Inqwaba yemibiko, ukuputshuka, kanye nolwazi olunganembile mayelana nempi ezayo yase-US ngokumelene nondlovukayiphikiswa kaSaddam Hussein e-Iraq iyaqhubeka ngokunganqamuki. Akunakwenzeka ukwazi, nokho, ukuthi kungakanani lokhu okuwumkhankaso ophethwe kahle wempi yengqondo emelene ne-Iraq, ukuthi kungakanani ukuzulazula komphakathi kukahulumeni okungaqinisekile ngesinyathelo sakhe esilandelayo. Kunoma yikuphi, ngikuthola kungenzeka ukukholelwa ukuthi kuzoba nempi ngendlela engeke ibe khona. Ngokuqinisekile ubudlova obuthile bokuhlaselwa kwamazwi esakhamuzini esivamile abunakwenzeka ngaphambili ebulwaneni baso, nomphumela wokuthi kuncane kakhulu okuqinisekile ngokuphelele ngalokho okwenzeka ngempela. Akekho ongaqinisekisa ngokuzimela ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kwamasosha kanye nebutho lempi lasolwandle elibikwa nsuku zonke, futhi ngenxa yokungafihli kahle kokucabanga kwakhe, izinhloso zangempela zikaGeorge W Bush zinzima ukuzifunda. Kodwa ukuthi umhlaba wonke ukhathazekile - ngempela, ukhathazeke kakhulu - mayelana nesiphithiphithi esiyinhlekelele esizovela ngemva komunye umkhankaso womoya ofana ne-Afghanistan ngokumelene nabantu base-Iraq, ukuthi akukho ukungabaza okuncane.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye eyodwa yombono kazamcolo, kanye neqiniso eliphazamisa kakhulu ngokwalo futhi ngaphandle kokubhekisela enjongweni yayo yangempela, uchungechunge lwezihloko eziphathelene ne-post-Saddam Iraq. Okunye engingathanda ukuxoxa ngakho ikakhulukazi ngokusobala kuyingxenye yomzamo oqhubekayo owenziwa ngumuntu wase-Iraq wangaphandle, u-Kanan Makiya, ukuziphakamisa njengoyise walokho akubiza ngokuthi “ngezwe elingelona ele-Arab” nelase-Ba’ath elisabalalisiwe. Manje sekucacele noma ngubani onokukhathazeka okuncane mayelana nokuhlukumezeka kwaleli zwe elicebile nelake lachuma ukuthi iminyaka yokubusa kukaBaathi ibe yinhlekelele, naphezu kohlelo lombuso lokuqala lokuthuthukisa nokwakha. Ngakho-ke kungaba nengxabano encane ngokuzama ukucabanga ukuthi i-Iraq ingabukeka kanjani uma iSaddam iketulwa noma ukungenelela kweMelika noma ngokuketula umbuso kwangaphakathi. Igalelo likaMakiya kulo mzamo libe ngeliqinile, emsakazweni nasemaphepheni asezingeni eliphezulu lapho enikezwe inkundla yokubeka imibono yakhe, engizokhuluma ngayo ngokuphazima kweso. Okungacaciswanga nokho wukuthi ungubani nokuthi uvela kusiphi isizinda. Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukwazi lezi zinto, uma nje ukwahlulela ukubaluleka komnikelo wakhe nokuqonda ngokunembile izinga elikhethekile lemicabango nemibono yakhe.
Ngokuvamile ohlonzwa njengonokuxhumana kocwaningo ne-Harvard futhi njengoprofesa e-Brandeis University (bobabili e-Boston), uMakiya ngenkathi ngimazi ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 wayesondelene kakhulu ne-Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Njengoba ngikhumbula, ngaleso sikhathi wayengumfundi wezokwakha e-MIT, kodwa akazange asho lutho ngesikhathi ngimbona. Wabe esenyamalala emehlweni, noma kunalokho ngokubona kwami. Wavela ngo-1990 njengoSamir Khalil, umbhali wencwadi ehlonishwayo ebizwa ngokuthi IRiphabhulikhi Yokwesaba eyachaza ukubusa kukaSaddam Hussein ngokwesaba okukhulu nedrama. Omunye wemisebenzi evusa abezindaba yempi yokuqala yaseGulf, IRiphabhulikhi Yokwesaba kubonakala sengathi kubhaliwe - ngokusho kwengxoxo ehlekisayo noMakiya evele ku New Yorker Umagazini - ngenkathi uMakiya ethatha ikhefu ekusebenzeni njengesibambisene nefemu kayise yezokwakha e-Iraq uqobo. Uvumile engxoxweni ukuthi, ngomqondo othile, uSaddam wayexhase ngezimali ukubhalwa kwencwadi yakhe ngendlela engaqondile, nakuba kungekho muntu osole uMakiya ngokusebenzisana nombuso ayewuzonda ngokusobala.
