"Inqobo nje uma ubugebengu bokuphucwa umhlaba kanye nokubalekela abantu basePalestine ngo-1947-1948 bungalungiswa ngokuxoxisana okunokuthula nobulungisa okwanelisa amalungelo asemthethweni ezinhlangothi zombili, sizoqhubeka nokubona ukuthuthukiswa kokubili ukuzimisela kanye nokuzimisela. amandla amaqhawe asePalestine - njengoba bekwenzeka kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930s…."[2]
Isitatimende sentatheli yaseLebanon nesifundiswa, u-Rami G Khouri, sivele ku-New York Times ngoNovemba 17th Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva enye i-athikili yakhuluma "ngosuku olubalulekile olungokomfanekiso lwangoNovemba 29, lapho i-General Assembly ivota ngo-1947 ukuhlukanisa lo mhlaba ube yizifunda ezimbili, eyodwa yamaJuda kanye nenye i-Arab yasePalestina."[3] Ireferensi yayimayelana nosuku olukhethwe ngu-Mahmoud Abbas, uMongameli Weziphathimandla ZasePalestine, ukuze anxuse i-UN ukuthi yamukelwe i-PA njengezwe elingelona ilungu.
Kubafundi bemithombo yezindaba evamile, ukubhekisela ezenzakalweni zika-1947-1948 kanye "nobugebengu bokuphucwa umhlaba nokubaleka" kwakungaziwa. Nokho ukuxhumana neGaza kwakusobala. Izimo eziholela “ebugebengwini bokuphucwa umhlaba nokubaleki” zikhulume ngqo nalabo abaphoqeleka ukuba babalekele eGaza ngo-1948, lapho inani lababaleki lenyuka lisuka ku-83,000 laya ku-250,000 ezinyangeni zikaNovemba–Disemba 1948.[4]
Kungani singakenzi uxhumano ngaphambili? Ingabe besingazi? Ukuqiniseka, abantu basePalestine babhale amaphuzu ngesihloko "sokuphucwa umhlaba nokubaleka," njengoba kwenza ama-Israel. Kepha lokho okubhalwa ngaphambili akuvamisile ukuthi kufanele ukuba kuxoxwe ngakho kodwa njengendaba yokuhlekwa usulu, futhi ngabagxeki bakwa-Israel, imibono yabo ibukelwa eceleni ngokuphephile.
Kodwa asibhekane nakho. Akukhona ukuthi asazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngo-1947-1948. Kungenxa yokuthi sikhethe ukungaboni noma ukuzwa noma yini ephazamisa ukucabanga kwethu ngale ndaba. Eminye yamagama nemibono isalokhu iwukungamukeleki, imibuzo ethile iye yabekwa eceleni njengokusolwa futhi imilando ethile - eyethu neyabo - isikhishiwe, okungcono kakhulu ukusifundisa ukuba ndikindiki nokunganaki. Umphumela wukuthi sikhetha ukucabanga ngezimpi zakwa-Israel nama-Arab njengezehlakalo 'zokungqubuzana kwempucuko' okukhalisa abalingani bethu abaphucuzekile ngokumelene 'nabanye' abavame udlame. Uma nje uhlangothi lwethu lunqoba, asikho isidingo sokubheka ubuso ‘bezitha,’ noma sizibuze ukuthi kungani futhi kungani? Kuyavunywa, ukwenza kanjalo kuzifaka engozini yokuthola ukuthi ‘bona’ bafana nathi, okuyinto edida njengokufunda ukuthi lokho ‘ochwepheshe’ abasifundise kona ngomlando wethu nowabo ngokuvamile akulungile, okusishiya sithole ukuthi ukukhohlisa kungaba yingozi.
Iqiniso elimsulwa ukuthi siyakwazi okwenzeka ngo-1947-1948 ePalestine ngoba sasikhona.
