Ngomhla wama-23 kuJuni ka-2006 i-UN ngokuzingca yaphehlelela iKomishoni yoKwakha uxolo (Peacebuilding Commission) (PBC) ifuna ukubuyisela umva imeko apho iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokwakha uluntu oludlakazwe yimfazwe ziye zasilela. Ngokwamazwi omqulu wayo, i-PBC "iya kumisa izibonelelo kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukucebisa kunye nokuphakamisa izicwangciso ezidibeneyo zokubuyisela emva kongquzulwano, kugxininise ingqalelo ekwakhiweni ngokutsha, ukwakhiwa kwamaziko, kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo kumazwe avela kungquzulwano. " Njengombutho ocebisayo owenziwe ngamazwe angamalungu e-31 kuquka namalungu amane asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko, kwaye ngoku usihlalo we-Japan, i-PBC inenjongo yokubonelela ngezisombululo ezenziwe ngokufanelekileyo kumazwe ekujoliswe kuwo okwenza utshintsho ukusuka emfazweni ukuya eluxolweni.
Xa ukhumbula iimeko ezifana neHaiti, iKhambodiya, iSomalia, neLiberia, apho ukhuseleko luye lwaba mbi emva kokuba inkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe yarhoxiswayo, ngokucacileyo abaqulunqi bePBC babenokuninzi ababenokukufunda kumzekelo weEast Timor (Timor-Leste), kanye njengokuba benokuninzi abamele bakufunde. igalelo kuvuselelo lwesiqhelo lwesizwe esandula ukuzimela. Oku kwaphawulwa ludushe olukhulu lwasekuhlaleni olwaqala e-East Timor ekuqaleni kuka-2006 lubuyela kuqwalaselo lwehlabathi ngoFebruwari ka-2008 ngokubulawa kukamongameli we-Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (RDTL) kunye nengxaki yobuntu eqhubekayo apho imilinganiselo emininzi ilungiswayo. INgxelo yeQela leNgxaki yeHlabathi "Ingxaki yokufuduka kweTimor-Leste." [1] I-irony ayikwazanga ukulahleka kwi-Timor-Leste ukuba enye yeenkcazo ezicacileyo ze-PBC "kukwandisa ixesha lokuqwalaselwa koluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukubuyisela emva kongquzulwano." [2] Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yiBurundi kunye neSierra Leone kuphela abaxhamli benkxaso ye-Peacebuilding Fund, nangona inkxaso-mali engxamisekileyo iye yathunyelwa eCote d'Ivoire naseCentral African Republic. IGuinea-Bissau iphantsi kwengxoxo ngoku. Ngenxa yobume bexesha elidlulileyo lemishini ye-UN e-East Timor, i-hybrid character yemisebenzi yokhuseleko eyenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kwiflegi ye-UN, kunye nokunqongophala ngokubanzi kolawulo ngaphakathi kwesizwe esitsha, eli nqaku liphikisana ngokucacileyo malunga nokwandisa ukuzibophelela kwe-PCB eTimor. -Leste. [3]
Ingxaki ka-2006 iphinde yaqwalaselwa
Okubuhlungu kukuba, yayisisigqibo esichanekileyo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukuba liphelise kwangethuba i-Ofisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo e-East Timor (UNOTIL) mission (Meyi 2005-Agasti 2006) ngenxa yengcebiso kaNobhala-Jikelele, eyavumela iziganeko ukuba ziphume kulawulo; okubangele ukuwohloka kwabahlali, ukufa kwabantu abamalunga nama-30, izindlu ezimalunga newaka zitshatyalalisiwe, ukugxothwa kwabantu abaninzi; kunye nekhwelo lokungenelela okutsha komkhosi kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukujongana nethemba "lelizwe elingaphumeleliyo," ukuvumelana kwavela kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukuba ligunyazise uthumo olutsha lwe-UN, njengoko kuxoxwe ngezantsi. Umsebenzi wayo yayingekongamela unyulo olutsha kuphela kodwa, ukugqibezela ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwamaziko angaphumelelanga ngeli lixa iphumeza uhlobo lophuhliso oluzinzileyo oluyimfuneko ukuqhawula umjikelo wentswela-ngqesho kunye nentlupheko eyanceda ukuphembelela ubundlobongela. Ikakhulu, nangona kunjalo, unobangela wengxaki ka-2006 ulele kwicandelo lezokhuseleko kwaye ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kweli candelo kusembindini weengxoxo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko kuthumo olutsha. Ingxaki ayizange ivele ngaphandle kwengxaki yasekhaya. Phakathi kweengxabano ezininzi, kuquka namabango obhukuqo-mbuso, kwiiveki ezintandathu emva kokungenelela, iNkulumbuso ye-RDTL ekhethiweyo, u-Mari Alkatiri, kwanyanzeleka ukuba arhoxe.
