Izinkulungwane zabafuduki zilele emigwaqweni yaseMexico, zilinde ukuthola isikhathi sokuxoxisana emngceleni waseMelika, bese ziphindiselwa emuva ezimweni eziyingozi nezingenakwenzeka.
Selokhu isilinganiso somngcele wobhubhane Isihloko 42 saphela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, abezindaba abakhuluma isiNgisi bagcizelele ukuthi bambalwa abantu abazama ukuwela umngcele wase-US-Mexico.
Kodwa isidingo sokufuduka asikashintshi. Esikhundleni salokho, abezindaba abajwayelekile bafihla iqiniso eliqinile, lapho izinqubomgomo ezintsha ziphendule iMexico yaba izwe elibamba ababaleki nabafuduki.
Izingxoxo emngceleni zihlelwa uhlelo lokusebenza, okuphoqa ababaleki ukuthi balinde amaviki noma izinyanga. Umthetho omusha wezwe lesithathu, okhona kusukela iSihloko sama-42 saphela ngoMeyi 11 kulo nyaka, sisho ukuthi noma yibaphi abokufika abadlule kwamanye amazwe beya eMexico - into engenakugwenywa kwabaningi - kufanele baqale bafune ukukhoseliswa kulawo mazwe noma ngenye indlela badingiswa lapho befika e-U.S. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esisha, iMexico manje ukwamukela AmaNicaragua, amaCuba, amaHaiti kanye namaVenezuela i-U.S. ibaxoshile.
Akekho owazi kahle ukuthi bangaki ababaleki nabafuduki abalele emigwaqweni yaseMexico, ngoba ayikho indawo yokubhalisa futhi azikho izinhlelo ezikhona zokunakekela abafuduki noma ukubahlinzeka ngolwazi.
“Kodwa lokho akunangqondo,” kusho uValmont Luc Son, umbaleki waseHaiti, wangitshela njengoba sihlezi emgwaqweni lapho ehlala khona, amabhulokhi ambalwa ukusuka kuKhomishana YaseMexico Yosizo Lwababaleki (COMAR) edolobheni laseMexico City. Wayengakaze ezwe ngokubusa kwezwe lesithathu, futhi ngangimchazela ngakho njengoba ngixoxa naye.
“Ngibalekela isimo esingenakwenzeka - udlame olungaka nosopolitiki abakhohlakele. Kumele sidlule kwamanye amazwe ukuze sifike emngceleni. Ngiqinisekile ukuthi kuzolunga, kuzofanele bangivumele ngingene. Yiziphi ezinye izinketho esinazo? Kufanele siyephi uma singakwazi ukuhlala lapha futhi singakwazi ukuba seHaiti futhi senqatshwa lapho siya e-U.S.? ebuza edangele.
Ukuhlala eMexico City
Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lwezingxoxo zasemngceleni, olubizwa nge-CBP One, lufinyeleleka kuphela e-Mexico City nasenyakatho lapho, i-Mexico City manje isijoyine amadolobha asemngceleni osenyakatho njengendawo yokulinda. Izwe lisebenza njengebhodlela elimangalisayo. Abanye 15,000 abafuduki sebelinde izinyanga izinyanga - bekhosela emvuleni ngaphansi kwezihlahla namaloli - eTapachula, eduze nomngcele waseGuatemala, ukuze ama-visa ezokuthutha adlule eMexico. Bese belinda eDolobheni laseMexico ukuze babelwe ichweba endaweni ethile ngasemngceleni ukuze baxoxisane namaphoyisa ase-U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Ekupheleni kukaMeyi, COMAR kumemezela ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa, yathola izicelo zokukhoseliswa eziningi emahhovisi ayo eDolobha laseMexico kunaseTapachula.
Ngokuhlanganyela isitatimende ekhishwe ngoJuni, izishoshovu zaseMexico ezingaphezu kuka-40 namaqembu ama-NGO abhala:
Uhulumeni wase-US usebenzise uchungechunge lwezivumelwano zezombangazwe namazwe aseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, ezicashwe njengomthwalo wemfanelo okwabelwana ngawo, ukuze kuqukwe ukufuduka, kodwa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi bakhiphela ngaphandle imingcele yabo.… Babeka abantu engcupheni, hhayi nje bedingiswa ezimeni ababezibalekela, kodwa bephinde bababeke ezingozini zohambo. EMexico, uhulumeni ushiye isibopho sokuhlinzeka ngokuqondisa nokunaka ... emiphakathini yomphakathi. ”
Izindawo zokukhosela eDolobheni laseMexico, ezisebenza ndawonye “enethiwekhi yobumbano,” sezichichima izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. USamantha Hernández Cerón, okhulumela i-CAFEMIN shelters, utshele Ngaphandle izindawo zokukhosela zisebenza “kufika kumaphesenti angama-900 womthamo wethu.”
