I-United States kanye ne-Israel bobabili bebehlose ukuvimbela ukubonakala kwe-Palestinian Authority phambi kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, uma kwenzeka iphumelele ukuzuza ukusekelwa kwesimemezelo sayo esihlangene sokuzimela kwe-Palestine. Lokhu ukuguqulwa komlando: ngo-1948, i-US yabheka ithemba lokumenyezelwa kwenkululeko yakwa-Israel njengosongo ezithakazelweni zayo esifundeni, futhi uMnyango Wezwe, uMnyango Wezokuvikela kanye ne-CIA babekhathazekile ngomphumela onjalo. Kube ngumeluleki wezomthetho okhethekile kaMongameli Truman, uClark Clifford, kanye nethimba lakhe elincane, elimesekayo, abagunyaze ukuqashelwa kwe-Israel njengokuhambisana nezintshisekelo zase-US. UClifford wagomela ngokuthi umbuso wamaJuda wawuvele ukhona futhi i-US kufanele ikubone ngaphambi kokuba iSoviet Union ikwenze: wathola isiphakamiso sokuzimela nge-White House. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, ubuso be-volte babuphelile.
Ngalowo nyaka, abaphathi base-US base besondele ekulahleni ukwesekwa kohlelo lwe-UN lokwehlukaniswa kwePalestine nokudala umbuso wamaJuda, njengoba kwabekwa esinqumweni 181 somhla zingama-29 kuLwezi 1947. Kwacaca ekulweni phakathi kwamasosha angamaJuda nama-Arab. lawo mandla ayeyodingeka ukuze awenze. IWashington yasekela ukumiswa kokudubula esikhundleni salokho: isivumelwano kanye nokuphathana kwesikhashana, ukubambezeleka kodwa okungakuyeki ngokuphelele ukwahlukanisa.
Kodwa intuthuko yasePalestine ayinakushaywa indiva. Ngomhla zi-3 kuNhlaba 1948, ezinsukwini eziyi-11 ngaphambi kokusuka kweBrithani ePalestine, i-Consul yase-US eJerusalema yabika ngokuwa kukahulumeni wasePalestine ngesixwayiso sokuthi โngaphandle uma kufika ama-Arab aqinile, silindele ukuthi amaJuda azogaqa iningi ledolobha lapho kuhoxiswa amandla aseBrithaniโ (1). Ngo-April wabika ngokuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo kwamabutho amaJuda โezenzweni ezinolaka nezingenandaba ezifana nesibhicongo saseDeir Yassin kanye noJaffaโ kanye nokukhishwa kwabantu base-Arab eHaifa.
Inxusa laseMelika labika ukuthi abaseBrithani nabanye bavumelana ngoMay 1948 ukuthi โamaJuda azokwazi ukushanela konke phambi kwawo ngaphandle kwalapho amabutho avamile ama-Arabhu eze ezosindisa. Njengoba iHaifa njengesibonelo sokuhlala kwezempi yaseHagana, kungenzeka ukuthi imisebenzi yabo izobuyisela ukuhlelekaโ (2). Kodwa hlobo luni lokuhleleka? IHaifa yaziwa ngabaseBrithani nabaseMelika ngomsebenzi wayo wokuhluza uwoyela, owawucubungula uwoyela wase-Iraq ngamapayipi e-Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). Ukuthathwa kwayo, okungamukelekile kuma-Iraqi, kwacekela phansi ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwabasebenzi basePalestine namaJuda.
'Ukuhlasela kwezikhali ngokumelene nama-Arabhu'
URobert McClintock, wethimba laseMelika ku-UN, uhlawumbise ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha uzobhekana nombuzo wokuthi "ukuthi ukuhlasela kwamaJuda ngezikhali emiphakathini yama-Arab ePalestine kusemthethweni noma kuwusongo olunjalo ekuthuleni nasekuvikelekeni kwamazwe ngamazwe? ukubiza izinyathelo eziphoqayo zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha.โ UMcClintock waphawula ukuthi uma amabutho ama-Arab engena ePalestine, kwakuyoholela amabutho amaJuda ukuba athi โumbuso wawo uyisihluku sezikhali [futhi] azosebenzisa zonke izindlela ukuze afihle iqiniso lokuthi ukuhlasela kwawo ngezikhali kuma-Arabhu angaphakathi ePalestine. okuyimbangela yokuhlasela kwama-Arab,โ futhi i-US izophoqeleka ukuthi ingenele (3).
