Isitolo esisekhoneni eduze kwalapho ngihlala khona ePuebla, eMexico, sigcina izikhwama zaso zepulasitiki zifihliwe ngaphansi kwekhawunta. Osokheshi bawakhipha kuphela lapho othile ebuza, njengokungathi athengiswa. Futhi ngandlela thile, banjalo, njengoba izikhwama zepulasitiki zivinjelwe iminyaka embalwa manje.
Ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kanye kwaqala ukusebenza 29 yezifundazwe ezingama-32 zaseMexico phakathi kuka-2018 kanye 2021. Kodwa ePuebla, lapho izikhwama zepulasitiki bezivinjelwe kusukela lapho 2020, 12 ukuze 13 amathani ezikhwama zepulasitiki aqoqwa nsuku zonke, kwathi ngo-2022, ukutshalwa kwezimali embonini yepulasitiki kwanda 32 iphesenti. Kuzwelonke, ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki yezwe kukhule ngokwesilinganiso 5.27 amaphesenti kusukela ngo-2018. I-E-commerce ayifakiwe ekuvinjelweni, futhi eMexico City kuphela, izinkampani ezifana ne-Amazon ne-Mercado Libre zakhiwe. 86,000 amathani emfucuza yepulasitiki ngo-2021.
Ngezindawo zokulahla udoti ezichichimayo kanye nohulumeni kamasipala bejulisa ezinye izindawo zokulahla imfucuza Ukucindezeleka kubantu bendawo, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kube nomthelela omncane. Amapulazi agcwele upulasitiki, futhi kuvame udoti emiseleni yedolobha, okuholela ezikhukhuleni.
Amapulasitiki azacile angena ngokushesha endaweni yaseMexico ngoba aphuka ngokushesha ama-microplastics, u-Alethia Vรกzquez, uchwepheshe wemfucuza yasemadolobheni kanye nomcwaningi wepulasitiki e-Autonomous Metropolitan University-Azcapotzalco, utshele Iqiniso.
Ukuntuleka kwengqalasizinda yaseMexico kusho ukuthi amapulasitiki alula aphephuka, "athuthwa kalula yimvula nomoya," futhi njengama-microplastics, bese kuba nzima ukuwasusa, bese efaka amaketanga okudla, esho.
Ngenxa yalokhu, imifula eminingi yaseMexico, imihlume namabhishi akhona eba de facto ukulahlwa kukadoti, kanye 60 iphesenti lemfucuza emabhishi aseMexico ipulasitiki. Izindawo zokulahla udoti ziyavutha, kanti enye isanda kusha esifundazweni saseTlaxcala ezine izinsuku kanye nokukhipha izinto ezinobuthi njengama-dioxin. Abantu bakhona bavule icala lokuvala le ndawo yokulahla udoti.
USelene Agustin uyisishoshovu semvelo esiqhuba iphrojekthi ye-permaculture eduze neChibi lase-Puebla i-Valsequillo. Savakashela leli chibi ndawonye, โโsabona indlela amapulasitiki alethwa lapho evela emfuleni omkhulu ayebonakala ngisho nangaphesheya, amachashaza ezwe. "Abalimi lapha batshala ummbila phakathi kwayo yonke imfucumfucu yepulasitiki," esho, echaza ukuthi ichibi liyindawo ye-Ramsar - okusho ukuthi kubalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo - liyisiphephelo sezinyoni, kodwa lezo zinyoni zidla ama-microplastics.
Abathengi, Hhayi Izinkampani, Bathwele Umthwalo
Isifunda sase-Oaxaca sizame ukweqa izikhwama zepulasitiki futhi savimbela wonke amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye kanye ne-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - ipulasitiki ecacile esetshenziselwa amabhodlela, izimbiza nokunye ukupakisha 2022. Kodwa i-Coca-Cola, ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zayo i-Oxxo ne-Propimex, iphonsele umthetho inselelo futhi yawina.
"Imboni yepulasitiki iyala" ukuthi kwenzekani, uNick Leopold, usosayensi wezemvelo kanye nomxhumanisi we-Oceana Mexico kanye nomkhankaso wayo we-Oceans Without Plastics, utshele. Ngaphandle. Imboni yepulasitiki eMexico yakhiwe izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-5,000 futhi ithinta amaphesenti angama-80 emisebenzi yokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukupakisha, ukusetshenziswa okuvamile, ukwakhiwa, izimoto kanye nezinto zikagesi.
