ababegada, noma wayengaziqondi izinhlelo okwakufanele azibheke.
Ishumi nanye. Ikomidi elibhekele ezobunhloli le-House linqabile kaningi ukunikeza imininingwane eyisisekelo yokugada kumalungu akhethiwe eNdlu yabaMeli, iRepublican kanye neDemocrat.
Ikomidi elibhekele ezobunhloli leNdlu lenqabile ukuvumela noma yimaphi amalungu eCongress ngaphandle kwekomidi ukuthi abone idokhumenti yango-2011 echaza ukubhekwa kwerekhodi locingo lwe-NSA. Lokhu kuthukuthelise amaRiphabhulikhi namaDemocrats azamile ukuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo ukuze afeze izibopho zawo zokwengamela ezigunyaziwe.
Omele iRiphabhulikhi uMorgan Griffith waseVirginia ubhale iKomidi LeNdlu Yezobunhloli ngoJuni 25, 2013, Julayi 12, 2013, Julayi 22, 2013, kanye noJulayi 23 2013 ecela imininingwane eyisisekelo ngokugunyazwa “ukuvumela i-NSA ukuthi iqhubeke nokuqoqa imininingwane yabantu baseMelika. izingcingo.” Akatholanga mpendulo kulezo zicelo.
Ngemuva kokucela imininingwane eyisisekelo eKomidini LeNdlu mayelana nezinhlelo zokugadwa, u-Democrat Congressman u-Alan Grayson utshelwe ukuthi ikomidi livotele ukwenqaba isicelo sakhe ngevoti lezwi. Kuthe uma elandelela ecela ikhophi yevoti elirekhodiwe watshelwa ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukuthola imininingwane ngoba umbhalo wokulalelwa kwekomiti wawuhlukanisiwe.
Ishumi nambili. Indida mayelana nokuba yimfihlo kokubhekwa yimbi kakhulu eNdlu yabaMeli kangangoba ilungu elikhethiwe leCongress lisatshiswa ngokudlula amakhophi odalulo luka-Snowden osekuvele kunyatheliswe emaphephandabeni emhlabeni jikelele.
Omele u-Alan Grayson wesatshiswa ngokujeziswa ngokudlulisela amakhophi olwazi lwe-Snowden phansi kweNdlu, ulwazi olufanayo olushicilelwe yi-Guardian namanye amaphephandaba amaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ishumi nantathu. Ikomidi leSenethi elibhekele ezokuphepha linqabile ukuvumela uSenator ophikisayo ukuthi axoxisane esidlangalaleni ngokuphikisana kwakhe nokubhekwa.
Ngenkathi uSenator Ron Wyden (D-OR) ezama ukuchibiyela imithetho yokuqapha ukuze idinge imiyalo yenkantolo ngaphambi kokuthi uhulumeni aqoqe ukuxhumana kwezakhamizi zaseMelika futhi adalule ukuthi bangaki abantu baseMelika abaqoqe ukuxhumana kwabo, walahlekelwa ekuqulweni kwecala eliyimfihlo leSenethi lika-2012. Khetha Ikomidi Lezobunhloli. Wabe esenqatshelwa ukubhalisa esidlangalaleni noma ukuchaza ukuphikisa kwakhe amasonto.
Le mizamo yokugcina izimfihlo ezinkulu zokugada emphakathini ibhebhethekiswa imizamo eqhubekayo yokunciphisa izimfihlo nokwandisa amanga.
Okuphawuleka kakhulu, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu kubhekwa okubhaliwe, ngo-Agasti 6, 2013, uMongameli wathi ohlelweni lukaJay Leno "Asinalo uhlelo lokuhlola ekhaya." Lokhu, ukukusho ngesizotha kakhulu, akulona iqiniso. Abanye abahlaziyi bacabanga ukuthi uhulumeni uzibopha ngokuphambene emafindo futhi usonta incazelo yangempela yamagama ngezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezingenangqondo kanye nemidlalo yamagama engenangqondo. Abanye bathi uMongameli umatasatasa "e-Orwellian newspeak." Okokugcina, baningi abathi uMengameli ubengakhulumi iqiniso.
Abanye abavikela ukugadwa bangase bangazi ukuthi kwenzekani kodwa bacabange ukuthi benza ngoba uhulumeni njengoMengameli ubatshela ukuthi akukho okumele bakhathazeke ngakho. Isibonelo, uSenator uDiane Feinstein, uSihlalo weSenate Intelligence Committee, ikomidi elibhekelele ingqungquthela elizovikela abantu ezinhlolini ezingekho emthethweni, kanye nomunye umvikeli omkhulu wokuqapha, baphendule esidlangalaleni ezimangalweni zika-Edward Snowden zokuthi unamandla okuxhumana ngocingo noma ngubani uma enabo. i-imeyili yomuntu siqu ngokuthi, "Angiyena uchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngitshelwe ukuthi lokho akwenzeki." Ukuthi izikwele ezinezambulo mayelana nohlelo lwe-Xkeyscore akwaziwa kanjani. Ubuye waveza nesikhundla sekomidi lakhe mayelana nokuvikela imfihlo yabantu ekugadweni nguhulumeni, "Sihlala sivulekile ukushintsha, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi kuzoba khona."
Isiphetho
UThomas Paine uthe ukuqapha kwaphakade kuyintengo yenkululeko.
UMongameli Obama usanda kuthembisa isizwe ukuthi uzosungula iqembu elizimele lochwepheshe bangaphandle ukuze "bahlehle futhi babuyekeze amakhono ethu - ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe bethu bokuqapha."
Ezinsukwini kamuva u-Obama waqoka uMqondisi Wezobunhloli Kuzwelonke u-James Clapper, yena lowo muntu ovumile ukuthi akazange ayitshele iCongress iqiniso ngohlelo, ukuze asungule iqembu elibuyekezayo ukuze lihlole ukuthi ingabe ukugadwa kwenziwa ngendlela egcina ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Ngemuva kwesiphithiphithi mayelana nempungushe egade izinkukhu, i-White House iphendule yathi uClapper ngeke akhethe amalungu eqembu.
Ukuthi la malungu azoba ngobani bekungakacaciswanga ngesikhathi sokuloba lokhu. Enye imfihlo? Hlala uqaphile!
UBill Quigley unguprofesa wezomthetho eYunivesithi yaseLoyola eNew Orleans futhi ungummeli okhuthele wamalungelo abantu neSikhungo Samalungelo Omthethosisekelo. Inguqulo enemithombo egcwele iyatholakala. Ungabhala uBill ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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