Umthombo: The Progressive
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube khona igagasi lamanoveli ayingcaca anetimu zepolitiki asisiza ukuthi siqonde okwedlule, kanye nokuphonsela inselelo isimo samanje. Izihloko ezifana Guantanamo Voices nguSarah Mirk, Ukukhokha Umhlaba nguJoe Sacco, kanye March, uchungechunge olunezingxenye ezintathu ngempilo yelungu leNgqungquthela elingasekho u-John Lewis, lisebenzisa ukuxoxwa kwezindaba okubonakalayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ejabulisayo yokufunda kodwa eqinile futhi eshaya ngamandla.
Ngenkathi amahlaya angelona iqiniso kanye nezithombe eziyingcaphuno zokukhumbula kuseyikho manje kudume kakhulu kunangaphambili, Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukubhekisisa omunye wababhali abahola lolu hlobo futhi umsebenzi wabo uqhubeka nokululolonga. UPaul Buhle-isazi-mlando esishicilele izincwadi ezikhuluma ngakho konke okuvela C.L.R. UJames kuya Isiko elidumile lamaJudaโyaqala ukubhala, ukuhlela, nokukhiqiza amanoveli ayingcacaโuhlu manje olungaphezu kwemiqulu eyishumi nanhlanu.
Amahlaya akhe amabili okuqala, Abafundi Benhlangano Yentando Yeningi: Umlando Wezithombe kanye ne-The Beats: Umlando Wezithombe, bathembele ekuhlanganisweni kwemilando yomlomo, izithombe ezigqamile, namahlaya (zombili zabhalwa ngokuhlanganyela nguHarvey Pekar, we Ubukhazikhazi baseMelika udumo), ukunikeza ilensi eyingqayizivele nefinyelelekayo ezikhathini ezivame ukuqondwa kabi ku-radicalism yase-U.S. Muva nje, uBuhle ulandele lo mkhondo ngokuphuma nezithombe ezibukwayo zeqhawe lezenhlalakahle U-Eugene V. Debs kanye nomguquki waseLatin America u-Ernesto โCheโ Guevara.
UPaul Buhle waseMadison, eWisconsin, ungomunye wezazi-mlando zase-United States ezivelele kakhulu. Njengombhali waseMelika kwesokunxele, akanakuqhathaniswa. Izincwadi zakhe kwesokunxele saseHollywood, iMarxism, umlando oxoxwayo, nezihloko ezihlobene nazo zibeke izinga lokuphumelela kwezemfundo. Imantshi yakhe I-Encyclopedia ye-American Left, ehlelwe ngokuhlanganyela no-Mari Jo Buhle kanye no-Dan Georgakas, ibalulekile kunoma ubani onentshisekelo kusiko oluqinile lomlando we-radial waseMelika, isiko, nepolitiki (uhlelo lwesithathu luzophuma ngo-2022).
Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nesithupha, uBuhle usebhale, wahlela, futhi wabambisana eduze nabanye ababhali namaciko ukuze akhe izincwadi eziningi ezingelona iqiniso ezihehayo ezikhanga izethameli eziningi zayo yonke iminyaka. Izifundo zakhe zibanzi futhi zibanzi, kufaka phakathi izihloko nezindikimba ezilandisa ngesipiliyoni saseMelika phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili nangale kwalokho. Lo msebenzi uhambisana nobushoshovu bakhe obuyisibonelo kanye yekubhala ngezizathu eziqhubekayo.
Umsebenzi wobuciko osezincwadini zakhe ezinemifanekiso uyizibonelo zokuvezwa okubonwayo kwamasiko okudumile mayelana nezihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi imidwebo yomlando wezibalo eziye zanyamalala ngokungafanele zaba umlando ongacacile.
Ukugxila kwami โโlapha kukubaluleka kohlobo lwenoveli eyingcaca futhi ikakhulukazi emibhalweni emithathu yokuphila komuntu kaBuhleโenye ekaPaul Robeson, eyesibili yesazi sefilosofi kaMarxist u-Herbert Marcuse, kanye neyokugcina emayelana nommeli onohlonze uLeonard Weinglass. Lezi zingishaya njengezifanekiselo zomsebenzi kaBuhle kule nkundla ethokozisayo yezinkulumo ezihlukene zobuhlakani.
