Ukucwasa ngokwebala kungase kube yicala elikhulu kunawo wonke ohlelweni lwezomthetho lobugebengu. Uma izitayela zamanje ziqhubeka, Oyedwa kwabangu-1 owesilisa wase-Afrika waseMelika owazalwa kuleli shumi leminyaka angalindela ukuya ejele empilweni yakhe naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi I-Census Bureau ibika ukuthi i-US ingamaphesenti angu-13 aMnyama, amaphesenti angu-61 amhlophe namaphesenti angu-17 aseLatino.
Nini Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo kwanqunywa ngo-1954 mayelana 100,000 abantu base-Afrika baseMelika basejele. Manje sekunabaseMelika baseMelika ababalelwa ku-800,000 emajele nasemajele: abangama-538,000 amajele kanye nabangaphezu kuka-263,000 endaweni amajele. Amadoda amnyama acishe aphindwe kasithupha amathuba okuba aboshwe njengoba amadoda amhlophe futhi amadoda aseSpanishi amathuba aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2.3, ngokusho kombiko. Iphrojekthi Yezigwebo.
Kungani? Ngoba izwe lethu liwandise ngendlela emangalisayo amajele namajele ethu futhi kunobandlululo olujulile olwakhelwe kuzo zonke izinyathelo zohlelo lwezomthetho lobugebengu. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi uhlelo lwezomthetho lobugebengu lunalo izinkinga ezinkulu ezidinga ukulungiswa. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi ukucwasa ngokwebala ohlelweni lwezomthetho lobugebengu kuyalusiza ukuthi lusebenze njengoba nje iklanywe ukubopha abantu abaningi abamnyama nabansundu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Nazi izibonelo eziyi-18 zokucwasa ngokwebala ezingxenyeni zezigaba ezahlukahlukene zohlelo. Sekuhlangene, ukucwasa ngokwebala kulesi sinyathelo ngasinye kusheshisa inqubo yokuboshwa kwabesilisa base-Afrika baseMelika nabaseLatino. Ndawonye, โโbakhombisa ukuthi ukucwasa ngokwebala kungase kube ubugebengu obukhulu kakhulu ohlelweni lwezomthetho lobugebengu.
Eyodwa. Ubandlululo Emaphoyiseni Luyama
Ubani omiswa ngamaphoyisa, kungaba ngezimoto noma ngezinyawo, uyaqhubeka nokucwaswa ngokwebala njengoba ubufakazi bokuthi ubuhlanga buqhubeka bunqwabelana. Osolwazi baseNyuvesi yaseKansas bathola i- amaphoyisa enze izitobhi zophenyo zabesilisa base-Afrika baseMelika ngezinga eliphindwe kabili labamhlophe. Indoda emnyama e-Kansas City eneminyaka engama-25 noma ngaphansi inamathuba angama-28 okumiswa, kanti owesilisa omhlophe ofanayo unamathuba angama-12 kuphela. Ku New York City, amaphoyisa ayaqhubeka nokumisa abaNsundu nama-Hispanics ngamanani aphezulu kakhulu kunabamhlophe nakuba emisa abantu abaningi abancane ngenxa yokuphonselwa inselelo kwenkantolo yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu eyimpumelelo. Isikhungo samaLungelo omThethosisekelo. Olunye lwezifundo ezikhanyisa kakhulu lungaphakathi Connecticut okwakubonisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ezitobhini zezimoto emini, lapho umjaho womshayeli ubonakala, kodwa hhayi ebusuku.
Okubili. Ukucwasa Ngokwebala Ekusesheni Kwamaphoyisa
Uma sekumisiwe, ngesikhathi kuzimi izimoto, abashayeli abaNsundu nabaseSpain baseshwa ngokuphindwe kathathu kunabashayeli abamhlophe, ngokusho kombiko. I-US Bureau of Justice Statistics. Ngokusho okufanayo I-US Bureau of Justice Statistics, abashayeli abamhlophe nabo banikezwe amathikithi ngenani eliphansi kancane kunabashayeli abaMnyama nabaseSpanishi.
Ezintathu. Ukucwasa Ngokusebenzisa Amaphoyisa Amandla Ngesikhathi Kuboshwa
Umbiko wakamuva ka Centre for Policing Equity bathole ukuthi amaphoyisa maningi amathuba okuthi asebenzise amandla afana nama-Tasers, izinja, i-pepper spray kanye namandla okulwa nabantu abaMnyama kunabaMhlophe ekubopheni.
Ezine. Ubandlululo Ekuboshweni Kwezingane
Intsha emnyama isemathubeni aphindwe kabili okuboshelwa ubugebengu esikoleni njengezingane ezimhlophe, izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-2.5 zokuboshelwa ukwephula umthetho wewashi njengezingane ezimhlophe, amathuba aphindwe kabili kunalabo abamhlophe ukuba baboshwe ngawo wonke amacala, futhi maningi amathuba okuba agcinwe esitokisini kunezingane ezimhlophe, ngokusho kwe Iphrojekthi Yezigwebo.
Ezinhlanu. Ubandlululo Ekuboshweni Kwabashintsha Ubulili
Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zentsha engama-gay kanye ne-transgender iyaboshwa noma iboshwe minyaka yonke kanti ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60 abamnyama noma amaLatino ngokusho kombiko. Isikhungo Sokuthuthuka KwaseMelika.