“Esiqongweni sethu, (i-CAFEMIN) ibinabantu abayinkulungwane ngobusuku, kanti kule ndawo yokukhosela (eyodwa kwabathathu eqhutshwa yi-CAFEMIN, emaphakathi nenyakatho yeMexico City) lapho sinamandla abantu abangama-1,000, njengamanje sinabangu-80, " wathi.
Izindawo zokukhosela zincike emnikelweni nasekuqoqweni kwezimali ukuze kuhlinzekwe abafuduki ngemibhede, ukudla nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa uhlelo olusha lwe-CBP. "Sigxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziphuthumayo, futhi asinaso isikhathi sokuhlaziya ngokujulile isimo, noma sicabangele izinselele zesikhathi eside ze-logistic, ezomnotho kanye nokusebenza," kusho u-Hernández, ephikisana ngokuthi izinkinga ezinjalo zingaxazululwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa inhlangano ehlangene.
Izindawo zokukhosela ezisenyakatho, ezifundazweni ezifana neJalisco, Querétaro neSan Luis Potosí, nazo zingalena kakhulu. umthamo. IMonterrey, lapho ababaleki abambalwa abaya khona esikhathini esidlule, isiyabona manje 300-400 ukufika esikhumulweni sebhasi esikhulu nsuku zonke.
“Ngokungangabazeki, sebebaningi abafudukayo manje, futhi kunesidingo esikhulu. Kukhona ibhodlela lapha (eTijuana), isimo esibucayi kakhulu, ”kusho uGraciela Zamudio, ummeli owasungula i-Alma Migrante, inhlangano ehlinzeka abokufika ngezeluleko nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi zomthetho.
In March kulo nyaka, iziphathimandla zaseMexico City zakha indawo yokukhosela eTlahuac, eningizimu ekude yedolobha. Maphakathi noMeyi, ngemva nje kokuphela kwesihloko sama-42, bathumela i- izinkulungwane kwabantu lapho beya kwamanye amadolobha ngaphandle kokubatshela ukuthi bayaphi kuze kube amahora ambalwa ngaphambili. Ikamu lokukhosela lavalwa, laphinde lavulwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezine.
Ngesikhathi ngivakashela kuyo ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, kwakunabantu ababalelwa ku-200 lapho. Ngangingavunyelwe ukungena, esinye isisebenzi sikahulumeni sangitshela ukuthi umphathi waso wayengafuni muntu abone indawo yokudlela, njengoba yayingekho esimweni esihle.
Kuyacaca ukuthi uhulumeni waseMexico ufuna abokufika bangabonakali. Ikona ukuthumela abadingiselwe emadolobheni akude njengeTabasco neTapachula, futhi akukho okusemthethweni inqubomgomo mayelana nokuthi abadingiswa bama-visa bazothola ini, noma ukuthi izidingo zabo eziphuthumayo zezindlu nempilo zizohlangatshezwa kanjani.
Izimo Zokuphila Nezokuvakasha Eziyingozi
Abafuduki abalala emigwaqweni eduze kwaseCOMAR eMexico City wabhikisha ngoMeyi, befuna impendulo ezicelweni zabo zokukhoseliswa, futhi bephethe izingqwembe ezibhalwe ukuthi, “Sicela impatho enesithunzi, inhlonipho nokuvikelwa.” Izimo zokuphila ezinjalo zibenza babe ngaphezulu senzeke ezinkingeni zempilo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, ukuhlaselwa, ukuqolwa, ukudlwengulwa noma ukuthukwa. Abaningi balaba bafuduki bahlala izinsuku ngaphandle Ukudla, futhi abakwazi ukufinyelela ezindlini zangasese noma amashawa.
“Ngeke sikwazi ukuhlala eMexico ngoba azikho izinsiza zabafuduki. Anginayo indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, lutho. Angikwazi ukusebenza. Abanye abantu badlula lapha bedinga abasebenzi, kodwa bacela izincwadi eziningi,” kusho uLuc Son.
Ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kuyinqubo e-Mexico, futhi abantu ababukelwa phansi, abangabonakali futhi abangasekelwa yibona abasengozini kakhulu. Kukhona cishe a Izigidi abasebenzi abaphoqelelwe abangakhokhelwa lapha, nangaphezulu 100,000 ababhalisiwe ngokunyamalala ngenkani. Njengesibonelo esisodwa nje, ngoMeyi, 50 abafuduki ababehamba ngebhasi bathunjwa eSan Luis Potosí.
UDaniel Álvarez wabaleka eHonduras nomkhaya wakhe ngemva kokugetshengwa izikhathi eziningi lapho ayehlala khona, bathuthela endaweni entsha engaphansi kwedolobha, futhi bebanjwa inkunzi ngokuqhubekayo nakhona. Kepha ebalekela eMexico, uchaze ukuqolwa yiziphathimandla zezokufika izikhathi ezinhlanu ezihlukene ngama- $ 100 kuye kwangama-500.
