Imibuso emikhulu yesimanje ayikaze ihlanganiswe amandla ezempi kuphela kodwa yilokho okwenza lawo mandla asebenze, awasebenzisayo abese ewaqinisa ngemikhuba yansuku zonke yokubusa, ukuqiniseka, negunya. IBrithani yayibusa izindawo ezinkulu zaseNdiya ngezinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela zezikhulu zamakoloni kanye nezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamasosha, eziningi zazo zingamaNdiya. IFrance yenza okufanayo eNyakatho Afrika nase-Indochina, amaDashi e-Indonesia, amaPutukezi namaBelgium e-Afrika. Isici esibalulekile umbono wombuso, leyo ndlela yokubuka iqiniso langaphandle elikude ngokulibeka phansi ukuze libukeke, lakha umlando walo ngombono womuntu, libona abantu bakhona njengezifundo okunqunywa kuzo isiphetho sabo hhayi yibona kodwa ngalokho. abaphathi abakude bacabanga ukuthi kungcono kakhulu kubo. Kusukela emibonweni enjalo yamabomu imibono yangempela iyakhula, kuhlanganise nenkolelo-mbono yokuthi i-imperialism iyinto enhle futhi edingekayo. Kokunye okuphawuleka kakhulu okwake kwashiwo mayelana neglue ehlanganisa imibuso, umlobi ophawulekayo we-Anglo-Polish uJoseph Conrad wabhala ukuthi “ukunqotshwa komhlaba, okusho ngokuyinhloko ukuwususa kulabo abanebala elihlukile futhi noma amakhala kancane kunathi, akuyona into enhle uma uyibheka kakhulu. Okuhlengayo kungumbono kuphela. Umbono ngemuva kwawo; hhayi ukuzenzisa imizwelo kodwa umqondo; kanye nokukholelwa okungenabugovu embonweni - into ongayimisa, futhi ukhothame phambi kwayo, futhi unikele ngayo umhlatshelo."
Okwesikhashana lokhu kwasebenza, njengoba abaholi abaningi bamakoloni babecabanga ngephutha ukuthi ukubambisana negunya lombuso kwakuwukuphela kwendlela. Kodwa njengoba i-dialectic phakathi kombono wasebukhosini kanye nowasendaweni iphikisana ngokungagwemeki futhi ayihlali, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukungqubuzana phakathi kombusi nombusi kuba okungalawuleki futhi kuqubuka impi yamakoloni, njengoba kwenzeka e-Algeria naseNdiya.
Sisekude kakhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ekubuseni kwamaMelika phezu kwezwe lama-Arab kanye namaSulumane. Okungenani kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II intshisekelo yamasu aseMelika kube khona ukuvikela (nokulawula eduze) izinto ezitholakala kalula zikawoyela omningi futhi, okwesibili, ukuqinisekisa ngezindleko ezinkulu amandla kanye nokubuswa kwesifunda kuka-Israyeli phezu kwanoma yikuphi omakhelwane.
Yonke imibuso, kuhlanganise nowaseMelika, ihlale izitshela yona kanye nomhlaba ukuthi ayifani nayo yonke eminye imibuso, nokuthi inomsebenzi ngokuqinisekile hhayi wokuphanga nokulawula kodwa ukufundisa nokukhulula abantu kanye nezindawo obusa kuyo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Nokho le mibono ayabiwa abantu abahlala lapho, imibono yabo ezimweni eziningi iphikisana ngokuqondile. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele lonke ulwazi lwaseMelika, inqubomgomo, kanye nokuthatha izinqumo ngezwe lama-Arab/Islamic ekubekeni imibono yalo hhayi kuma-Arab kanye namaSulumane kuphela kodwa nakubantu baseMelika, imithombo yabo yolwazi ngama-Arab kanye ne-Islam. ngokudabukisayo, ngempela, akwanele.
