"UPaul Robeson: Indoda Ebukiwe"
Incwadi kaJordani Goodman
"UPaul Robeson," isazi-mlando uJoseph Dorinson sabhala ngo-2002 esethulweni sakhe seqoqo lezindatshana ezididiyelwe ngaye, "inganekwane enkulu kunazo zonke ongaziwa muntu." Lapho indoda eyayingomunye wabantu ababephawuleka kakhulu beRenaissance emlandweni waseMelika ishona ngo-1976, isizungu nokucasha, impumelelo yayo ebabazekayo kwezokusubatha, imfundo, ubuciko nepolitiki yasuswa kakhulu ekuqapheleni izwe, ishaywa kwabezindaba nasezincwadini zomlando. Lesi sikhala esidabukisayo, esisikhumbuza ngendlela esabekayo ukususwa kwezitha zenkathi kaStalin ezithombeni nakweminye imibhalo yaseSoviet, kwaba ibala elijulile emlandweni waseMelika, okubangelwa ukweqisa okubi kakhulu kweMcCarthyism kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 kuya engxenyeni enkulu yawo-1960.
Ukubuyiselwa okwase kudlule isikhathi eside kwesithunzi senkanyezi kaRobeson, ngenhlanhla, kwaqala ngemuva nje kokushona kwakhe, kwamqhubela kancane ukuthi abuyele ekubonweni komphakathi. Izincwadi eziningana, imidlalo, amafilimu kanye nezingqungquthela, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu yokuzalwa ka-1998, egqamisa impilo yakhe nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, yahambisana nemiklomelo kanye nokuhlonishwa njengokukhethwa kwakhe ngemva kokushona kwakhe e-College Football Hall of Fame, i-Grammy Hall of Fame kanye neHollywood. I-Walk of Fame. Ukukhishwa kwakamuva kwesitembu sase-Robeson United States kwahlanganisa ukuxolisa kukahulumeni ngokunganaki futhi kwakhuthaza abantu ukuthi bahlole amagalelo akhe ahlukahlukene kwezobuciko nezombusazwe.
Izincwadi ezikhulayo ngoRobeson zihlanganisa zonke izici zokuphila kwakhe. Ezinye izincwadi nezindatshana ziwuhlaka, okunikeza abafundi ithuba lokuqonda nokulinganisa uhla olugcwele lwempilo nomsebenzi wakhe. Abanye bakhuluma ngezindawo ezithile njengamafilimu akhe, umculo, imidlalo yeshashalazi noma ezepolitiki. Incwadi entsha kaJordani Goodman ethi, โPaul Robeson: A Watched Man,โ iyindlela yokwelapha ephumelelayo nefundisayo yokuvuka kukaRobeson kwezombangazwe e-United States naseNgilandi, kanye nephethini elihlazo lokushushiswa abhekana nalo, ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi neminyaka ngemva kuka-1945. Abafundi asebemjwayele kakade u-Robeson futhi abafuna imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nemisebenzi yezombusazwe eyinkimbinkimbi eya ngokuya iba yinto agxile kuyo kakhulu empilweni yakhe bayothola le ncwadi ibaluleke kakhulu, nakuba iwusizo kubafundi jikelele.
UGoodman uyisifundiswa saseBrithani esisethubeni elihle kakhulu lokubhekana nemisebenzi yezombangazwe kaRobeson e-UK, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sangemva kwempi. Uhlinzeka ngemininingwane enolwazi mayelana nabasondelene noRobeson kanye noxhumana nabo eBrithani njengoba esebenzela ukuthula neSoviet Union esidlangalaleni, okwaholela ekwandeni kokubhekwa yizo zombili izikhungo zezobunhloli zaseBrithani nezaseMelika.
Okugxilwe kakhulu kule ncwadi isenzo sikaRobeson sezepolitiki esinempikiswano enkulu, inkulumo yakhe ngo-Ephreli 1949 eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yama-Partisan of Peace eParis. Lo mcimbi ubuhanjelwe abaculi nongqondongqondo abaphuma kwesokunxele emhlabeni jikelele, lo mcimbi uphonse uRobeson engqungqutheleni yezepolitiki angeke aphinde alulame kuyo. UGoodman uxoxa kabanzi ngezenzakalo zeCongress, enikeza isizinda sesethulo sikaRobeson lapho, lapho, ngaphezu kwezingoma zakhe, wabona ukuthi "thina," ebhekisela kubo bonke abantu abamnyama nabangamakoloni emhlabeni wonke, sasingenaso isifiso sokulwa neSoviet. Inyunyana.