Ake siqale ngoRobeson. Ngo-2020, uBuhle wahlanganyela I-Ballad ye-An American: I-Graphic Biography ka-Paul Robeson, edwetshwe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi yabhalwa uSharon Rudahl. Ivolumu ihlanganisa ubuciko obuhlanganyelayo ne-biography kanye nomlando oqinile futhi yenza ubulungiswa obumangalisayo empilweni ka-Robeson enezinhlangothi eziningi yobuciko nokuzibandakanya kwezombusazwe.
Yayilandisa yonke inkambo yempilo eyindaba ka-Robeson nezinto azifezile, okuhlanganisa nokufakwa ohlwini kwakhe okunehlazo ngezinsuku ezimnyama kakhulu ze-McCarthyism ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Le ncwadi yasuka emzabalazweni wakhe wakuqala yaya ekunqobeni kwakhe emfundweni, emculweni, nakwezokusubatha eminyakeni yakhe yobusha.
I-Ballad ye-An American amaphuzu avelele ukuthi uRobeson wanqoba kanjani ubandlululo olunyantisayo ngesikhathi sakhe e-Rutgers University, ngenkathi eba ngowokuqala eyaziwa kuzwelonke isihlabani sebhola kanye ne-All-American. Iphinde inikeze imininingwane ngokuzibandakanya kukaRobeson kusenesikhathi embonini yefilimu esafufusa.
Nokho, okwamphakamisa ngempela kwakuwukuvuka kwakhe kwezombusazwe. Waba omunye wabakhulumeli abaphumelelayo nabanekhono kakhulu benguquko yezombangazwe eqhubekayo emlandweni wase-U.S. phakathi nengxenye enkulu yekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ukumela kuka-Robeson kwakuhlanganisa umzabalazo wokulwa nokucwasa ngokwebala kanye namalungelo ezisebenzi kanye nabo bonke abantu abacindezelwe, ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Kodwa uhlu lwabavinjiwe lwalimaza impilo yakhe, lwamosha iholo lakhe, futhi lwabangela ukukhohlwa okungokomlando ngaye kanye nefa lakhe elisekhona kuze kube manje. Naphezu kwemvuselelo kaRobeson ngesikhathi sakhe ikhulu leminyaka ngo-1998, usese "inganekwane enkulu kunazo zonke akekho owaziyo," njengoba isazi-mlando uJoe Dorinson kuphawulwe.
Incwadi kaBuhle ihlanganisa ubuciko obuhle buka-Sharon Rudahl kanye nemininingwane yempilo emangazayo ka-Robeson kanye negama elilandelanayo lakhe kanye no-Lawrence Ware elinikeza umongo womlando okhuthazayo.
I-graphic biography UHerbert Marcuse: Isazi sefilosofi sase-Utopia, ngumculi u-Nick Thorkelson futhi yahlelwa ngu-Paul Buhle no-Andrew Lamas, nesandulelo sika-Angela Y. Davis, imizamo yokwazisa imvuselelo ye-Marcuse. Nakulokhu, uBuhle usehlanganise ithimba lochwepheshe abasezingeni eliphezulu ukuze bengeze ukujula kokubukwayo nobuhlakani kuleli bhizinisi.
Umlando uwukuhlanganisa okumangalisayo kwempilo ka-Marcuse nokuthuthuka kwefilosofi, emelene nezehlakalo zomlando ezinesiyaluyalu zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili laseYurophu. Ichaza ngezifundo zakhe zakuqala noMartin Heidegger, ukuvelela kwakhe ku iconic Isikole saseFrankfurt kanye nokubaleka kwakhe okubalulekile eJalimane njengomJuda osongo olukhulayo lokubusa kwamaNazi. UMarcuse wajoyina inani elikhulu nelivelele lezihlakaniphi, abadwebi, nabanye ababalekela unya lwamaNazi, bathola isiphephelo e-United States nakwezinye izindawo.
