“Ezindaweni zaseNyakatho/ En los Campos del Norte”
Incwadi kaDavid Bacon
Ibuyekezwe nguPaul Von Blum
“Uma iMexico ithumela abantu bayo, abathumeli konke okusemandleni abo. . . Bathumela abantu abanezinkinga eziningi, futhi balethe lezo zinkinga nathi. Beza nezidakamizwa. Baletha ubugebengu. Bangabadlwenguli. Futhi abanye, ngicabanga, bangabantu abalungile. "
-Donald Trump, ngoJuni 16, 2015
Siphila enkathini enyanyekayo yokucwasa ngokobuhlanga kanye nokucwaswa kwabokufika, okugqugquzelwa ukushisekela kwabokufika kombuso kaTrump futhi kugqugquzelwa amabutho emithombo yezindaba aphiko lwesokudla. Abokufika baseMexico baye bathwala kanzima kulobu budlova obusesidlangalaleni, okuhlanganisa inqwaba yokuhlaselwa ngamazwi kanye nezibonelo ezimbi zobudlova obungokomzimba. Bambalwa ababhebhezeli balobu buthaka abaqaphela umsuka omude womlando wokuphuma kwawo kwama-nativist. Bambalwa nakakhulu ababona ubuntu obujulile nokuhlupheka okunamandla kwabasebenzi basemapulazini baseLatino abeze enyakatho e-United States ukuze babalekele ubumpofu obugayayo nendlala futhi bazame ukuziphilisa bona nemindeni yabo.
Incwadi entsha enezilimi ezimbili kaDavid Bacon inikeza kokubili ikhambi elimangalisayo eqinisweni elidabukisayo lokucwasa ngokobuhlanga kanye nombono omuhle oqinisekisa ukuphila kwalaba besifazane abacashile, amadoda nezingane. I-"In the Fields of the North" iyinhlanganisela eyingqophamlando yobuntatheli nokuthwebula izithombe. U-Bacon ungumbhali ophumelelayo nomthwebuli wezithombe, onomlando omude wenyunyana ehlela i-United Farm Workers, i-United Electrical Workers, i-International Ladies Garment Workers Union nezinye. Ubhale ngempumelelo umthelela wokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, izimo ezimbi zezindawo zokusebenza kwabafika abaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe, imiphumela yomuntu yokufuduka, imizabalazo yezombangazwe yabasebenzi namalungelo abantu, kanye nezihloko eziningi ezihlobene nazo ezincwadini zakhe nasekuphawuleni kwakhe.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, uBacon ungumthwebuli wezithombe onamandla angavamile, ukuqonda kanye nekhono. Emazwini akhe okuqala kule ncwadi, unesizotha—unesizotha kakhulu—ngokuba nengxenye emlandweni omude wokuthwebula izithombe okhathalela umphakathi: “Ngiyethemba ukuthi umsebenzi wami unesandla kuleli siko namuhla.” Ngibe nelungelo nenjabulo yokufundisa nokubhala iminyaka eminingi mayelana nabanye abalingiswa baseMelika baleli siko, okuhlanganisa uJacob Riis, Lewis Hine, Ben Shahn, Dorothea Lange, Margaret Bourke-White, Roy DeCarava kanye noGordon Parks.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka ngilandela umsebenzi kaBacon futhi kunengqondo ngokuphelele ukumbheka njengendlalifa esemthethweni yalaba baculi abayizithombe. Njengala madoda nabesifazane, u-Bacon uthi ukuzinikela kwakhe okujulile kubantu abazithombe zabo ezigubha ngekhamera yakhe. Uyenqaba ukuhluka kubantu abathwebulayo futhi uyawuchitha umbono ongenangqondo, osadumile kweminye imibuthano yezemfundo negxekayo, wokuthi abathwebuli bezithombe kumele bangathathi hlangothi. Uthatha ukuma kwakhe ngokuqinile futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza: “Asiyona inhloso kodwa abasekeli.”