"Isizathu esenza ukuthi kusetshenziswe amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye nje yingoba anenzuzo enkulu, hhayi ngoba zingekho ezinye izindlela ezingcono," engeza.
Imboni yeziphuzo yasuka ekubuyeni kwayo yaphinda yagcwalisa amabhodlela engilazi kwawawapulasitiki, ukuze bakwazi ukushintsha uma befuna, esho. "Lezi zimboni zisebenzisa amapulasitiki ngenani eliningi, futhi imvamisa ngezidingo ezizenzile."
Ngaleso sikhathi, kuvame ukuba ngabangcolisi bepulasitiki abakhulu abakhuthaza ukugaywa kabusha kubo i-greenwash umthwalo wabo kubathengi, ngendlela efanayo nokuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki nokwenza abathengi bathenge izikhwama. I kekulu I-PET recycling plant eMexico, ebizwa ngePetStar, ixhumene neCoca-Cola - the top ukungcola kwepulasitiki emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinkampani zizosebenzisa ezinye izindlela esikhundleni sepulasitiki kuphela uma โkuyisibopho noma kunenzuzo yokuncintisana ngokuya ngezindleko noma ngokwesithombe somkhiqizo,โ kusho u-Vรกzquez.
I-US kanye ne-IMF-Manufactured Dependence on Plastics
Abantu baseMexico abakaze bathenge imikhiqizo egoqwe ngopulasitiki ezitolo ezinkulu. Ngokwesiko, abantu baseMexico bathenga ukudla tianguis noma izimakethe zasemgwaqweni ezivulekile, lapho igrosa ehlanganisa okusanhlamvu, irayisi, inhlanzi, nokunye kuthengwa ngesisindo kunokuba kufakwe emaphaketheni anegama.
Ungathatha ujeke wakho uye emakethe ukuze ugcwaliswe ngejusi, kunokuba uthenge ijusi epakishiwe, futhi uthenge amaqanda nezinhlamvu ngekhilogremu ezitolo zegrosa. Kodwa izitolo ezinkulu ezifana neWalmart ziphula la masiko, futhi โngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kuzanywa ukwenza okuthile ukuze kunqandwe lezi zinkinga, imboni yepulasitiki iqala imikhankaso eqinile, itshala imali eningi nomzamo wokuhlehla,โ kusho uLeopold. I-Walmart yokuqala yafika kuleli 1962, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho amapulasitiki aqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
Imfucumfucu yaseMexico yayiyingcosana futhi ibola kakhulu, kodwa yanda kakhulu lapho kusayinwa Isivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika (NAFTA) ne-US kanye neCanada ngo-1992, umcwaningi uJuanita Ochoa Chi. utshele La Jornada del Oriente.
I-NAFTA kanye ne-neoliberalism ebekwe yi-IMF (kusukela ngo-1983), kuholele ku ubumpofu, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezizimele, ukuhoxiswa kwemithetho kanye nokuthengwa ngokweqile kwempahla eMexico, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemikhuba yokudla yendabuko kanye nokushintshwa kwayo ngesiko lokudla okungenamsoco, kuphikisa isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseMexico u-Asa Cristina Laurell.
โUkunqwabelana okungaphezi okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kwenze okujwayelekile okulindelwe indlela yokuphila, futhi manje amapulasitiki agcwele yonke indawo ... kunochungechunge olumangalisayo lokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa amapulasitiki. Amapulastiki asezimpahleni, ezicathulweni, ezitsheni zokudla, emaphaketheni. Ukuvalwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki kuyithinta kancane imboni,โ kusho u-Agustin.
Abampofu Babekezelela Imfucumfucu Yezicebi
I-UN unayo tikhulume "ngokuqala kokuphela kokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki" ekuholeni kwayo isivumelwano somhlaba esibophayo. Ngo-2022, i-United Nations Environment Assembly yaphasisa a isixazululo mayelana nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa ukuhlonza inkinga, ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwemikhiqizo eklanywe ngendlela eqhubekayo, kanye nokubiza ikomiti lezingxoxo phakathi kohulumeni ukuze beze nesivumelwano esiyisibopho ekupheleni kwalo nyaka. Uma kubhekwa lokhu, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano namazwe akhiqiza ipulasitiki nokuthi ubani othintwayo.