Imidwebo kaThorkelson yengeza kakhulu endabeni. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuzibophezela kuka-Paul Buhle ekusebenzisaneni ngamazwi nokubonwayo obekuwuphawu lwalokhu kugxilwa kwesikhumbuzo sempilo yakhe yakamuva yobungcweti ekukhuthazeni ukulandisa okuyiqiniso okuyingcaca.
Isazi sefilosofi se-Utopia ukhuluma ngezinkinga zomuntu siqu zikaMarcuse, indlela yakhe yokufunda, ikakhulukazi eNyuvesi yaseBrandeis, kanye nesiqu sakhe esikhulayo njengohlakanipho olukhulu lwezombusazwe nomphakathi. U-Angela Davis wayengomunye wabafundi bakhe abadumile eBrandeis futhi waqaphela, ngesikhuthazo sakhe, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba yisifundiswa, isifundiswa kanye nesishoshovu.
Incwadi ifinyeza ngendlela emangalisayo ekaMarcuse Umuntu Oyedwa, ukwehliswa kabuhlungu komphakathi wanamuhla wonxiwankulu. Indikimba yawo enkulu ingukuhambisa ohlelweni lonxiwankulu oluyindida oludinga futhi oluqinisekisa cishe ngokuphelele ukuthi โabantu bayazibona ezintweni zabo; bathola umphefumulo wabo ezimotweni zabo, isethi ye-hi-fi, ikhaya elisezingeni elihlukene, impahla yasekhishini.โ Okuwukuphela kwento eshintshile kusukela ngo-1964 izinga elikhulayo lokuxhaphaza nokubusa konxiwankulu.
UMarcuse wayephumela obala ekwesekeni abantu abamnyama baseMelika, abafundi, nabanye ababhikishi, nasekuphikisaneni neMpi yaseVietnam. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesethuthele eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eSan Diego, idolobha elaziwa kakhulu ngokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Waheha ukunakwa okukhulu, okuhlanganisa ne-American Legion, i-Ku Klux Klan, kanye nombusi wangaleso sikhathi uRonald Reagan. Le ncwadi ikhombisa ukuthi waze waphoqeleka kanjani ukuthi acashe ngalezo zikhathi, eyisisulu sezimpendulo zenkululeko yabamnyama, umfundi, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezazishanela umhlaba wonke kanye nokwesekwa kukaMarcuse okungapheli kubo.
UMarcuse uqhubekile nokweseka ukunyakaza kokumelana kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, okuhlanganisa nokunyakaza kwabesifazane. Wawusekela njengokunyakaza okunamandla okubaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukusekela u-Angela Davis kulo lonke uhlelo lwakhe lomzabalazo nokuboshwa ngokungafanele.
Esanduleleni sesithombe somlando wokuphila komuntu, uDavis uyabhala: โEminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, njengoba sibhekene nezwe eliqhubekayo lobugqila nobukoloni, kanye nezinhlaka ezithuthukayo zonxiwankulu bobuhlanga, imibono kaHerbert Marcuse iyaqhubeka nokwembula izifundo ezibalulekile. Ukuphikelela ekucabangeni ngekusasa lenkululeko, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu, kusaseleโโuMarcuse usifundisaโโisici esinqumayo sakho kokubili umlando nokusebenza.โ
Kuyo yonke ingxenye yekhulu lamashumi amabili nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, ummeli wezokuvikela u-Leonard Weinglass naye waqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zomphakathi onobulungiswa nobuntu. NjengoRobeson kanye noMarcuse, wavula indlela yakhe ngale mibono enamandla. Futhi njengabanye, naye uhlala engaziwa endaweni evamile.
Nakulokhu, uBuhle usebenzisana nabanye abavelele besahlulelo esinxele, okuhlanganisa nomdwebi/umbhali u-Seth Tobocman nommeli/umbhali/isishoshovu uMichael Steven Smith, ukuze kukhiqizwe i-akhawunti enamandla esekelwe ezibukweni yommeli oyiqhawe langempela owanikela impilo yakhe yonke ekuvikeleni. wezishoshovu zokunyakaza.
In U-Len, Ummeli Emlandweni, sifunda ukuthi u-Weinglass, ummeli ofunde eYale, walifulathela kanjani ilungelo nokunethezeka kwezimali; esikhundleni salokho, wavikela izishoshovu ze-leftist, ngokuvamile emacaleni akhumbulekayo, ngokumelene nemishini ecindezelayo ye-capitalist state judicial apparate kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-2011.