I-American diplomacy iphazamiseke unomphela ngenxa yokuhlasela okuhlelekile okwenziwe yi-lobby ye-Israel kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Arabists. Emasosheni aseMelika ayi-150,000 ase-Iraq namuhla, cishe angaphezulu kwedlanzana azi isi-Arabhu. UDavid Ignatius uveza leli phuzu ngocezu oluhle kakhulu lwangomhla ziyi-14 kuJulayi elinesihloko esithi “IWashington Iyakhokhela Ukuntuleka Kwama-Arabists”, (http:// www.dailystar.com.lb/opinion/14_07_03_b.asp) lapho ecaphuna khona uFrancis Fukuyama njengo ethi inkathazo iwukuthi “ama-Arabhu awagcini nje ngokuthatha imbangela yama-Arabhu kodwa futhi nokuthambekela kwama-Arabhu kokuzikhohlisa.”
Kuleli zwe ulwazi lwesi-Arabhu, kanye nokwazana okuthile okuzwelana nesiko elikhulu lama-Arabhu, kwenziwe kwabonakala kuwusongo kwa-Israyeli. Abezindaba baqhuba imibono embi kakhulu yokucwasa ngama-Arabhu (bona ngokwesibonelo ucezu lukaHitler lukaCynthia Ozick kuWall Street Journal ngomhlaka-30 Juni lapho ekhuluma khona ngabantu basePalestine ngokuthi "balandelele amandla okuphila, inkolo ekhushulelwe ekubeni nemimoya emibi", amagama lokho bekuzoba khona ngokuphelele emibuthanweni yaseNuremberg).
Izizukulwane eziningana zabantu baseMelika sezibone umhlaba wama-Arab ikakhulukazi njengendawo eyingozi, lapho kuvela khona ubuphekula nokushiseka kwezenkolo, nalapho inkolo emelene namaMelika igxiliswa ngokungafanele entsheni ngabefundisi abanezinhloso ezimbi abamelene nentando yeningi futhi abanonya. anti-Semitic. Ukungazi kuhunyushwa ngokuqondile olwazini ezimweni ezinjalo. Okungaqashelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi uma kuvela umholi “esimthandayo” - isibonelo, uShah wase-Iran noma u-Anwar El-Sadat - abantu baseMelika bacabanga ukuthi ungumboni onesibindi owenzele izinto “thina” noma “zethu” indlela, hhayi ngoba uye waqonda umdlalo wamandla ombuso, okuwukuphila ngokuhlekisa igunya elibusayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi uye washukunyiswa izimiso esihlanganyela ngazo. Cishe ingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe, u-Anwar El-Sadat, akulona ihaba ukuthi, uyindoda ekhohliwe nengathandwa ngoba iningi labantu baseGibhithe limbheka njengokhonze iMelika kuqala, hhayi iGibhithe. Kunjalo nange-Shah. Ukuhlanekezelwa kwemibono yombuso kuveza okunye ukuhlanekezela emphakathini waseMpumalanga Ephakathi okwandisa ukuhlupheka futhi kubangele izinhlobo ezeqisayo zokuphikiswa nokuzigomela kwezombusazwe.
Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubantu basePalestine, manje asebethathwa njengabazishintshile ngokuvumela uMahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) kuno-Arafat owayejabulile njengomholi wabo. Kodwa lokho kuyindaba yokuchazwa kombuso, hhayi iqiniso langempela. Bobabili i-Israel kanye ne-US babheka u-Arafat njengomi endleleni yesivumelwano esinqunyelwe amaPalestina esizoqeda zonke izimangalo zabo zangaphambilini, futhi lokho kuzomela ukunqoba kokugcina kuka-Israyeli kulokho amanye ama-Israyeli akubiza ngokuthi "isono sakhe sokuqala", okwakufanele kube khona. wabhubhisa umphakathi wasePalestine ngo-1948 futhi waphuca isizwe samaPalestine, ahlala engenazwe noma engaphansi kombuso, kuze kube namuhla. Akukhathazeki ukuthi u-Arafat, esengimgxeke iminyaka neminyaka emithonjeni yezindaba yama-Arabhu neyaseNtshonalanga, usathathwa njengomholi wasePalestine emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuthi wakhethwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1996 nangenxa yokuthi uthole igunya elingekho elinye iPalestine, okungenani. kubo bonke u-Abu Mazen, isikhulu futhi osenesikhathi eside engaphansi kuka-Arafat ongenakho nhlobo ukwesekwa okuthandwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje sekunokuphikisa okuzimele nokuhambisanayo kwePalestine (i-Independent National Initiative) kukho kokubili ukubusa kuka-Arafat kanye nakuma-Islamist, kodwa lokhu akunakwa ngoba amaMelika nama-Israel afisa umxhumanisi othobelayo ongakwazi ukusinika inkinga. . Mayelana nokuthi noma iliphi ilungiselelo elinjalo lingasebenza, lokho kuhlehliselwe olunye usuku. Lokhu kungukungaboni ngaso linye, ngempela ubumpumputhe kanye nokuzikhukhumeza, kokubuka kombuso. Iningi lephethini elifanayo liphindaphindiwe embonweni waseMelika wase-Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt kanye nazo zonke ezinye. Inkinga ngale mibono ukuthi ayinakho ikhono futhi inemibono; abanikezi abantu baseMelika imibono ngama-Arabhu namaSulumane, kodwa kunalokho ngendlela abangathanda ukuba ama-Arabhu namaMuslim abe ngayo. Ukuze izwe elikhulu nelicebe kakhulu likhiqize uhlobo lokungaphathwa kahle, okungalungiselelwanga kahle futhi okungafaneleki ngendlela emangalisayo okwenzeka e-Iraq okwenzeka namuhla kuwubulwane, ngezizathu zobuhlakani, nokuthi umphathi wehhovisi elihlakaniphe ngokulingene njengoPaul Wolfowitz angaba kanjani ukuqhuba izinqubomgomo ze ukuntula ikhono okukhulu kangaka futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukholisa abantu ukuthi uyakwazi akwenzayo, kuthungatha ingqondo.
Isisekelo salo mbono othile wombuso umbono osunesikhathi eside wabaseMpumalanga ongeke uvumele ama-Arabhu njengabantu ukuthi basebenzise ilungelo labo lokuzikhethela izwe. Bacatshangelwa njengabahlukile, abangakwazi ukucabanga, abakwazi ukukhuluma iqiniso, abaphazamisa ngokuyisisekelo futhi bayabulala. Kusukela ekuhlaseleni kukaNapoleon eGibhithe ngo-1798, kube khona ukubusa kombuso okungaphazamiseki okusekelwe kulezi zakhiwo kuwo wonke umhlaba wama-Arab, okukhiqiza usizi olungenakulinganiswa - futhi ezinye izinzuzo ziyiqiniso - kubantu abaningi. Kodwa sesikujwayele kakhulu ukuthukwa kwabeluleki base-US abafana noBernard Lewis noFouad Ajami, abaye baqondisa ubuthi babo kuma-Arabhu ngazo zonke izindlela, kangangokuthi ngandlela-thile sicabanga ukuthi esikwenzayo kuyinto efanele ngoba yileyo ndlela ama-Arabhu. kukhona. Ukuthi lokhu kuphinde kube yimfundisoze yakwa-Israel eyabiwe ngokungagxeki yi-neo-cons okuyizinhliziyo zokuphatha kukaBush kumane kwengeze uphethiloli emlilweni. Ngakho-ke siseminyakeni eminingi yesiyaluyalu nosizi endaweni yomhlaba lapho inkinga enkulu iwukuthi, ukukubeka ngokusobala ngangokunokwenzeka, amandla ase-US. Kodwa ngenani, futhi ngasiphi isiphetho?
U-Edward Said unguprofesa wezincwadi enyuvesi yaseColumbia. Incwadi yakhe ethi Orientalism (1979) iguqule umkhakha wezincwadi. Ubhale kabanzi ngeMpumalanga Ephakathi, futhi imibhalo yakhe ingatholakala ezincwadini eziningi ezifana neZ Magazine, the Nation, the Progressive, In These Times, Counterpunch, Al Ahram nokunye.
Izindatshana eziningi zika-Edward Said ku-Mideast
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