Umthombo: Counterpunch
Isithombe ngu-Marie Kanger Born/Shutterstock
Isikhungo esingokomlando sedolobha lase-Puebla, lapho ngihlala khona, siyiGugu Lomhlaba isayithi. Isikwele esikhulu sizungezwe yisonto lombhishobhi elakhiwa ngo-1575, futhi iposi eliseduze, njengezakhiwo eziningi endaweni, lihlotshiswe kahle ngothayela bendabuko. Kodwa phakathi kwezakhiwo zethesi kukhona neMcDonald's, iDominos, i-Oxxo (isitolo se-Coca Cola), i-Subway, ne-Burger King, futhi kukhona i-Pizza Hut, i-KFC; kanye ne-Starbucks ibhulokhi elilodwa kude.
IStarbucks inezitolo ezingama-670 eMexico, iSubway inezingu-900, kanti iWalmart inama-2,610 - okuyisibalo esikhulu kunawo wonke kunoma yiliphi izwe ngemuva kwe-US, kanye nesibalo okungenzeka sikhule uma kubhekwa inzuzo yabo ngesikhathi sodlame.
Umthelela walolu shintsho kundawo yasemadolobheni nasekusetshenzisweni kobunikazi baseMexico, indlela yokuphila, namasiko, akufanele uthathwe kancane. Ayanda amazwe ase-US avulekele eMexico emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, asebenzisa izivumelwano zohwebo ezingalungile, izimo zabasebenzi ezixhaphaza kakhulu, kanye nezinsiza ezishibhile. Izindawo zokudlela zasendaweni nezendabuko zaseMexico tianguis izimakethe zilwela ukuncintisana, futhi abantu abaningi baseMexico babona izinkampani zase-US njengomthombo wesimo senhlalo.
โAkukho ukulingana kwezimo, ngakho akuwona ngempela umncintiswano,โ kusho u-Iktiuh Arenas, uchwepheshe wezokuhlela amadolobha namalungelo abantu, nochwepheshe kuSecretariat of Agrarian, Land, and Urban Development (SEDATU) yaseMexico. .
I-Arenas ithi izikhungo zokuthenga, izitolo zeminyango ezifana ne-Walmart, nezindawo zokudlela ezihweba kwamanye amazwe zinezinzuzo uma ziqhathaniswa nezimakethe zasendaweni kanye nabadwebi bezandla, ngoba banesabelomali esikhulu sokumaketha. Bakhuthaza abantu ukuthi bathenge imikhiqizo engazange ikhiqizwe endaweni, futhi banemali yokuvikela izindawo ezingcono kakhulu ezigcawini nasemigwaqweni emikhulu.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, uthi, "intuthuko" ikhawulelwe ekwakheni izikhungo zokuthenga kanye nezitolo ezisekela izitolo, kuyilapho izindawo eziluhlaza kanye neminyuziyamu ziye zancishiswa. "Le nqubomgomo yokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha isekelwe ekukopisheni imodeli yase-US," usho kanje.
I-Walmart yaseMexico (esebenza njenge-Wal-Mart de Mรฉxico y Centroamรฉrica) ingumdayisi omkhulu kunawo wonke ezweni, futhi kuhlanganisa amanye amabhrendi, njengezitolo ezinkulu ezincane ze-Bodega Aurrerra, i-Sam's Club, i-MaxiPali, ne-Superama. Ngo-1994, yayinezitolo ezingama-25 kuphela eMexico, kodwa isivumelwano se-NAFTA (1994-2020) kusho ingathengisa kalula amakhulukhulu emikhiqizo evela e-US, ngaphandle kokukhokha intela yentela.
Kusukela lapho, ama-Walmarts abelokhu ekhona wakhiwe ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, izakhiwo ezisongelayo zenani lobuciko, futhi zakhiwe emanxiweni asendulo noma eduze kwawo. Kukhona i-Walmart eduze nendawo yokuvubukula yaseTeotihuacรกn, futhi ukumelana kwendawo kukwazile ukuvimbela umuntu oyedwa. wakhiwe edolobheni lomdabu laseCuetezalan.