Ukusabela e-United States kwakushesha futhi kubi. Kokubili imithombo yezindaba ejwayelekile kanye nezingxenye ezinkulu zemithombo yezindaba yase-Afrika-yaseMelika, kanye nomphakathi omnyama ngokujwayelekile, usole u-Robeson ngokungathembeki ezweni lakhe futhi uhlambalaza ukuthanda izwe kwabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika ngokuthi bazokwenqaba ukulwa empini emelene nezwe. I-Soviet Union. Nakuba abezindaba bewachithile amazwi kaRobeson, akubalula neze ngoba inqwaba yamandla ayesevele ebopha itulo lokumsusa ekubonakaleni kwezombusazwe nasebuholini ngokumhlasela ngentshiseko emelene namakhomanisi egcwele isizwe.
I-โPaul Robeson: Indoda Ebhekiweโ inamandla ikakhulukazi ekubaleni imizamo ka-Robeson yezombusazwe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 kuya ngawo-1950, lapho eqala ukucwaswa futhi eshushiswa. Walivikela ngokuqinile i-Trenton Six, icala elibi eNew Jersey lapho amadoda ayisithupha amnyama asolwa ngokubulala futhi agwetshwa intambo ngo-1948. U-Robeson wayefuna ukwenza leli cala lilingane necala elibi laseScottsboro Boys e-Alabama ngeminyaka yawo-1930s. Lesi siqephu sengeza into encomekayo ekuqondeni isibindi nokuzinikela kukaRobeson okukhulu ekulweni nobandlululo lwasekhaya. Kuphinde futhi kubuyisele leli cala elibuhlungu ekwazisweni komphakathi ngomlando omude wokucwasa ngokobuhlanga womthetho wobugebengu waseMelika.
UGoodman ubuye abhale kabanzi ngomsebenzi obanzi kaRobeson wokulwa nobukoloni e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi imizamo yakhe kanye nobuholi bakhe eMkhandlwini Wezindaba Zase-Afrika, lapho asebenza khona nezinkanyiso ezifana noDkt. WEB Du Bois kanye nabantu abahlukahlukene abaqinile nabakhululekile abavela emiphakathini yabamnyama nabamhlophe. U-Robeson wayengomunye wabantu baseMelika bokuqala abavelele ukudonsela ukunaka komphakathi e-Afrika, kuhlanganise nombuso wobandlululo omubi eNingizimu Afrika. Ukuma kwakhe kwabangela ukuphikiswa okuqinile kuhulumeni wase-US, okwamhlukanisa nakakhulu. Njengoba uGoodman ephawula, kwaba elinye igalelo ngokumelene noRobeson ekufakweni kwakhe ohlwini lwabangavunyelwe nokushushiswa.
Enye yezingxenye ezithakazelisa kakhulu zale ncwadi iphathelene nozakwabo wangaphambili ka-Robeson eMkhandlwini Wezindaba Zase-Afrika, uMax Yergan onyanyekayo, owasebenza ngendlela encomekayo no-Robeson futhi owayenomlando omude nomangalisayo wokushisekela inqubekela phambili yezombusazwe. Nokho, ngo-1948, ithuba likaYergan lamholela ekubeni ashise izincwadi zakhe zokuphikisa ubukhomanisi ngokuphendukela uRobeson ngonya. Kamuva, ukuguquka kukaYergan kwezombusazwe kwamguqula waba iqhawe elinolaka elimelene nobukhomanisi kanye nomxolisi wombuso wobandlululo waseNingizimu Afrika.
UGoodman ulandisa ngomzabalazo othathe isikhathi eside kaRobeson wokuthola ipasipoti yakhe ngemva kokuba uMnyango Wezwe ulihoxisile ngezizathu zokuthi โuMnyango ubheka ukuya [kwakhe] kwamanye amazwe kuzongqubuzana nezithakazelo ze-United States.โ Lokhu kwaba igalelo elilimazayo, kokubili ngokomzwelo nangokwezimali. Njengoba uGoodman eveza, lesi senzo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagcina isimemezele ukuthi asihambisani nomthethosisekelo ngo-1958, saphinde sambukela phansi uRobeson eMelika.