Ezinsukwini ezingaba ngu-10 ngaphambi kokuhamba kweBrithani, uNobhala Wezwe wase-US uGeorge C Marshall unikeze amahhovisi akhethiwe ezokuxhumana ngokuhlola kwakhe isimo semibuso yama-Arab:
"Lonke uhlaka lukahulumeni wase-Iraq lusengozini ngenxa yeziyaluyalu zezombusazwe nezomnotho, futhi uHulumeni wase-Iraq ngeke akwazi okwamanje ukuthumela amasosha angaphezu kwedlanzana asewathumele. I-Egypt isanda kuhlushwa yiziteleka neziyaluyalu. Ibutho lalo alinazo izinto ezanele ngenxa yokwenqaba usizo lwamaNgisi, futhi elinakho kuyadingeka emsebenzini wamaphoyisa ekhaya. I-Syria ayinazo izingalo noma ibutho elifanele igama futhi ayikwazanga ukuhlela eyodwa kusukela amaFrance ahamba eminyakeni emithathu edlule. ILebanon ayinalo ibutho langempela kuyilapho iSaudi Arabia inebutho elincane elinganele ukugcina izizwe zihlelekile. Umona phakathi kweSaudi Arabia namaSyria, kanye nohulumeni wamaHashemite waseTransjordan nase-Iraq, uvimbela ama-Arabhu ekwenzeni okungcono kakhulu kwamandla akhonaโ (4).
Amazwi kaMarshall alungiswe yinxusa laseMelika eCairo, laveza ukuthi ukuntuleka kwezikhali kwebutho laseGibhithe kwakubangelwa ukwenqaba kweBrithani ukunikeza abaseGibhithe ngazo. Amasosha aseTransjordan ayethembele ezikhulwini zaseBrithani. Naphezu kwezimo ezinjalo, uMarshall waxwayisa: โNokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi esikhathini eside uMbuso wamaJuda ungaphila njengombuso ozimele lapho ubhekene nenzondo yezwe lama-Arabhu . . . abathanda inqubomgomo edelelayo kuma-Arabhu, noma yimuphi uMbuso wamaJuda ozomiswa uyokwazi ukuphila kuphela ngosizo oluqhubekayo oluvela phesheya.โ
Ngaphambi, futhi ikakhulukazi ngemva, isimemezelo sika-Israyeli sokuzimela, izikhulu zase-US zakugxeka ukuphathwa kwababaleki basePalestine futhi zacela ukuba babuyiselwe ekhaya. Iqaphela ithonya lenhlangano yeZionist e-US, nakuba ingaqapheli ngaso sonke isikhathi uhlobo lokuxhumana kwangasese kukaTruman nezikhulu eziphezulu ze-Jewish Agency, kuhlanganise nomongameli wokuqala wakwa-Israyeli u-Chaim Weizmann, i-US Foreign Policy elite yaxwayisa ngezingozi ezingase zibe khona zokusekelwa. I-Tel Aviv kwizintshisekelo zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Intuthuko yabonisa ukuthi banephutha. Kungakapheli unyaka i-Israel imisiwe, isikhundla soMbuso neminyango yezokuvikela sashintsha sisuka ekugxekeni saya ekwaziseni ikhono lika-Israyeli lokusekela izithakazelo zase-US. Kusukela lapho izikhulu zase-US zavuma ukuthi, nakuba umbono womphakathi wama-Arab kanye nezimemezelo zabaholi besifunda zazigxeka ngokusobala ukuma kwe-Washington esekela u-Israyeli, izithakazelo zezohwebo zase-US azizange ziphazamiseke. NgoMashi 1948 izikhulu zase-US ku-UN zathola ukuthi isimo saseSaudi sasiwukuthi โingxabano yasePalestine yayingeyomphakathi futhi kwakubaluleke kakhulu [kumazwe] ama-Arab ukuthi isithakazelo sawo singenzi lutho oluzonikeza i-SC [Security Council] ithuba. ukusebenzisa amandla ePalestineโ (5).