Eziyisithupha. Ubandlululo Ekuboshelweni Kwezidakamizwa
Qala ngeqiniso lokuthi abamhlophe nabamnyama basebenzisa futhi banukubeze izidakamizwa ngamanani afanayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa yi- Inhlolovo Kazwelonke Yango-2013 Yokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa Nezempilo woMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu wase-US. Lolu cwaningo lwathola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa notshwala phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama kucishe kufane nabamnyama ababika ngephesenti elilodwa eliphakeme ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa kunabamhlophe kuyilapho abamhlophe benezinga eliphezulu elingamaphesenti amathathu lokuzitika ngotshwala kanye nephesenti elilodwa eliphakeme izinga lokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma ukuncika.
Kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngokuboshwa kwezidakamizwa, abaNsundu baboshwa ngezinga elingaphezu kwamaphesenti aphindwe kabili inani labantu. Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye okuboshwa kwezidakamizwa, ngokusho kuka Izibalo ze-FBI, ngabantu base-Afrika baseMelika.
Isikhombisa. Ubandlululo Ekuboshweni Kwamaphoyisa Ngensangu
Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwensangu kufana emiphakathini yabamnyama nabamhlophe, abamnyama baphindwe izikhathi ezingu-3.73 ukuboshelwa ukutholakala nensangu njengabamhlophe.
Isishiyagalombili. Ubandlululo Ekukhishweni Kwangaphambi Kwecala
The I-National Academy of Sciences bathole ukuthi abamnyama banamathuba amaningi okuboshwa kunabamhlophe ngesikhathi besalinde ukuqulwa kwamacala.
Ayisishiyagalolunye. Ukucwasa emacaleni okushushisa
Abashushisi bombuso cishe banethuba eliphindwe kabili lokufaka amacala aphethe izigwebo ezidingekayo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunabamhlophe abasolwa ngamacala afanayo ngokocwaningo olushicilelwe I-University of Michigan Law School.
Ishumi. Ukucwasa Ejele Kuqhathaniswa Nomsebenzi Womphakathi
The I-National Academy of Sciences yathi abantu abamnyama maningi amathuba okuba bathole izigwebo zasejele kunabantu abamhlophe kunokuba basebenzele umphakathi. Abantu abamnyama baboshwe ngokuphindwe kabili inani labantu abamhlophe e-US ngokusho kwe- UMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US.
Ishumi nanye. Ukucwasa Ngobude Bokuboshwa
The I-National Academy of Sciences yathi, ngemuva kokulahlwa yicala, abamnyama banamathuba amaningi okuthola izigwebo ezinde kunabamhlophe.
Ishumi nambili. Ubandlululo Ekuboshweni Kwezidakamizwa Zombuso
The I-Bureau of Justice Statistics ibika ukuthi bangu-208,000 abantu abangena amajele kahulumeni ngamacala ezidakamizwa. Kule nombolo amaphesenti angama-32 amhlophe kanti amaphesenti angama-68 angama-African American noma amaSpanishi.
Ishumi nantathu. Ubandlululo Ekukholweni Kwezidakamizwa Zikahulumeni
Ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke iziboshwa zikahulumeni zikhona amacala ezidakamizwa. The Ikhomishini Yezigwebo YaseMelika kubike ukuthi amaphesenti angama-25 azo zonke izigwebo zezidakamizwa zikahulumeni ngo-2014 ayengabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanti amaphesenti angu-47 ayengama-Hispanics ngokumelene namaphesenti angu-24 abamhlophe. Ku amajele federal, amaphesenti angu-22 amhlophe kanti amaphesenti angu-76 angama-African American noma ama-Hispanic.
Ishumi nane. Ubandlululo Ekugwetshweni Kwenkantolo Yesifunda
Amadoda ase-Afrika aseMelika agwetshwe izikhathi ezinde ngamaphesenti angu-19 ezinkantolo zombuso kulo lonke elase-US kunabamhlophe abalahlwe amacala afanayo ocwaningweni lweminyaka emine olwenziwa Ikhomishini Yezigwebo YaseMelika.
Ishumi nanhlanu. Ubandlululo Ekuboshweni Kwabesifazane
Abesifazane abamnyama baboshwa cishe ngenani iphindwe kathathu kunabesifazane abamhlophe.
Ishumi nesithupha. Ubandlululo Ekugwetshweni Impilo Ngaphandle Kwe-Parole
Ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu eziboshwa ezidonsa kanzima ukuphila ngaphandle kwe-parole ngamacala angenalo udlame zimnyama.
Ishumi nesikhombisa. Ubandlululo Ekuqasheni Abantu Abanerekhodi Lobugebengu
Ukuba nerekhodi lobugebengu kulimaza ikhono lomuntu lokuthola umsebenzi. Kodwa kubuhlungu amadoda aMnyama worse. Eqinisweni, amadoda amhlophe anerekhodi lobugebengu anethuba elingcono lokuthola impendulo enhle ekufuneni umsebenzi kunabantu abamnyama abangenalo irekhodi lobugebengu. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe ucwaningo lwezicelo ezingu-6000 ku Arizona futhi a isifundo sangaphambili eMilwaukee naseNew York City.
Ishumi nesishiyagalombili. Ubandlululo Ekuqedeni Ilungelo Lokuvota
Umthelela walokhu mubi kakhulu. Isibonelo, oyedwa kwabangu-13 base-Afrika baseMelika ulahlekelwe ilungelo labo lokuvota ngenxa ukuncishiswa kwecala uma kuqhathaniswa noyedwa kwabavoti abangama-56 okungebona abantu abamnyama.
Ehlanganiswe ndawonye, โโlamaqiniso akhombisa ukucwasa okujulile okugxiliswe ohlelweni lwezomthetho lobugebengu. Akekho ongalokotha abize lobulungiswa.
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