Encwadini yakhe elandelayo, Unya Nokuthula, uMakiya wahlasela ongqondongqondo bama-Arabhu ayebasola ngokufuna amathuba nokuziphatha okubi ngoba babencoma imibuso ehlukahlukene yama-Arab noma bathula bakhuluma ngokuhlukumeza ohulumeni abahlukahlukene kubantu babo. Vele uMakiya akashongo lutho ngomlando wakhe wokuthula nokubamba iqhaza njengomhlomuli womusa wombuso wase-Iraq, nakuba, kunjalo, wayenelungelo lokusebenzela noma ubani athanda ukumsebenzela. Kodwa washo izinto ezimbi kakhulu ngabantu abafana no-Mahmoud Darwish nami ngokuba ngabashisekeli bobuzwe, okuthiwa basekela ama-extremism futhi, endabeni kaDarwish, ngokubhalela iSaddam i-ode. Okuningi kwalokho uMakiya akuloba kule ncwadi, ngokubona kwami, kwakunokuvukela, okusekelwe ekukhulumeni kobugwala nokuhunyushwa okungamanga, kodwa le ncwadi, yebo, yajabulela isikhashana noma ezimbili ezithandwayo kusukela yaqinisekisa umbono waseNtshonalanga wokuthi ama-Arabhu. babeyizixhwanguxhwangu futhi bengamahlongandlebe. Kwakubonakala kungenandaba ukuthi uMakiya ngokwakhe wayesebenzele uSaddam noma ukuthi wayengakaze abhale lutho ngemibuso yama-Arab IRiphabhulikhi Yokwesaba, kwaze kwaba yilapho esephumile e-Iraq futhi eseqedile ngomsebenzi wakhe lapho. Wayedunyiswa ngapha nangapha eMelika ngokuba yindoda enesibindi enonembeza futhi edelele umkhuba wokuzigxeka wezihlakaniphi zama-Arab, kodwa lokhu kunconywa kwakuvame ukuqhutshelwa kuMakiya ngabantu ababengenalo ulwazi lokuthi uMakiya akazange abhale. ezweni lama-Arab noma ukuthi noma imuphi umbhalo omncane awubhala wawubhalwe ngegama-mbumbulu nokuphila okuphumelelayo, okungenangozi eNtshonalanga.
Ngaphandle kwezincwadi zakhe ezimbili kanye nendatshana ekhuthaza abaphathi baseMelika ukuthi bathathe iBaghdad ngesikhathi seMpi yokuqala yaseGulf, uMakiya akazange azwakale kangako ngemuva kwalokho. Kwathi ngonyaka odlule wakhiqiza inoveli engafundeki efakazela ngandlela thize ukuthi iDome of the Rock yakhiwa umJuda ngempela; ithunyelwe kimi ngumshicileli, ngakho-ke ngayiphenya ngaphambi kokuba ibonakale ngokusemthethweni, kodwa nokho ngamangala ukuthi yayibhalwe kabi kangakanani, futhi kanjani, ngingakwazi ukumelana nokubonisa ukuthi zingaki izincwadi ezifundwe umbhali wayo, egcwele imibhalo yaphansi, ngokuqinisekile into engavamile kulokho okwakuthiwa umsebenzi wenganekwane. Kwafa ukufa okunesihe, nokho, uMakiya waphindela emuva ekuthuleni.
Kuze kube yilapho kuqubuka umkhankaso ogqugquzelwe uhulumeni wokulwa ne-Iraq ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule uMakiya wayengasho lutho olutheni ngempi yokulwa namaphekula, izehlakalo zika-9/11, kanye nempi yase-Afghanistan. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi wenze uhlobo oluthile lokuphawula ebhukwini elidumile laseMelika eliphuma kabili ngesonto lika-Mohamed Atta okuthiwa lingamaphekula e-Islamic, kodwa nangezindinganiso zakhe kwakuwukusebenza okunganaki. Ngikhumbula kahle, nokho, ukuthi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo eledlule ngathola ithuba lokuzwa ingxoxo naye emsakazweni lapho akhonjwa khona okokuqala njengenhloko yeqembu loMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika elalihlela impi yangemva kwempi, ngemuva kweSaddam Iraq. Igama lakhe belingakaveli phakathi kwalaba okuthiwa uyingxenye yamaqembu aphikisayo ase-Iraq axhaswe yi-US, futhi akazange anikele nganoma yini engafundwa yilungu lomphakathi mayelana nengxabano phakathi kwePalestina-Israel nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindaba zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, nakuba. Ngangizwile ukuthi wayevakashele u-Israyeli izikhathi eziningana.