Njengabanduleli bakhe abavelele nabaphila ngesikhathi sakhe, uBacon uyaqonda ukuthi izithombe zakhe zabasebenzi bokufika, iningi labo abavela eMexico, ziyingxenye yomnyakazo obanzi woshintsho emphakathini. Njengalo lonke isiko lobuciko obuzibophezele emphakathini, imisebenzi yakhe ayiyona nje inhlanganisela yokuhlobisa emibhikishweni yezombangazwe, kodwa iyingxenye ngokugcwele emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wobulungiswa nokuphila okuhloniphekile kwabasebenzi bokufika ezindaweni zezolimo zase-United States. Akekho obukele ozimele, uBacon umi ngokuziqhenya eceleni kwabantu encwadini yakhe.
Ngamazwi nangezithombe, ulandisa ngezimpilo, izinsizi kanye nokunqoba ngezikhathi ezithile kwabantu abaningi abangenazo izincwadi abafudukele enyakatho, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingozi kakhulu. Ukhuthaza abafundi bakhe ukuba bangene ezindlini zabo, ezivame ukuba nezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana ezindaweni ezingenabantu, imijondolo yamapulangwe namatende enziwe ngothayela, emakamu ama-trailer, amaveni nezimoto, noma okubi kakhulu, kungekho lutho ngaphandle kwendawo evulekile endaweni. insimu yezolimo. Ubhekeni uthwebula yonke imindeni ephila ngaphandle kwezinsiza eziyisisekelo. Abaningi kufanele bageze emifuleni kuyilapho abanye bephuza amanzi angcolile, okubangela izifo zesisu kanye nemiphumela engathi sína yempilo yesikhathi eside.
Eminingi yale mindeni iphuma emasikweni endabuko futhi ikhuluma izilimi zayo zomdabu kuphela. Lokhu futhi kuyabahlukanisa, hhayi nje kwabanye ababaleki bomdabu abavela eMexico kuphela kodwa nakubabaleki abaningi abakhuluma iSpanishi abavela eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi. Laba bantu bakhona emjikelezweni omubi wobumpofu, behamba ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka kulo lonke elase-California, e-Oregon nase-Washington, besebenza amasimu ukuze bathole amaholo amancane kuyilapho bebhekana nokucwasa ngokwebala nokuxhashazwa abalimi, osonkontileka bezisebenzi kanye nezinduna zasemsebenzini.
Abafundi nababukeli be-“In the Fields of the North” bathola izinhliziyo zabo ezindabeni ezithinta inhliziyo nezithombe zabantu uBacon abalandisa ngempumelelo. Uvumela laba basebenzi abancishwe amalungelo ithuba eliyivelakancane lokuxoxa izindaba zabo ngezimpilo zabo ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-American feudalism. Konke ukulandisa okusemqulwini kunamandla futhi umfundi ngamunye nakanjani uthola ethize ethile ephoqayo.
Indaba, ngokwesibonelo, kaRómulo Muñoz Vásquez iveza izimpilo ezibuhlungu zabasebenzi abaningi basemapulazini baseMexico abangenazo izincwadi zase-US. Ekuqaleni wayengumlimi futhi kamuva iphoyisa e-Oaxaca, wayengakwazi ukondla umndeni wakhe. Weqa umngcele futhi waqala waqasha ifulethi eSan Diego, kodwa wayengakwazi ukukhokhela irenti, ukudla kanye nezinto zokuhamba, futhi wayesathumela imali emndenini wakhe.
U-Vásquez wathola indawo ngaphansi kwesihlahla futhi wasebenzisa iseyili enayiloni ukuze azakhele umpheme. Wathenga amanzi ngedola lemalitha futhi wageza emfuleni ongaphesheya kwegquma lapho “abehlala khona.” Amanzi ayengcolile kanti ezinye izakhamuzi zaleli koloni zazigula ngezinye izikhathi zisebenze sekwephuzile kangangokuthi zazingakwazi nhlobo ukugeza. Uveza ukuthi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu, abanye abafuduki abaningi baseMexico bafa bezama ukungena e-United States, imizimba yabo idliwe ama-coyote, izinyoni namabhere; abanye babanjwa abagada emngceleni, bavalelwa izinsukwana, base bedingiselwa eTijuana.
UBacon ulandisa ukuthi ngemva nje kokuba u-Vásquez exoxe indaba yakhe, iqembu lamaFascist elimelene nabokufika iMinutemen lavela futhi lasongela izakhamuzi zasezintabeni. Kamuva, amasekela-sheriff esifunda asusa wonke umuntu lapho, kwabaphoqa ukuthi bathole indawo yokuhlala entsha. Nalokhu kuyisici sempilo yabantu abahlala emthunzini njengoba bedonsa kanzima ukuze bazondle nemindeni yabo emakhaya.