Ungenelelo lwase-Australia
Ngemeko yokhuseleko ngaphandle kolawulo, nge-24 May 2006 urhulumente we-RDTL wacela ngokusesikweni uncedo lokhuseleko e-Australia, eNew Zealand naseMalaysia. I-Australia, eyayisele imise iinqanawa ngaphambili kwisiqithi saseTimor, yaba yeyokuqala ukuphendula kwaye yathatha umyalelo opheleleyo wento ebizwa ngokuba yi-International Stabilization Force equka amajoni angama-2,500 ase-Australia kwi-3,200 yemikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye namapolisa angama-500 ezizwe ngezizwe aphendulayo. Umyalelo we-UN. Kunokuqatshelwa ukuba "isicelo" sokuqala sivela eCanberra, hayi eDili. IPortugal emva koko yathumela iqela lamapolisa, i-Guarda Nacional da Republica, (GNR) esebenza phantsi kwegunya layo. Ngokufika kweqela elingaphambili le-commandos ye-150 yase-Australia ngomhla we-25 ngoMeyi, imithetho yokubandakanya yabhalwa ngokukhawuleza kwintlanganiso kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseDili ebandakanya uMphathi weMilitare wase-Australia, uMphathiswa weZangaphandle we-RDTL, kunye noMmeli oKhethekileyo weNobhala-Jikelele ( SRSG). Ngomhla wama-26 kuMeyi, urhulumente we-RDTL wanikezela uxanduva lokhuseleko eDili kumajoni ase-Australia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Operation Astute - njengoko yayisaziwa - ayizange isebenze phantsi kolawulo lwe-UN, kwaye yayingagunyaziswanga nasiphi na isigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Imodeli iya kuba yimishini ekhokelwa yi-Australian kwiiSolomon Islands okanye i-RAMSI.
Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-Australian ukuba ihlale iphethe umkhosi wezokhuseleko ngaphandle kwe-Blue Helmet ye-UN mission iya kubuya emva kwexesha, njengoko abantu base-Australia ngokwabo baye baba lixhoba lokuchaswa ngabaxhasi bamaxhoba eengozi ze-East Timorese yi-Australian Defense Forces. Inani labo laliyi-1,000 ekuqaleni kuka-2007 (780 ukususela ngo-2008). Ngomhla wesi-8 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2007, ngoko uMphathiswa wezangaPhandle wase-Australia u-Alexander Downer wabhengeza ukuba i-Australia ingavuma ukudlulisela ubunini bomkhosi wokhuseleko kulawulo lwe-UN emva konyulo lowiso-mthetho lukaJuni ka-2007. Sekunjalo, oko akuzange kwenzeke. Ngokuchasene noko, emva kwesicelo sokubulala nge-11 kaFebruwari 2008 ngokuchasene noMongameli uJose Ramos-Horta, urhulumente ozayo waseRudd Labour uye wandisa ukuzinikela komkhosi wase-Australia ngama-250 kwaye uthembise ukuzinikela kwexesha elide kukhuseleko kwisizwe esitsha. Kodwa nanjengoko kuqhubeka ukuzingela ukubamba abavukeli, iinkxalabo zokuphazanyiswa okanye ukulawula kwe-Australia kwindawo eyayisakuba yikoloniyali yasePortugal zihlala zisezingqondweni zabaninzi. [4]
Impendulo ye-UN kwiNgxaki ka-2006
Nangona, njengoko kukhankanyiwe, ngo-24 Meyi 2006 urhulumente we-RDTL wacela i-Australia, i-Malaysia, i-New Zealand ne-Portugal ukuba ithumele amajoni kunye namapolisa ukuze ancede ukuthobisa imeko, kuphela ngomhla we-26 Meyi ukuba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko linike intsikelelo yalo kwisicelo sikaDili. Nangona kunjalo, kusuku olulandelayo iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zabhengeza ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzi bayo babeza kurhoxa kweli lizwe. Ngomhla wama-28 kuCanzibe, i-SRSG yacela ukuqiniswa komkhosi wamapolisa wamazwe ngamazwe. Xa sijongene nengxaki yokukhula kobuntu, ngakumbi ngokunxulumene nokunyuka kwamanani aBantu abaDibeneyo ngaphakathi (IDPs), ummi waseDanish wonyulwa njengoMququzeleli woLuntu we-East Timor.