Ukujoyina i-Walmart ngamakhulu ezinye izinkampani, ezihlanganisa i-Pepsico, i-Uber, 19,558 Oxxos, The Cheesecake Factory, Baskin Robbins, 718 I-Dominos, ngaphezulu 400 Ama-KFC, i-Pizza Hut, i-Home Depot, i-Office Depot, i-Citigroup, i-JP Morgan Case, nezinkulungwane zezimboni, kusukela kwa-Ford kuya ku-General Electric.
Ngokuphakanyiswa kwe-NAFTA kwezintela kanye nezithiyo zohwebo, lezi zinkampani nazo ziyazuza kwamanye amazinga aphezulu okuxhashazwa emhlabeni. Ngenkathi isisebenzi saseMexico e-US sizo uthole US$1,870 ngenyanga ngokwesilinganiso, eMexico isibalo sehla saya ku-US$291.
I-NAFTA iphinde yabona ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi ezindaweni zasemakhaya eMexico, kanti i-Arenas ithi inqubomgomo yomphakathi izishiyile izindawo zasemakhaya yakhetha amadolobha. Uphikisa ngokuthi โukucwasa ngokwezigaba nokucwasa abasebenzi basemakhayaโ nakho kube yimbangela.
Ngaphinde ngakhuluma no-Isis Samaniego, imbongi nesisebenzi sasemakethe esivamile, futhi uchwepheshe wezithelo nemifino yomdabu yaseMexico. โIzitolo zomnyango, izikhungo zokuthenga, kanye nokudla okusheshayo okuvela emabhizinisini endawo ase-US ashiye amakhaya lapha, njenge-tlapalerias [izitolo zaseMexico ezithengisa upende nezinto ze-hardware],โ basho, bephikisana ngokuthi lezo zitolo zazithengisa imikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside, kuyilapho izitolo ezintsha zithengisa. izimpahla ezishibhile, kodwa ezisezingeni eliphansi.
Ukushintsha imikhuba yokusebenzisa
Njengoba abalimi abaningi ngokwengeziwe bethuthela emadolobheni, baba umsebenzi omusha oshibhile. U-Bertha Melรฉndez uyisishoshovu sempilo yonke nomculi owaziwayo. Ucula ngezilimi zoMdabu ezingu-10 futhi acwaninge futhi ahlanganise izingoma zoMdabu, kuyilapho esebenzisana nemisakazo yomphakathi. Uthi abafika emadolobheni babe sebedayiselwa ukudla okungenamsoco njengendlela yokuzizwa besimanje.
โAkukona nje ukushintsha indlela odla ngayo, kodwa kwashintsha indlela yokuphila, njengoba abantu beshiya imiphakathi lapho kunokuxhumana okuqinile phakathi komakhelwane nendlela ehamba kancane, beza emadolobheni lapho babexhashazwe khona baze bangabi nalutho. isikhathi sokuzilungisela ukudla,โ usho kanje.
Njengoba ekhuluma, sidla isobho le-tortilla. Uthi: โLesi sidlo saseMexico. โKuthatha isikhathi ukuzilungiselela.โ
โAbantu bazilahla izimakethe zasemgwaqweni baya ezitolo ezinkulu ngenxa yesimo โฆ Uma umndeni uya kwaMcDonaldโs, kungenxa yokuthi ufuna ukubukeka sengathi usezingeni eliphezulu. Abantu bacabanga ukuthi ukudla kungcono lapho, kodwa kunamakhemikhali amaningi, kungalutha kakhulu futhi kubi empilweni yakho,โ kuphawula uSamaniego.
Abantu abaningi baseMexico bazizwa benesidingo sokubukeka. Lokho kuhlanganisa ukuzenza sengathi izimo zabo zokuphila zingcono kunobumpofu ababhekene nabo, kanye nokulingisa izindlela zase-US noma zase-Europe, nokuthenga imikhiqizo noma imikhiqizo lapho. Emakhulwini eminyaka, ukubusa kwamakoloni kanye ne-imperialism kuye kwafundisa abantu ukuthi isiko nendlela yabo yokuphila yayiphansi.
Ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweSpain, nangemva kwalokho, abantu babedla ukudla ngokwezinkathi zonyaka, kuphawula i-Arenas. โKodwa manje, iWalmart idayisa imikhiqizo unyaka wonke, ngakho ihlukana nendlela endala yokwenza izinto,โ usho kanje.