Izikhulu zase-US zazithumela imibiko evamile evela ePalestine ngalokho okwakwenzeka ngo-1947-1948. Ukusabalala kwabo mayelana nokungqubuzana kokuhlukaniswa kwePalestine okwaholela ku-November 29, 1947 General Assembly Partition Resolution 181, kwakubuhlungu ngokungapheli futhi okwalandela akuzange kukhuthaze ithemba elikhulu. Babekwazi ukuthi ukuphucwa umhlaba kwakumayelana nani ngoba babexoxa ngokudluliselwa kwabantu. Babazi ukuthi ukubhaca kumayelana nani ngoba bathumela imibiko ngamasosha eJewish Agency axosha abasePalestine noma enze izimo ezabaholela ekubeni babaleke.
Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izikhulu zaseMelika zazi ukuthi imibuzo ebalulekile ngo-1947-48 yayimayelana nokuba semthethweni kwayo yonke inhlangano ye-UNGA eyayincoma ukwehlukaniswa kwePalestine ngokumelene nentando yeningi labantu bayo; mayelana nokwandiswa kokulawula indawo yakwa-Israyeli ngale kwemingcele eyabelwe; mayelana nokuhlelelwa ukudluliselwa kwamaPalestine ezindaweni eziphethwe amaJuda; kanye nokwenqatshwa kokubuyiselwa emakhaya kwalabo babaleki basePalestine ababexoshwe ama-Israel egagasini lokuqala lokuxoshwa okukhulu okwenzeka phakathi kukaNovemba 29 namaphakathi noMeyi 1948.
Kungani i-US yaba sePalestine? Bekubaluleke ngani e-US? Akubanga nzima ukuyithola impendulo. I-Palestine, emehlweni abenzi bezinqubomgomo ezikude ngo-1947-48, yayibalulekile "ekulawulweni kokuphela kwempumalanga yeMedithera kanye neSuez Canal. Iyindawo yokukhipha amafutha aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, okubalulekile, okubalulekile. kwezokuphepha zase-U.S."[5] Izingxabano mayelana nokwahlukanisa, ngokwalo mbono, zibukeke ziyingozi ngoba zazibhekwa njengengozini "yokulawula indawo esempumalanga yeMedithera" yase-US, eyayibhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuhlelwa kwe-geostrategic yangemva kwempi yase-US okubandakanya i-Europe yangemva kwempi ne-Japan.
Futhi-ke kwakukhona ukwesaba kwe-USSR, okwakhula ngokusekelwa kweSoviet kokuhlukaniswa nokwesaba ithonya lamaKhomanisi ezindaweni ezilawulwa ngamaJuda.
Ezinsukwini ezinde ezandulela ivoti leNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene mayelana neSinqumo Se-Partition njengakulezo ezalandela, ukusungulwa kwenqubomgomo yase-US - encane njengoba yayinjalo ngaleso sikhathi - yayigcwele ukungaboni ngaso linye okwafinyelela e-White House, mayelana nalokho okwakuzokwenziwa. esenziwe, ebhekene nokwenqatshwa okungaguquki kwePalestine nama-Arabhu kokuhlukaniswa njengokuhlakaza izwe ngokumelene nentando yabantu balo, kanye nezingozi lokho kuphikiswa okwabangela izintshisekelo ze-US - ikakhulukazi lezo ezibandakanya uwoyela. Ukugqugquzelwa komkhankaso wokuvimbela noma yikuphi ukucutshungulwa kabusha kokuhlukaniswa kulezi zindawo kwaholwa abameleli be-Jewish Agency eWashington abaphumelele ukusungula ukuxhumana nezithakazelo zikawoyela zase-US ezivelele. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izikhulu zase-US zabona ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwazo okukhulu ngowoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi kwakungafaneleki njengoba umbuso waseSaudi wawungazimisele ukuyeka izinkontileka zawo zase-US, njengoba wawuvikela kakhulu amalungelo asePalestine. Inhlanganisela yayanele ngempela ukuqeda ukwesaba phakathi kwabaphathi bakawoyela abaphezulu ababephakathi kwalabo ababezilungiselele ukuxoxisana nabamele i-Jewish Agency, njengoba babehlale beqaphile ngomthelela ophelele wokuhlukaniswa kwezwe lama-Arab.