“Bacela imali yokusivumela ukuba sihambe ngamabhasi, noma bangaze bahlasele umndeni wami. Bathi bazosibuyisela eTapachula. Besihlala singadlile ukuze izingane zethu zidle futhi ngoba besilindele ukubona ukuthi zizosikhokhisa malini esitobhini esilandelayo,” usho kanje. Ngaphandle.
Kuvamile ukuthi izigebengu ezihleliwe zithumbe abantu bokufika ukuze zifune inhlawulo emindenini yazo. Ukubika ngalobu bugebengu nodlame kuvame ukuba "into ehlukile ... kodwa manje, nalabo bantu abanakekelwa umphakathi, ezindaweni zokukhosela, bayathunjwa," kusho uZamudio. Abafuduki ngokuvamile abawabiki ubugebengu ngoba besaba iziphathimandla.
UMerlin Musset, waseVenezuela, ulinde eMexico City endaweni yokukhosela yase-CAFEMIN nezingane zakhe ezintathu nomfowabo ukuze baqokwe emngceleni. Wagetshengwa ngesikhathi engena eMexico okokuqala, futhi uke wezwa ngokuthunjwa kwabanye abafuduki. "Kunzima ukunquma ukuhlala lapha noma ukuqhubeka, ngoba noma kunjalo, sisengozini ... sidinga ukuphepha, ukuphepha okwengeziwe," kusho yena.
Mayelana nohlelo lokusebenza lwe-CBP One, abantu abazi noma bazokwazi yini ukungena e-U.S., futhi “lokho kungaqiniseki kuholele … izinto ezinjengokuthumba. Akukusha, kepha kubhebhetheke kakhulu. Sithola imibiko eminingi ngezigameko ezifuze lezi kunalokhu esijwayele ukukwenza,” kusho uZamudio.
“Ezimweni eziningi, abantu abawatholi ama-aphoyintimenti ngohlelo lokusebenza, futhi akucaci ukuthi kungani. Kukhona nokuntuleka kokuxhumana okuvela kuhulumeni mayelana nezinsizakalo abafuduki abangazifinyelela. Abaqiniseki ngokuthi bamukelekile kuphi. Ukungaqiniseki kwabo kugcwele ukwesaba; ukwesaba ukudingiswa, ukuhlaselwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa,” kusho yena.
Futhi lapho abafuduki bethola umsebenzi, babhekana nokucwaswa kanye nengozi. Abantu baseMelika Ephakathi banjalo 45 amaphesenti amaningi okuba bafe ngenxa yengozi ehlobene nomsebenzi noma ukugula eMexico, ngoba abafuduki ngokuvamile benza imisebenzi eyingozi noma enzima.
EMexico, “basizakala ngawe ngoba uyisihambi, bafuna ukukhokha kancane futhi bakutholele ukusebenza okwengeziwe. Ngaya emsebenzini wokwakha eVeracruz, futhi bathi banganginika ama-peso ayikhulu (amaRandi ayisithupha) ngosuku, amahora angu-100 ngosuku. Asinawo amalungelo lapha,” kusho u-Álvarez.
I-Mexico yenza umsebenzi ongcolile wase-U.S
Kusukela ngoMeyi 12, usuku ngemuva kokuphela kwesihloko sama-42, i-White House kumemezela ukuthi iMexico izobe yamukela abantu baseCuba, abaseHaiti, abaseNicaragua nabaseVenezuela abadingisiwe. Owayeyinhloko yezokufuduka eMexico, uTonatiuh Guillén, kuvunyelwe ukuthi, "Okubalulekile akusewona amalungelo abantu, intuthuko, kanye nokuvikelwa ... kodwa ngenxa yengcindezi evela e-United States, umbango, ukuboshwa, nokuxoshwa kuyavunywa."
Ngakho, kusukela ngo-May, iMexico ibilokhu yenza “impukane” ukudingiswa ngokumelene nabafuduki emngceleni wayo oseningizimu. Ayikho inqubo efanele, futhi izimiso zamazwe ngamazwe ziyephulwa njengoba ababaleki bephoqeleka ukuba babuyele eGuatemala.
“Uma iMexico izokwamukela abafuduki abadingisiwe, kufanele iwuphathe ngokungathi sína lowo mthwalo wemfanelo futhi ibanakekele ngendlela efanele. Kodwa ekugcineni isivumelwano asikho emthethweni futhi kufanele sichithwe ngokushesha,” kusho uZamudio.
“Kepha iMexico idinga ukusebenzisana ne-US, ngakho-ke ilawula ukufuduka kwabantu ngendlela ethambile, futhi ngokwezomnotho, inezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Ukube iMexico ibibazisa abantu bokufika, izobaphatha njengamaqhawe ayibo,” kuphetha yena.
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