Ngenkathi uhulumeni waseMexico elinganisela ukuthi umuntu ngamunye usebenzisa isilinganiso 66 amakhilogremu epulasitiki ngonyaka, umuntu ojwayelekile e-US uyadla 221 amakhilogremu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwesigamu semfucuza yepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye emhlabeni wonke ingalandelelwa emuva nje 20 izinkampani ze-petrochemical.
"Bambalwa abantu abakhiqiza inkinga enkulu yezemvelo futhi thina, iningi, siyahlupheka," kusho u-Agustin. โObani-ke okumele bakhuliswe ngolwazi lwabo? Ngingasho laba bantu abenza wonke umonakalo. Kodwa lokhu kuvinjelwa [kwezikhwama zepulasitiki] kubhekiswe kithi kakhulu, iningi. โ
Kepha kuhulumeni wase-US, iMexico iyinhlangano โbest ithemba labathumeli baseMelikaโ bepulasitiki. I-US inemboni enkulu yokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki e-Mexico, ephethwe yi-Direct Pack Recycling. IGreenpeace ichaza lokhu njenge isibonelo "yekoloniyalizim kadoti wepulasitiki," njengoba lesi sitshalo sithumela ama-pellets ayo epulasitiki kanye nokupakisha emuva e-US, ngenkathi sisebenzisa amanzi amaningi aseMexico (amalitha ayizigidi eziyi-197 ngonyaka) endaweni ejwayele isomiso.
I-Mexico ingumthengisi omkhulu kunawo wonke wase-Latin America wepulasitiki yase-US. Ukuthunyelwa okuvela e-US kuya eMexico kuphindeke kabili phakathi kuka-2019 kuya ku-2021 ukuze 167,548 amathani. Kukhona ukuntula obala mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani kulowo doti, kodwa uLeopold uthe iMexico isivele inodoti owanele wepulasitiki yayo engazange iphinde isetshenziswe, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthi iningi lalezo zinto ezingenisiwe zigaywe kabusha.
Ukuthumela imfucumfucu yepulasitiki eMexico โngokucatshangelwa ukuthi igaywe kabushaโ kuqhubekisela phambili โukungabi nabulungisa kwemvelo,โ uLarisa de Orbe, umxhumanisi wezifundiswa ngezemvelo, utshele iGreenpeace Mexico.
โKungani amazwe aseNingizimu Yomhlaba kufanele aphathe lodoti owadalwa eGlobal North?โ kubuza uLeopold. Ubalule ukuthi ukungalingani kudlulela nasezimbonini zepulasitiki, ezivame ukuba ezindaweni ezimpofu futhi zibe nomthelela omubi kwezempilo. โKulezi zindawo ezimpofu, le miphakathi inokuvikelwa okuncane kulezi zimboni ezinkulu, futhi ayikho imali yokuziqapha, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zikhipha [ukungcola] ngendlela efanele โฆ ngakho zingcolisa imvelo futhi zithinta abantu bendawo,โ esho.
Muva nje, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezinekomkhulu e-US ziye esetshenziswa "i-NAFTA entsha" (Isivumelwano Sase-United States-Mexico-Canada, noma i-USMCA) yokumisa i-Canada ekuvimbeleni amapulasitiki athile asetshenziswa kanye, iphikisana nenani lesilinganiso "lesithiyo esingakhokhisi imali." Ngokufanayo, izithakazelo zebhizinisi okushiwo Izinhlinzeko ze-USMCA zokubekela inselele umthetho wase-Mexico odinga izexwayiso zelebula yokudla okungenamsoco, futhi ngokuvamile amabhizinisi ase-US angasebenzisa isivumelwano noma nini lapho imithetho noma umthetho wase-Mexico uthinta ukusebenza kwebhizinisi lawo.
Imali Eyengeziwe Isetshenziselwa Ukumoshwa Kwebhizinisi Kunamalungelo Abantu
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe aseNingizimu yeGlobal njengeMexico anezinsiza ezimbalwa zokulawula imfucuza kanye nokuphoqelela noma yikuphi ukuvinjelwa kwamapulasitiki. Ibhajethi yenhlangano yaminyaka yonke yase-US ($I-6.9 trillion), ngokwesibonelo, liphindwe izikhathi eziyi-13 kwelaseMexico (9.07 ama-trillion pesos noma ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-531), yize inani labantu liphindwe kabili.