Indaba ka-Lucretia Camacho yengeza esinye isici esithinta inhliziyo encwadini. U-Bacon ubiza indaba yakhe ngegama elifaneleka ngokukhethekile: Ukwenza Impilo, Kodwa Hhayi Ukuphila. Owesifazane osekhulile, uCamacho wazalelwa edolobhaneni elincane lendabuko e-Oaxaca, elalinolimi namasiko amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseSpain. Waqala ukusebenza eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, ekha ukotini nezinye izitshalo enyakatho yeMexico. Waqala ukusebenza emasimini ase-Oxnard, eCalifornia, ngo-1985 futhi waqhubeka kwaze kwaba muva nje. Umama ongayedwana, wahola kancane ekha ama-strawberry e-Oxnard kanye nopelepele notamatisi eGilroy, eCalifornia. Waba yisakhamuzi esisemthethweni ngo-1989 ngaphansi kohlelo lukashwele.
Ukuphawula kwakhe ngomsebenzi wakhe kukhuluma kakhulu ngempilo yabasebenzi basemapulazini abasuka kwamanye amazwe baseMelika: “Isivuno samasitrobheli sibukeka silula ngokwanele, kodwa uma usizama, kuba nzima. Angilufiseli umsebenzi onjalo esitheni sami esikhulu.” Ngemva kokusebenza kanzima impilo yonke, uCamacho uhlushwa isifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga, ukukhumuzeka kwamathambo kanye nezinyawo ezivuvukele—amaqiniso omuntu mayelana nabasebenzi basemapulazini abafudukayo abambalwa abantu baseMelika abanelungelo, ngisho naseCalifornia, abawaqondayo lapho bethenga izithelo nemifino yabo ezitolo ezinkulu nakwezinye izindawo. Mhlawumbe ungomunye “wabantu abalungile” bakaTrump ngenxa yokuhlupheka kwakhe isikhathi eside.
Izithombe zika-Bacon ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezisencwadini ziyisengezo esimangalisayo emzimbeni wezithombe zedokhumentari eziqaphela umphakathi. Abaningi bayathukuthela kuyilapho abanye benethemba, kodwa bonke bamele ukuhlanganiswa kwesu elihle kakhulu kanye nokuphawula okujulile kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe. Konke kuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okuningi kwabasebenzi ababenganakiwe abasebenza ngokungaziwa emikhakheni yezolimo yaseNyakatho.
Omunye wabo, okhunjulwe esithombeni esimangalisayo, u-Isabel Pulado, isifiki saseMexico esikha amagilebhisi, amadethi, upelepele nezinye izitshalo eCoachella Valley. Uneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili futhi engumama ongayedwa wezingane ezintathu, ubuso bakhe bukhombisa ubunzima bempilo enzima okungenzeka ukuthi ngeke ishintshe. Ubhekeni ubamba ubuhlungu bakhe, ukuqina kwakhe futhi mhlawumbe nokudelela kwakhe. Uveza ukuphikisa kokuphawula kukaTrump ngesikhathi somkhankaso wakhe.
Ngokunjalo, isithombe sikaBacon sikaJustino Macías siyawaphika amazwi kamongameli okucwasa ngokwebala, izimo zengqondo kanye nezinqubomgomo. Ungowokufika ovela e-Mexicali, uhlala evenini nomngane wakhe, ipake eduze nomgwaqo omkhulu kanye nomsele wokunisela. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba uBacon athathe isithombe, uMacías washaywa futhi wagetshengwa, okuyisenzakalo esivame kakhulu kubafuduki bezolimo, abangakwazi ukusebenzisa amabhange kalula. Isimo sobuso bakhe sibonisa ukudabuka kwakhe okudlula kude isenzo sobudlova asibekezelela.