Iqhubeka ngokulandelana kwezikhathi, le ncwadi iqala kusukela ebuntwaneni buka-Weinglass iye emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala wezomthetho. Ngemuva kwenkonzo yakhe eMbuthweni Wasemoyeni, wasebenza isikhashana enkampanini enkulu yabameli, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waba yiHhovisi Lommeli Jikelele waseNew Jersey, wabe esevula ihhovisi elincane emphakathini wabaNsundu ompofu eNewark, eNew Jersey---okungenasici ku-Ivy League kwezomthetho. abathweswe iziqu. Imidwebo kaTobocman iveza ngempumelelo ukuthi lesi kwakuyisiqalo sangempela kanjani emzabalazweni wakhe wokuphila konke wobulungisa bobuhlanga.
Ngokushesha, waqala ukumela izishoshovu zaseNewark ephonsela inselelo ukuphathwa okunenkohlakalo kweMeya u-Addonizio. Uvikele abatelekile abaqashwayo nalabo ababengalaleli umphakathi. "Izibhelu" zango-1967 zaseNewark zamshintsha ngokuphelele futhi washeshe wavela njengomunye wabameli abaphambili bezishoshovu zezwe, isikhundla ayezoba naso impilo yakhe yonke.
UTobocman uyaqhubeka nokubonisa amacala amaningi adume kakhulu e-Weinglass. Wafika ku ukubonakala okwengeziwe ngesikhathi evikela abantu ababebekwe amacala ngemuva kwezibhelu zamaphoyisa aseChicago, kulandela isihluku esikhulu samaphoyisa esavulwa yiMeya yaseChicago uRichard Daley ngesikhathi seDemocratic National Convention ngo-1968.
U-Len, Ummeli Emlandweni uqhubeka nokulandisa ngomkhankaso wakhe wokusebenzisa amathalente akhe aphezulu kakhulu kwezomthetho egameni labancishiwe nabacindezelwe. Phakathi kwamakhasimende akhe kwakukhona iziboshwa zoMdabu waseMelika, abafundi ababhikishi ngokumelene ne-Central Intelligence Agency, nezinye izinhloso nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni wase-US, kanye namaCuban Five, amadoda ayengenabulungisa. eboshiwe e-United States futhi yabiza amaphekula ngemuva kokumelana nokuhlasela okuqhubekayo kuhulumeni wezenhlalakahle waseCuba.
Imisebenzi emithathu engelona iqiniso eyingcaca enemininingwane kulesi sihloko ijoyina indikimba yomsebenzi ka-Paul Buhle kulolu hlobo ukuze kwengeze isici esinamandla ekuqondeni kwethu nasekwaziseni umlando. Ulethe isizinda sakhe esimangalisayo sokufunda kanye namakhono kuleli bhizinisi. Yonke le miqulu yenza umnikelo omkhulu ohlwini lwezincwadi zomlando zanamuhla.
Imisebenzi kaBuhle iphinde yanyakazisa umkhakha omude ocashile womlando wezobuciko, kwaba kuhle. Leso siyalo sephuzile ukushintsha, kodwa izazi-mlando zobuciko be-maverick kuhlanganiswe nezinxushunxushu ezinkulu zeminyaka yamashumi ayisithupha nemibhikisho eyalandela kanye nokudalwa kwezinhlelo zezifundo zobuhlanga nobulili kuye kwayishintsha unomphela isiyalo.
Ngo-2022, uBuhle nomculi u-Anne Timmons izokhulula ยกBrigadistas!, umlando oyingcaca weMpi Yombango YaseSpain. Lo msebenzi uzoqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ifa lakhe elivelele liyaqhubeka.
U-Paul Von Blum ungumfundisi ophezulu we-African American Studies and Communication e-UCLA. Uyisishoshovu sesikhathi eside samalungelo omphakathi kanye nezepolitiki kanye nombhali wezincwadi eziningi nezindatshana ezimayelana nobuciko bezepolitiki, isiko elivezayo, imfundo, kanye nomthetho.
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