Ukwesaba okwavezwa abaholi bezinkampani zaseMelika ukuthi abakwaSaudi bangase banqume ukuhoxisa izinkontileka zabo zikawoyela ngokushesha kwanyamalala. Akuzange kube khona mzamo wokuvimba i-Aramco, inkampani kawoyela yase-US eyayilawula uwoyela eSaudi Arabia, ekukhuliseni amandla ayo phezu kukawoyela wasogwini.
Uwoyela nokuvikela izwe
Umqondisi we-US ophikweni lukawoyela negesi womnyango wezangaphakathi wase-US, uMax Ball, odume ngokuba phakathi kwezikhulu ezinolwazi olungcono kakhulu ngowoyela wase-US nakwamanye amazwe, wayeseke wahlangana no-Eliahu Epstein (kamuva owaba u-Elath), ilungu le-Jewish. Ikomidi lezokweluleka kwezepolitiki lenhlangano kanye nommeleli walo omkhulu e-US, kanye nelungu lePresidium yoMkhandlu Jikelele wamaZiyoni (uhlaka oluyinhloko lwezinhlangano zamaSiyoni zomhlaba) (6). Umhlangano wenziwa ngesikhathi i-US House of Representatives iqhuba ukulalelwa okubanzi mayelana "ne-petroleum maqondana nokuvikela izwe". I-Ball, enentshisekelo yokuthola uwoyela eNegev, yakhuthaza u-Epstein ukuthi azame ukuhlangana nabaphathi bakawoyela base-US, okuhlanganisa namaphini omongameli be-Aramco kanye ne-Standard Oil yaseNew Jersey kanye nomqondisi we-Socony.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kweWashington okunamathisele ezithakazelweni zayo zikawoyela eMpumalanga Ephakathi (7), abaholi be-Jewish Agency e-US bafuna ukubhekana nokukhathazeka kwezinkampani zikawoyela kanye nezikhulu zase-US zokuthi ukusekela umbuso wamaJuda kubeke engcupheni lezo zintshisekelo.
Ukuhlolwa kabusha kombuso omusha kwakusekelwe ezintweni eziningi, phakathi kwazo isiphetho samasosha ase-US sokuthi i-Israel ingaba wusizo olukhulu โekubambeniโ impumalanga yeMedithera kanye neMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nezithakazelo zayo zikawoyela. Lokhu akuzange kuvimbele ukuqaphela ukuncika kwayo ekusekelweni kwangaphandle noma isidingo sokuxazulula inkinga yababaleki basePalestine. Ngaphandle kweziqu ezinjalo, amasosha ase-US ayezimisele ukuvuma ukuthi i-Israel yayishintshile ibhalansi yamandla esifundeni, okwakufanele ukucabanga kabusha kwenqubomgomo yase-US.
Ngomhla ziyisi-7 kuNdasa 1949 imemorandamu yomphathi wabasebenzi beButho Lasemoyeni lase-US eya kubaphathi abahlanganyeli bezisebenzi mayelana โNezithakazelo zamasu aseMelika kwa-Israelโ yaqinisekisa isidingo sokuhlola kabusha okunjalo. โIbhalansi yamandla e-Near and Middle East ishintshwe kakhulu. Ngesikhathi izwe lakwa-Israel libunjwa, izinkomba eziningi zazikhomba impilo yayo emfushane kakhulu lapho ibhekene nokuphikiswa kwe-Arab League. Kodwa-ke, u-Israyeli manje useqashelwe yi-United States kanye ne-United Kingdom, cishe uzoba yilungu leNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, futhi ubonise ngamandla ezikhali ilungelo lakhe lokubhekwa njengamandla ezempi ngokulandelayo ngemuva kweTurkey e-Near kanye. Emaphakathi Mpumalanga" (8). Uphinde wacela ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo โlwezinjongo zamasu zase-US ezithinta u-Israyeliโ, futhi wancoma ukuthi kucatshangelwe ukuqeqeshwa nosizo lwezempi nokuthi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ithonya lamaSoviet kuhulumeni omusha livinjwe.
Izibalo ezifanayo zaholela ekuhlolweni kabusha (okungacacile) kwenqubomgomo yase-US embuzweni wePalestine, okuye kwancipha kakhulu enkingeni yababaleki enqanyuliwe kusukela esikhathini esizayo sombuso wasePalestina.
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