Ovela eJerusalema, iNxusa lase-US, uRobert B. Macatee (1946-1948) akazange ashiye imibono ekhohlisayo mayelana nentuthuko, enikeza ukuhlolwa okubuhlungu kwezimo ekupheleni kuka-1947, okulandelwa incazelo yezimo ezibucayi zamaJuda, ama-Arab kanye neBrithani. . Njengoba uMacatee ebhalela uNobhala Wezwe uMarshall,
"ukwesaba kudlangile futhi kujwayelekile, impilo (okungukuthi evamile ePalestine) iyashabalala. Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okungase kulindeleke esikhathini esizayo, isikhathi sokuthula nokuzibamba. Lesi sigaba singaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ukuhoxiswa kwamaNgisi kuseduze kakhulu futhi kuze kube yilapho ama-Arab esenze izinhlelo ezicacile zokufeza ukuzimisela kwawo ukuvimbela ukwehlukana.Ukuqhuma kwamanje, kuzwakala, akubalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa futhi akuhlelekile futhi kumane kuyizihlanganisi ezingenakugwenywa zesimo esishubile nesilindile. eshukunyiswa inzondo ngamaJuda exubene nemizwa yokushisekela izwe elijulile, futhi kungase kulindeleke ukuba ande.”[6]
Echaza isimo samaJuda ePalestine, uMacatee wabhala ngokuhlaselwa okungahleliwe lapho “athathwa khona lapho egibele amabhasi, ehamba emigwaqweni futhi edutshulwa ngisho elele emibhedeni yawo.” Owesifazane ongumJuda, umama wezingane ezinhlanu, wadutshulwa eJerusalema elenga izingubo ophahleni. I-ambulensi ebimphuthumisa esibhedlela idutshulwe ngomshini, nokugcine ngokuthi abebemlandela beya emngcwabeni bahlaselwe omunye wabo wagwazwa washona."[7] Ubalule ukuhlaselwa kwezitimela, ukwebiwa kokudla, ukuba khona kwemakethe yezikhali, ukulahlwa emsebenzini oyisibopho waseBrithani, nobufakazi bokusebenzisana phakathi kwamalungu e-Palestinian kanye ne-Arab Legion.
Ngayo leyo nyanga, uDavid Ben Gurion, umholi ongancikisiwe weJewish Agency namabutho ayo ezempi, wayekhuthaza “ukuzivikela okunolaka; ngakho konke ukuhlasela kwama-Arab kufanele siphendule ngegalelo eliwujuqu; ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo noma ukuxoshwa kwezakhamuzi eduze. ngokuthathwa kwendawo."[8] Imiphumela, uBen Gurion waphawula, "izokwandisa ukwesaba kwama-Arabhu kanye nosizo lwangaphandle lwama-Arabhu ngeke lusebenze."[9] Inhloso yakhe enkulu, kubhala isishoshovu sezombusazwe sase-Israel esingasekho kanye nomgxeki, uSimha Flapan, "kwakuwukukhipha iningi labantu base-Arab ngangokunokwenzeka ezweni lamaJuda…."[10] Lokhu kwakuzofezwa "ngokusatshiswa okuqondile kanye nokuxhashazwa kokwethuka okubangelwa ubuphekula bomshoshaphansi obuphikisayo; futhi ekugcineni, futhi ngokusobala, ukucekelwa phansi kwemizana yonke kanye nokuxoshwa kwezakhamuzi zakhona amasosha."[11]
Ngokusho kwedayari kaBen Gurion ngoDisemba 11, 1947:
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa i-Consul yase-US eJerusalema yathumela imibiko ngesibhicongo esikhulu esenzeke eDeir Yassin. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, amasosha angamaJuda ahlasela amadolobhana aseduze kwaseTiberias, kwathi ngo-April 21-22, uMarshall wathola izindaba zokuwa kweHaifa. Futhi-ke kwaba khona indaba yaseJaffa nemizana ezungezile, ehlaselwa yi-Irgun neHagana, eyaholela ekuphunyukeni ngokuphelelwa yithemba kwabantu baseJaffa ngaseGaza. Umkhuzi wamaNgisi eJaffa ngaleso sikhathi wachaza "isigameko engangingakaze ngicabange ukusibona empilweni yami. Kwakungumbono wabo bonke abantu baseJaffa betheleka emgwaqeni bephethe noma yini abangayicosha ezandleni zabo."[13] Laba bantu "babenokwesaba okubhalwe ebusweni babo futhi babengakwazi ukungena emgwaqeni oya eGaza ngokushesha ngokwanele."[14]
UGolda Myerson (Meir), ngaleso sikhathi owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu kuJewish Agency, wabhala imibono yakhe ngesikhathi evakashele eHaifa. "Kuyadabukisa ukubona umuzi ongasekho. Eceleni kwetheku ngifice izingane, izalukazi, izalukazi zilinde indlela yokuphuma. Ngangena ezindlini, kukhona izindlu okushiywe ikhofi nesinkwa sepita. etafuleni, futhi angikwazanga ukugwema [ukucabanga] ukuthi lokhu, ngempela, bekuyisithombe emadolobheni amaningi amaJuda [okungukuthi eYurophu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II].[15]
Ivela kuVice-Consul wase-US eJerusalema, uWilliam Burdett, kwavela eminye imibiko. Kunalezo ezimayelana nemizamo yezingqapheli ze-UN yokuphenya ukuthi yini eyenzeke edolobhaneni laseDuwayma, enyakatho yeHebroni. Amasosha akwa-Israel "abegibele obishini, aqale abeka phansi inqwaba yezibhamu nezibhamu abe esegasela phakathi, kuvutha izibhamu. Abantu bendawo badutshulwe bengaphakathi ezindlini, emigwaqweni nasemithambekeni ezungezile ngesikhathi bebaleka."[16] Ufakazi wakwa-Israel uchaze ukubulawa "kwabesilisa [abesilisa] abangaba ngu-80 kuya ku-100, abesifazane nezingane. Izingane abazibulala ngokuziphula amakhanda ngezinduku. Yayingekho indlu engenabantu abafile," ngokusho kwesosha elibike lokhu nokunye. elungeni leMapam elidlulisele ulwazi kumhleli wephepha leqembu.[17] Labo abasala bephila “babe sebevalelwa ezindlini ‘ezingenakudla namanzi,’” futhi kwakhishwa umyalo wokuba izindlu ziqhunyiswe.[18] Ngokusho kwesosha lakwa-Israel elicashuniwe, lezo "zikhulu zamasiko" ezaphenduka "ababulali abangenalutho" bakwenza lokho "ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuxoshwa nokubhujiswa. Ama-Arabs amancane asala - angcono. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo sezombangazwe sokuxoshwa kanye nokubhujiswa. unya."[19]
Abasinda eDuawyima, kanye nezinkulungwane zamanye ama-Arabhu avela eNegev babephakathi kwalabo ababalekela eGaza eyayilawulwa yiGibhithe, kodwa bathola izimo ezidabukisayo zamakamu ababaleki aminyene.
Ngesisekelo salokho okwakwenzeka ePalestine, izikhulu zase-US eWashington zaphendula ngokucela ukuba kubuyekezwe Uhlelo Lokuhlukaniswa Kwezizwe lwe-UN kanye nokusungulwa kwelungiselelo lesikhashana lokuphatha esikhundleni salo. Lesi sinyathelo sathathwa njengesingakaze senzeke futhi esingathandeki yilabo abasiphikisayo, njengoba nenhloko ye-Near East and African Affairs eMnyangweni WezoMbuso echaze isimo sasePalestine “njengesinomdlavuza,” futhi siyingozi kwezokuphepha zase-US.