Ukuphathwa kukadoti โkudinga ubuchwepheshe kanye nesabelomali,โ kusho uVรกzquez. โEMexico, imfucuza ilawulwa ezingeni likamasipala, futhi omasipala abaningi kwabangu-2,500 XNUMX ezweni, ikakhulukazi labo abancane noma abasezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezikude, abanayo ngempela indlela yokwenza lokho.โ Abanye 17 amaphesenti aseMexico awanayo imfucuza, futhi lezi zifunda zigcina zishisa imfucuza yazo noma ziyilahle emifuleni nasezigodini.
I-Puebla ingase ibe nokuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki, kodwa phakathi kuka-2020 kuya ku-2022, yayingenayo indlela Ukukhishwa inhlawulo eyodwa yokusebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki. IMexico City, indawo ecebile, yavalwa 14 izitolo okwesikhashana ngokwephula ukuvinjelwa kwazo phakathi kukaJanuwari 2022 no-Agasti 2023, futhi i-Sam's Club eyodwa yavalwa unomphela ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho okuphindaphindiwe. Iziphathimandla zaseMexico City nazo zithi zikhiphile 70,000 izinhlawulo emabhizinisini.
Kodwa, naphezu kokuntuleka kwezinsiza zokuphoqelela ukuvinjelwa, iMexico isachitha imali eningi ekuqoqeni nasekulawuleni udoti okhiqizwa izinkampani kunasezidingo eziphuthumayo zamalungelo abantu. Ngo-2021, eMexico City wachitha 53 million pesos ekuphatheni imfucuza ye-e-commerce - imali engaphezu kwaleyo eyachithwa eMkhandlwini Wokunqanda Nokuqeda Ubandlululo (ama-peso ayizigidi ezingu-26) noma ukuvikela abagibeli bamabhayisikili nabahamba ngezinyawo (ama-peso ayizigidi ezingu-9).
โAmaphakethe epulasitiki ashibhile ezinkampanini, kodwa imali yentela isetshenziselwa ukuphatha udoti okhiqizwayo, ngakho ekugcineni umphakathi uyakhokha,โ kusho uLeopold.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yomkhakha ongakahleleki waseMexico incike ekuthengiseni ukudla kwasemgwaqweni noma izinto ezifana namathoyizi epulasitiki ashibhile, futhi ukushintshela kumathileyi okudla abolayo noma izikhwama kungabiza abathengisi ukuthi bachithe imali 25 izikhathi ngaphezulu. U-Vรกzquez uphawule ukuthi ukukhokhisa intela noma ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokubhalisa kwakunzima emkhakheni ongakahleleki, ngakho-ke โkunokulawula okuncane kakhulu kumapulasitiki abawasebenzisayo.โ
Going Phambili
Ngenkathi i-Oceana Mexico kaLeopold iye yakhankasa emigwaqweni nasemanyuvesi, yenza ucwaningo futhi iqoqa amasignesha ezikhalazo, le nhlangano ithole ukuthi iningi labantu eMexico City liyakwazi futhi ligxeka ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Cishe amaphesenti angama-97 abantu abahlolisiswe ezigodini zedolobha eziyi-16 baveze ukuthi bafuna ukuthi kulawulwe amapulasitiki e-e-commerce. Ngokolunye ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-P-Studios, 84 amaphesenti abantu baseMexico City acabanga ukuthi ukuxazulula inkinga yepulasitiki kufanele kube yingxenye yeziphakamiso zalabo abazongenela ukhetho njengoba kuza ukhetho lukazwelonke lwangoJuni.
Ku-Vรกzquez, isixazululo sibandakanya kokubili izibopho zomthetho kanye nezinzuzo zentela. Kodwa uyagcizelela, โLapho izinto zivinjelwe, lokho akusho ukuthi isidingo somkhiqizo singasekho โฆ ngakho ukuvinjelwa kufanele kuhambisane nokucabanga ngendlela yokuhlangabezana nesidingo.โ
"Abakhiqizi (bopulasitiki) kufanele bathweswe icala, futhi njengoba iGlobal North inesibopho esikhulu, kufanele ifake isandla ezisombululweni ngokulinganayo," kusho uLeopold.
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