Inguqulo ephelele kunazo zonke yezinhlelo zakhe ze-Iraq ngemva kokuhlasela kweMelika okuvela emsebenzini wakhe wamanje njengesisebenzi esihlala eMnyangweni Wezwe WaseMelika, ivela kumagazini kaNovemba 2002. I-Prospect, incwadi yanyanga zonke yaseBrithani ekhululekile engiyibhalisela. UMakiya uqala “isiphakamiso” sakhe ngokubala ukuqagela okungajwayelekile ngemuva kwezimpikiswano zakhe, ezimbili zazo cishe ngokwencazelo azicabangeki. Esokuqala ukuthi “ukwehliswa” kukaSaddam akumele kwenzeke ngemuva komkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. Kumelwe ukuba uMakiya wayehlala e-Mars ukuze acabange ukuthi, uma kwenzeka impi, ukuhlasela okukhulu kwamabhomu kwakungeke kwenzeke nakuba zonke izinhlelo ezisatshalaliswa zokushintsha umbuso e-Iraq zisho ngokucacile ukuthi i-Iraq izoqhunyiswa ngokungenaluzwela. Umcabango wesibili uwumcabango ofanayo, njengoba uMakiya ebonakala ekholelwa kubo bonke ubufakazi bokuthi i-US izibophezele entandweni yeningi nokwakha isizwe e-Iraq. Kungani ecabanga ukuthi i-Iraq ifana neJalimane neJapane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (yombili eyakhiwa kabusha ngenxa yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi) kungaphezu kwami; ngaphandle kwalokho, akalisho nakanye iqiniso lokuthi i-US izimisele ngokuwisa umbuso wase-Iraq ngenxa yezinqolobane zikawoyela wezwe nangenxa yokuthi i-Iraq iyisitha sika-Israyeli. Ngakho-ke, uqala ngokwenza imicabango ekhohlisayo emane nje ivele phambi kwabo bonke ubufakazi.
Engadikibali ukucatshangelwa okungabalulekile okunjalo, uyaphikelela. Ama-Iraqi azibophezele ku-federalism, uthi, kunokuba kuhulumeni ophakathi. Ubufakazi abunikezayo abunakwa. Njengayo yonke eminye imizamo yakhe yokuqinisekisa umfundi wakhe ukuthi uyawasho amaphuzu, ukucabanga kwakhe kubuthakathaka kakhulu ngoba kusekelwe ngokulinganayo ekucabangeni okuqanjiwe kanye nezakhe, iziqinisekiso zomuntu siqu ezingabazisayo. Uzibophezele ku-federalism, ngakho-ke uthi amaKurds. Lapho i-Federalism njengohlelo kufanele ivele (ngaphandle kwedeski lakhe eMnyangweni Wezwe), akazihluphi ngokusho. Ngokusobala, uhlela ukuthi kubekwe ngaphandle, nakuba enza isimangalo esingaqinisekisiwe sokuthi "wonke umuntu" kuvunyelwene ngokuthi i-federalism e-Iraq kufanele ibe umphumela. Lokhu “kusho ukudluliswa kwamandla ukusuka e-Baghdad kuya ezifundazweni”, mhlawumbe ngokushaya kwepeni likaGeneral Tommy Franks. Umuntu ubengacabanga ukuthi i-post-Tito Yugoslavia ayikaze ibe khona nokuthi ubumbano lwalelozwe oludabukisayo lwaba yimpumelelo ngokuphelele. Kodwa uMakiya uzibophezele kakhulu emibonweni yakhe njengongoti kahulumeni onjengenkosi kangangokuthi umane nje uyayishaya indiva imiphumela, umlando, abantu, imiphakathi, kanye namaqiniso ngokuphelele ukuze enze indaba yakhe engaqondakali ngendlela exakayo. Yikho kanye lokhu okuthandwa nguhulumeni wase-US, okungukuthi, ukuba nezihlakaniphi zama-Arabhu ezehlukene ezibhekelela ukuthi kungabi bikho isifunda esikhuthaza amasosha ase-US ukuthi alwe ngenkathi enza sengathi iletha “idemokhrasi” endaweni ngokungqubuzana okuphelele kweqiniso laseMelika. izinhloso kanye nezinqubo zayo zangempela zomlando. UMakiya ubonakala engakaze ezwe ngokungenelela okulimazayo kwe-US e-Indochina, Afghanistan, Central America, Somalia, Sudan, Lebanon, nasePhilippines, noma ukuthi i-US okwamanje ihileleke kwezempi namazwe angaba ngu-80.