Imizamo eqhubekayo yezikhulu zase-US yokuthola isivumelwano, ingasaphathwa eyesivumelwano sokuphatha, yenqatshwa yiJewish Agency njengephula ukuzibophezela kwe-US kuSinqumo se-UN kanye nokubambezeleka kombuso. Abantu basePalestine kanye neKomidi Eliphakeme Lama-Arab, baphikisana nezinketho ezifanayo ngoba bathathwa yiWashington njengebambezela okwesikhashana ukwahlukanisa. Imizamo yahlala inzima, nakuba iholele i-US ukuba ifune ama-moderates aseZionist, njengoJudah Magnes, owancengwa ukuba eze eWashington, lapho ahlangana khona noNobhala Wezwe waseMelika.
UMagnes, uRabi Wezinguquko wendabuko yaseMelika, wayengumZayoni ozibophezele ku-bi-nationalism noma olunye uhlelo lomthethosisekelo olwaluvumela ukuqashelwa kwemiphakathi yama-Arab angamaJuda namaPalestine ePalestine. Wayehlangene neqembu elincane lezihlakaniphi ezazinombono ofana naye kodwa ezazingenalo ithonya elitheni kwezombangazwe. UMagnes wagcina esenguMongameli we-Hebrew University.
Inxusa laseMelika eJerusalem lacelwa ukuthi lidlulisele kuMagnes ukuphuthuma okuzwiwa yisikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezwe esiphethe izindaba zase-Near East, u-Loy Henderson, uma kungafikanga amalungiselelo anelisayo ngaphambi kokuba iBrithani isuke ePalestine.
"Akukaze kube khona isidingo esikhulu kakhulu sesimo sengqondo sokubuyisana ngesibindi esifana nesakho engxenyeni yama-Arabhu namaJuda. Uma isimo sengqondo esinjalo siwukuba ukubambisana phakathi kwama-Arabhu namaJuda alinganiselayo nanokubuyisana kubalulekile. Ngakho-ke kuthenjwa ukuthi wena kungaba uwedwa noma uphelezelwa abanye abaholi bamaJuda njengoba ucabanga ukuthi kufanelekile bazoza e-US ngokushesha okukhulu. "[20]
Isikhalazo esifanayo sathunyelwa eCairo.[21] Impendulo edabukisayo yayiwukuthi abaseGibhithe nama-Arabhu babenokungabaza ngenqubomgomo yaseMelika, nakuba izikhulu zaseMelika zibike ukuthi uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseSaudi ukhuthaze abaseGibhithe ukuthi baye eWashington.
EWashington Magnes wakusho lokhu kuNobhala Wezwe WaseMelika:
"UDkt. Magnes wathi amaphuzu okuqala ayefisa ukuwaveza ukuthi ingcindezi enkulu ingase ibhekane nawo womabili ama-Arabhu namaJuda uma i-United States ingafaka unswinyo lwezezimali ngisho oluyingxenye. Waveza ukuthi umphakathi wamaJuda ePalestine intuthuko yokwenziwa nokuthi, nakuba umsebenzi wamaJuda wawuphumelelise izinto eziningi ezinhle ezinjengamapulazi, amanyuvesi, nezibhedlela, okwakuwumphumela weminikelo evela e-United States, imali manje eyayinikelwa emphakathini wamaJuda yayisetshenziselwa impi kuphela. 'okudla konke.' UDkt. Magnes wathi iHagannah ibiza amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-4 ngenyanga. Wayeqiniseka ukuthi, uma iminikelo evela e-United States inqanyulwa, impi yamaJuda ePalestine izoma ngenxa yokuntuleka kukaphethiloli wezezimali.[22]
UMagnes ubeyigxeka indlela "exolisa kakhulu" yezikhulu zaseMelika embuzweni wokuphatha. Sasingekho esinye isixazululo, wagcizelela, noma yiluphi uhlobo okwakucatshangwa ngalo: inyunyana yombuso, ama-canton, izifundazwe lapho ama-Arabhu namaJuda ayehlala khona ngokwehlukana. Iphuzu elibalulekile laliwukuthi “angeke ixazululwe inkinga yasePalestine ngaphandle uma ama-Arabhu namaJuda ehlala phansi ukuze azitholele isixazululo.[23]
Ngaphambi kokuba ahambe, uMagnes wacela imvume yokubuza umbuzo onzima. "Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi likhona ithuba lokubeka isixazululo ePalestine?" UNobhala Wombuso uphendule ngembaba.