UGoodman uphinde ahlole ubudlelwano bukaRobeson neKomidi Lezenzo Le-House Un-American elidume kabi, isici esiyihlazo sesiphithiphithi sangemva kwempi sokulwa namakhomanisi eMelika. Esinye isiqephu sasekuqaleni sasihilela ukubukeka kwenganekwane ye-baseball uJackie Robinson โnjengofakazi onobunganeโ ngaphambi kwe-HUAC ngoJulayi 1949. U-Robinson wayemanqika ukufakaza futhi wachitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi ephawula ngobunzima abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ababhekana nabo emphakathini onobandlululo. URobinson wayenamandla ekugxekeni uJim Crow, kodwa waphinde wamkhuza u-Robeson ngokuphawula kwakhe (okuhunyushwe kabi) okuvela ku-Paris Peace Congress.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngasekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, uRobinson wabonisa ukuzisola ngokuzivumela ukuba asetshenziswe yi-HUAC kanye namanye amabutho aqinile ekushushiseni uRobeson. Ukhombise ukuhlonipha kwakhe okukhulayo ngokuzibophezela kukaRobeson ngokuqhubekayo emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wokulwa nobandlululo lwaseMelika. U-Goodman ubeka ubufakazi obuyizinkinga buka-Robinson esimweni somlando esixubile, futhi wembula ithonya legatsha u-Rickey, umnikazi we-Brooklyn Dodgers owaletha uRobinson ku-Major League Baseball ngo-1947. U-Rickey, owayengumphikisi wobuKhomanisi wokuqina, wasiza ngokusobala ukukhohlisa uRobinson ukuba asebenze njengomdlali. usaziwayo omnyama okholakalayo nohlonishwayo ngokumelene noRobeson.
Ngawo lowo nyaka uRobinson alahla ngawo u-Robeson ngaphambi kwe-HUAC, okunye ukusabela okunobudlova kakhulu ngokumelene noRobeson kwenzeka e-Peekskill, NY, lapho ayenikeze khona ikhonsathi yonyaka kusukela ngo-1946. Le ncwadi ichaza izenzakalo ezimbi ngokuningiliziwe. Abezindaba bendawo babe nezindaba ezinonya ngoRobeson, futhi amaqembu endawo, okuhlanganisa neChamber of Commerce kanye nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zomakadebona, acela imibhikisho emelene noRobeson ngenxa yemibono yakhe eqinile nobushoshovu.
Lapho uRobeson efika ePeekskill ngalowo nyaka, wathola isixuku esikhulu, abaningi bememeza ngolimi olumelene namaJuda nolucwasa ngokwebala. Isixuku sajikijela amatshe futhi sahlasela ababehambele ikhonsathi. U-Robeson uhlele kabusha uhlelo futhi waphinda, ulimi olubi olucwasayo kanye nodlame lwesixuku esinonya, ngokuhlanganyela kwamaphoyisa endawo, kwalimala izinombolo zezibukeli. URobeson yena wasinda ngokulambisa kulesi sibhicongo. Kamuva, uHulumeni uThomas Dewey wathi ababhebhezeli bamakhomanisi yibona abadale isiphithiphithi sase-Peekskill, okuwumshoshaphansi omubi womkhathi wezombusazwe owawunengcindezi ejulile ngesikhathi sokuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Isahluko esithinta kakhulu imizwa se-"Paul Robeson: Indoda Ebukiwe" sibandakanya ukubonakala kwakhe kwe-1956 ngaphambi kwe-HUAC. U-Robeson wayedelela futhi enekhono lokukhuluma, evame ukubuza ngokungagwegwesi ababebuza imibuzo ngezisusa zabo ezingabazekayo kanye nemibono yabo yokusabela. UGoodman ukhombisa ngokucophelela ukuthi uRobeson wasebenzisa kanjani ithalente lakhe lokulingisa ukuze azwakalise indelelo yakhe elungile ngenqubo, empeleni, eyayiphikisana nemibono yaseMelika kanye nezindinganiso zomthethosisekelo.
Lokho uGoodman abhekisela kukho kuphela encwadini yakhe ukuthi uRobeson wafakaza phambi kwe-HUAC ngenkathi ephakathi kokucindezeleka okukhulu ngokomzwelo. Ngempela, ukuma kwakhe ngesibindi phambi kwekomiti kwavusa izimpendulo ezinhle emaphephandabeni aqhubekayo namnyama, okwamkhipha okwesikhashana ebumnyameni obungokomzwelo obabugcwele ekuphileni kwakhe kwakamuva. Leyo ngxenye yempilo kaRobeson ivamise ukungadlalwa noma ishiywe ngokuphelele ezincwadini ezikhulayo ezimayelana nempilo nomsebenzi wakhe. Eqinisweni kumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi uRobeson wafeza okuningi kakhulu ngisho nalapho elwa futhi ehlushwa imiphumela yokugula kwengqondo okuwohlozayo.
Lo msebenzi ungezengezo ezinhle kakhulu kumfundaze kaRobeson. Nakuba ilinganiselwe ngobubanzi, nokho inikeza ukuqonda okunamandla ngempilo emangalisayo ka-Robeson yokuzibandakanya kwezombusazwe kanye nobushoshovu. Okubi nakakhulu, futhi iveza umthelela omubi wohlelo lomphakathi olunqunywe ukucekela phansi abagxeki balo abaphumelela kakhulu nabakhuluma ngokungagwegwesi. Leso sifundo akufanele silahleke namuhla.
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