Uvuthondaba olukhulu lokuthethelelwa kukaMakiya ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq yi-United States yisiphakamiso sakhe sokuthi i-Iraq entsha akufanele ingabi ngama-Arab. (Endleleni, ukhuluma ngendelelo ngombono wama-Arabhu, athi, awusoze waba nalutho. Lokhu kusula ibhodi ngokuqagela kwakhe okunomoya mayelana nekusasa kanye nesikhathi esedlule.) Sizofika kanjani lesi sixazululo somlingo we-de-Arabising mayelana, uMakiya akasho, ngaphandle kokuthi asibonise indlela i-Iraq okufanele ikhululwe ngayo ekubonakaleni kwayo kwamaSulumane namakhono ayo ezempi. Ubhekisela kukhwalithi ye-alchemical engaqondakali ayibiza ngokuthi "indawo" futhi uyaqhubeka nokwakha enye inqaba yesanti kulokho njengesisekelo sezwe lekusasa lase-Iraq. Ekugcineni, nokho, uyavolontiya ukuthi konke lokhu kuzoqinisekiswa "kusuka ngaphandle", yi-United States. Lapho lokhu okwake kwenzeka khona ngaphambili akuyona indaba ekhathaza uMakiya, njengoba nje ebonakala ekhathazekile ngokuchema kwe-US nokucekela phansi okungadingekile.
Umuntu akazi noma ahleke noma akhale ngokuma kukaMakiya. Ngokusobala lona yindoda engenalo ulwazi olurekhodiwe kuhulumeni, noma nokuba yisakhamuzi. Phakathi kwamazwe namasiko futhi ngaphandle kokuzibophezela okubonakalayo kunoma ubani (ngaphandle komsebenzi wakhe ohamba phambili weselula), manje usethole indawo ekujuleni kuhulumeni wase-US ayisebenzisayo ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izindiza zakhe eziqagelayo ezimangalisayo. Kumuntu oye wafundisa ontanga yakhe mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo wengqondo nokwahlulela okuzimele, unikeza izibonelo zomunye noma omunye. Ngokuphambene nalokho. Ehlezi epulpiti elimkhululile kunoma yikuphi ukuziphendulela kubonakala manje esebenzela inkosi emkhokhele kahle ngemisebenzi yakhe - njengoba uSaddam amqasha phambilini - kanye nonembeza wakhe oguquguqukayo. Ngikuthola kungakholakali ukuthi uMakiya uzivumela ubungcwele obunjalo nobuze, kodwa-ke kungani kungafanele akwenze lokho? Akakaze ahlanganyele engxoxweni yomphakathi nanoma yibaphi abantu base-Iraqi akanye nabo, akakaze abhalele izethameli zama-Arab, akakaze azibeke phambili esikhundleni noma kunoma iyiphi indima yezombusazwe edinga isibindi nokuzibophezela komuntu siqu. Ubhale ngendlela engelona igama lakhe noma uhlasele abantu abangazange bathole ithuba lokuphendula ekungcolisweni kwakhe.
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi uMakiya uphakamisa ngokungagunci ukuthi izwi lakhe kanye nesibonelo se-Iraq ezayo. Futhi ukucabanga ukuthi izinkulungwane zezimpilo sezilahlekile kakade ngenxa yokujeziswa okunonya komxhasi wakhe noma ukuthi izimpilo eziningi ezengeziwe nezindlela zokuziphilisa sezizocekelwa phansi yizimpi ze-elekthronikhi ezacekelwa phansi yizwe lakhe nguhulumeni kaGeorge Bush. Kodwa le ndoda ayikhathazwa yinoma yini kulokhu. Engenalo uzwelo noma ukuqonda kwangempela, ukhulumela izethameli ze-Anglo-American ezibonakala zanelisekile ukuthi ekugcineni sekukhona umArab okhombisa inhlonipho efanele ngamandla nempucuko yawo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi iBrithani yadlala yiphi indima ekuhlukaniseni ama-imperialism ama-Arab. emhlabeni noma yibuphi ububi i-US eyenze ama-Arabhu ngokusekela kwayo u-Israyeli kanye nombuso wobushiqela wama-Arab.
Ngokwakhe, uMakiya uyinto edlulayo. Nokho, uwuphawu lwezinto eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Umele ungqondongqondo okhonza amandla ngokungangabazeki; amandla amakhulu, ukungabaza okumbalwa anakho. Ungumuntu oyize ongenalo uzwelo, ongabonisi ukuqaphela ukuhlupheka kwabantu. Njengoba engenazo izimiso ezizinzile noma izindinganiso, ufana noklebe abangenangqondo abamelene nama-Arab (njengoRichard Perle, u-Paul Wolfowitz, no-Donald Rumsfeld) abachachaza ukuphatha kukaBush njengezimpukane ekhekheni. I-imperialism yaseBrithani, izinqubomgomo zokuhlasela kuka-Israyeli ezinonya, noma ukuzikhukhumeza kweMelika akumvaleli umzuzwana. Okubi kunakho konke, uyindoda yokuzenzisa nokubheka phezulu, ezincoma ngokucabangela kwakhe njengoba elahla abantu bakubo ekuhluphekeni okwengeziwe nokuduka okukhulu. Maye e-Iraq!
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