Izithombe ezisuka kokuthi “Ezinkambweni ZaseNyakatho” nazo zifaka abantu bamanye amaqembu ezizwe nezinhlanga, okuhlanganisa amaPunjabi, amaHondurans namaNicaragua. Futhi esithombeni esisodwa esimangalisayo, uBacon ubonisa owesifazane okhulelwe wase-Afrika-waseMelika eStockton, eCalifornia, emi endlini yakhe enkulu egcwele izakhamuzi eziningi ezinsundu. Inkimbinkimbi iyamangaza; ligcwele amaphela nezimbungulu, izinto eziphukile kanye nodoti. I-California Rural Legal Assistance inikeze usizo ekuletheni isinyathelo ngokumelene nomnikazi wendawo. Lesi sithombe sisikhumbuza ngamandla imisebenzi ebucayi yezenhlalo yamaPaki nabanye ongcweti abaningi ababhala ngobumpofu obunzima abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abaye babhekana nabo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Hleze abazoba ngabafundi nababukeli bacabange ukuthi le ncwadi ingaphezu kokudabukisa nokubi mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi nosizi, izimpawu zethemba nazo ziyabonakala. I-Bacon yengeza izithombe eziningi ezinamandla eziveza ukuzibophezela kwalaba basebenzi ekuhleleni, ekubhikisheni nasekuhlubukeni. Ukwedelela kwabo lapho bebhekene nomsebenzi onesihluku nezimo zokuphila kuyisici esiyinhloko sale ncwadi, ikakhulukazi kwezinye zezithombe ezibonisa laba besifazane namadoda besesimweni sobumbano obumangalisayo.
Izithombe eziningana ziyagqama; zonke zinhle kakhulu ngokuqamba, kodwa zibaluleke kakhulu kokuqukethwe kwazo okuvusa amadlingozi kwezepolitiki. Esinye isithombe sibonisa abasebenzi basemapulazini base-Gallo wine ranch e-Sonoma County, California, bebambene ngezandla futhi becula bekhala ngokwehluleka kwenkampani ukusayina inkontileka yenyunyana. Le misebenzi iyingxenye yesiko le-United Farm Workers futhi isikhumbuza inkathi yakudala yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi yama-1960s kanye nama-1970s. U-Bacon uthwebule isimo sobuso sabasebenzi eveza amandla abo, ukuqina namandla eqoqo.
Kwesinye isithombe, ukhombisa abasebenzi basemapulazini abafudukayo betelekile bebhekene nomlimi omkhulu wamaberry esifundazweni saseWashington. Bavimbe indlela yokungena ekamu lapho behlala khona futhi baphethe izimpawu zesiNgisi neSpanishi befuna ukuhlonishwa nokuqinisa ubunye babo. Lesi isithombe sezabasebenzi sakudala futhi sijoyina isiko elide lokuthatha izithombe namanye amafomu obuciko agqamisa futhi asekele impi ehlangene yezisebenzi.
Esenzweni esifanayo sesifundazwe saseWashington, uBacon uphinde wathwebula abesifazane abaningana nezingane bevela enkanjini yabasebenzi ababetelekile. Bangabafuduki bomdabu bakwa-Mixtec nabakwa-Triqui abavela e-Oaxaca naseningizimu ye-Mexico futhi baveza imizwa ehlukile esithombeni. Abanye babukeka bekhathele futhi bekhathele kanti abanye babukeka benethemba. Uthwebula uhla lwemizwa ekhona nakanjani kuyo yonke imizabalazo yamalungelo abasebenzi kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo.
Igagasi elisha lezishoshovu zabasebenzi elikhonjiswe kulo mqulu omangalisayo liyakhuthaza, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sikaTrump sokwanda kwengcindezelo ngokumelene namaLatinos. Muva nje ngoJuni 13, umqondisi obambile we-Immigration and Customs Enforcement, uThomas Homan, utshele ikomiti leNdlu ukuthi inhlangano yakhe izosilandela isithembiso sikaTrump somkhankaso sokuxosha abokufika abangenazo izincwadi. Amazwi akhe ayethusa: “Kufanele ubheke ehlombe lakho, futhi udinga ukukhathazeka.”
Sidinga ababhali abanesibindi, abakhathalela umphakathi nabathwebuli bezithombe abafana noBacon. Sidinga abasebenzi basemapulazini abazimisele kakhulu abamelene nengcindezelo njengalabo ababhale phansi kule ncwadi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, sidinga abantu ukuthi bamelane nezinqubomgomo ezinyantisayo zikahulumeni oyingozi kakhulu futhi ongaphenduli emlandweni wase-US.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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