Kungakapheli unyaka u-Israyeli ememezele uzibuse ngohlangothi olulodwa, izikhulu eziningi zase-US ezaziphakathi kwabamelene naye abaqinile, zajwayela lesi senzakalo, zihlatshwe umxhwele amandla ezempi kanye nokuphikelela kwezombusazwe kobuholi bombuso omusha. Kulolu hlelo, base bevumelene kudala ukuthi bakhohlwe yisixazululo sezwe ezimbili ezanikezwa ngoNovemba 29, 1947, Uhlelo Lokuhlukanisa, bencamela ukweseka isivumelwano esiyimfihlo sika-Israyeli neNkosi yaseTransjordan sokuthatha ingxenye yezwe lasePalestine.
Kodwa kunombuzo owodwa owawulokhu uphazamisa izikhulu zase-US kanye ne-White House, kwaze kwaba yisikhathi lapho nayo yehliselwa endaweni yesibili, isimo esibucayi sababaleki basePalestine kanye nokungaguquki kuka-Israyeli ukubuyiselwa kwabo ezweni.
Okunye wumlando, umlando weminyaka yezinxushunxushu phakathi kuka-1947-1949 osazobhekana nawo.
[1] Umbhalo olandelayo uyingxenye yencwadi ezayo yombhali, Ukufa Ukuze Ukhohlwe: Isisekelo Senqubomgomo Yobumbano eMpumalanga Ephakathi, Uwoyela, u-Israyeli nasePalestine, 1945-1949,
izoshicilelwa yi-Columbia University Press.
[2] U-Ethan Bronner, "I-Israel, Inkundla Yempi Ishintshiwe, Ithatha Indlela Enzima," New York Times, Nov. 17, 2012, p. 1.
[3] U-Ethan Bronner, "Inhlekelele yaseGaza Ibeka Usongo Eqenjini Elithandwa yi-U.S.," New York Times, Nov.20, 2012, p. A 12.
[4] UBeryl Cheal, "Ababaleki eGaza Strip, Disemba 1948-1950," Ijenali Yezifundo ZasePalestine, Umq. XVIII, cha. 1 (I-Autumn 1988), p. 138.
[5] I-PPS/19: Jan 19, "1948 Position of the United States With Respect to Palestine," Ubudlelwano bamanye amazwe e-United States (I-FRUS), 1948, uMqulu V, Ingxenye 2, Washington, DC, 1978, pk. 546-47.
[6] NgoDisemba 31, 1947, i-Consul General eJerusalema (Macatee) kuNobhala Wezwe, I-FRUS, 1947, V, p. 1322.
[7] Ibid., p. 1323.
[8] Simha Flapan, Ukuzalwa Kuka-Israyeli, Izinganekwane namaqiniso, I-New York: Pantheon Books, 1987, p. 90.
[9] Iibhidi.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Ibid., p. 91.
[13] Ibid., p. 87.
[14] Okushiwo in Michael Palumbo, Inhlekelele YasePalestine: Ukuxoshwa Kwabantu Kwango-1948 Ezweni Labo, I-London: Faber noFaber, 1987, p. 88.
[15] Kucashunwe kuBenny Morris, Umsuka Wenkinga Yababaleki BasePalestine Uphinde Wavakashelwa, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 310.
[16] Morris, Ukuzalwa Kwenkinga Yababaleki BasePalestine Kubuyekezwe, p. 469; bheka futhi noBenny Morris, Ngo-1948, Impi Yokuqala Yama-Arab-Israel, I-New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008, p. 333.
[17] Morris, Ukuzalwa Kwenkinga Yababaleki BasePalestine Kubuyekezwe, p. I-470.
[18] Ibid.
[19] Ibid.
[20] Ngo-April 10, 1948, Ibamba likaNobhala Wezwe ku-Consulate General eJerusalema, I-FRUS, 1948, V, ingxenye 2, p. 811.
[21] Ibid., p. 812.
[22] Ibid.
[23] Ibid., p. 904.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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