Uchaza ukuthi abakhiqizi bancintisana ngelungelo lendawo yeshalofu ye-Walmart, futhi abathengi bathenga izinto abangazidingi njengengxenye yokufisa ukuba okuthile okungcono. โKuqinisa lezo zingqinamba zokuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba kanye nokulahlekelwa ubuwena,โ usho kanje.
Ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweSpain, abantu babuthana ezigcawini ezinkulu nasezindaweni ezimaphakathi futhi babeka omata abalukiweyo be-petate, base behlela imikhiqizo yabo kuzo. Babeshintshanisa izimpahla, noma bazithengise ngokhokho noma ngamathuluzi enziwe ngethusi. Lezi tianguis izimakethe zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko nendlela yokuphila yabantu, futhi zisaqhubeka zikhona ngandlela thize namuhla emadolobheni afana neCuetzalan, iTianguistengo, i-Otumba, iTenejapa, iChilapa, iZacualpan, nokuningi.
โE-Walmart ushintshisana ngemali nomuntu, kodwa awushintshisani ngolwazi, awunangxoxo,โ kusho uSamaniego. Kodwa ku-tianguis yesimanje kanye neyendabuko, ungakhuluma nabalimi ngokuqondile, noma abaculi abenza imisebenzi yezandla, bayaphikisana.
Izingane zommbila
Kungakho u-Melรฉndez ebona izinkampani ezifana ne-Walmart ne-McDonald's njengesusa imiphakathi, kanye nokudla kanye nendlela yokuphila.
โSingabantwana bombila. Kusukela ezikhathini zamadlozi besithembele emmbila,โ usho kanje. Uchaza ubudlelwano nomhlaba kanye nemvelo okuyingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi babantu.
Uthi: โIsiko lendabuko liyaphila, kodwa alibonakali kangako. Ezinye zezilimi acula ngazo, njengesiNahuatl nesiMixteco, zikhulunywa kakhulu. Kodwa ezinye sezicishe zashabalala, ezikhulunywa abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa. Ikoloni, ngaleso sikhathi impiriyali yezomnotho nezamasiko yase-US ibone abantu benqaba izimpande zabo zomdabu, futhi โesikhundleni salokho balingisa isiko lase-US. Ukuba owomdabu kuyacwaswa,โ usho kanje.
Kungakho u-Melรฉndez ebona izingoma zakhe nobuciko bomdabu kanye nobuciko base-Mexico bubalulekile ukuze abantu bazizwe bengowabo, kanye nokubonakala kwabo. Bangu 12 abayizigidi ezingu izingcweti Folk craftspeople in Mexico. Kodwa bebengomunye wemikhakha emibi kakhulu kuthinteke ngobhubhane. Bavame ukuhlala ezifundeni ezingenayo i-inthanethi noma amasiginali wefoni, futhi ngokuvamile abanalo ulwazi lobuchwepheshe ukuze baphromothe imikhiqizo yabo ku-inthanethi โ kunalokho bathembele ekusebenzisaneni emgwaqweni nasezikweleni. Ngezikhathi zokuvalwa konyaka odlule, abaculi abaningi banqanyulwa ngokuphelele emalini abayiholayo.
Izitolo ezifana ne-Walmart, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zijwayele ukuthengisa online. Inzuzo kaWalmart eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi ikhuphuke yaba 162 izigidigidi zama-pesos ngo-2020, zisuka ezigidigidini eziyi-148 ngo-2019.
โIMexico ibuswa yi-US โฆ ngokwesiko, kwezomnotho, futhi bakhetha ngisho nomongameli bethu ukuze baqhubeke nokuthumela izinkampani zabo lapha futhi bajabulele abasebenzi abashibhileโฆ ,โ kusho uMelรฉndez.
Izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zinenkululeko eningi eMexico, futhi zisekelwa izivumelwano zohwebo ezifana ne-NAFTA ne-USMCA ezadalwa ngaphakathi kwamandla angalingani kakhulu. Isishoshovu esisodwa, uGustavo Esteva phakathi no-2002 imibhikisho ngokumelene nezinhlelo ze-McDonald's esigcawini esikhulu sase-Oaxaca ukubeka ngamafuphi, "Lokhu akuyona into engaphansi kokunqoba kwamasiko."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 Amazwana
Ngakho abantu baseMexico manje banezinqumo.