NgoMeyi, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko (iSigqibo se-1677 (2006) sandise umsebenzi we-UNOTIL kwinyanga enye edlulileyo ukuphela kwayo kwe-30 Meyi. NgoJuni, kwisigqibo se-1690, isigunyaziso se-UNOTIL sandiswa kwada kwayi-20 Agasti ngesicelo sokuba, nge-7 Agasti, uNobhala Jikelele unike iBhunga ingxelo ngendima ye-UN e-East Timor emva kokuphelelwa kwegunya le-UNOTIL.Kucacile ukuba i-UNTIL iyodwa yayingenatyala ngokutyhilwa kwemeko yokhuseleko kunye nokuhla kwisiphithiphithi, kodwa ngokucacileyo ifumene iingxaki ubunkokheli, ugayo, ulwazi lwengingqi kunye nombono.
Emva kwesicelo esivela kurhulumente we-RDTL, i-UN iseke ikomishoni yophando ekhethekileyo ezimeleyo ukuba iphonononge izehlo zokuphela kuka-Epreli noMeyi ka-2006 kunye nezinye iziganeko ezibe negalelo kule ngxaki. Ikhomishini yabantu abathathu, ekhokelwa nguPaulo Sergio Pinheiro waseBrazil, yamiselwa ngomhla we-28 kaJuni, ngokufutshane ukubika ngo-Oktobha.
Ngemvume yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko, uMthunywa oKhethekileyo kaNobhala-Jikelele waseTimor-Leste, u-Ian Martin (kwangaxeshanye intloko yeOfisi yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eNepal nowayesakuba yintloko yemishini yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo e-East Timor ngowe-1999), wathunyelwa eDili ukuba aye kuhlola imeko. imeko kwaye unike ingxelo.
Ejongene nethemba lombuso ongaphumeleliyo, kwavela isivumelwano phakathi koluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuba alunanzanga ukubonelela isizwe esitsha ngenkxaso eyaneleyo yexesha elaneleyo kwaye senze ngokukhawuleza ekunciphiseni kakhulu ubukho be-UN emhlabeni. I-Core Group (ebandakanya i-Australia, i-Brazil, i-New Zealand kunye ne-Portugal, ukongeza kumalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko iFransi, i-Japan, i-UK, kunye ne-US, ivume imfuneko yokuseka umsebenzi omtsha, onamandla ngakumbi we-UN. Ngomhla we-13 kweyeSilimela, urhulumente we-RDTL wavakalisa umnqweno wakhe wokuba ibutho le-UN eligcina uxolo lithathe indawo yomkhosi wezizwe ngezizwe. Emva koko ukhonza uMphathiswa wezangaPhandle eTimor-Leste, uJose Ramos-Horta emva koko wazisa ukuba unqwenela ukuthunyelwa kwamapolisa angama-800 kumazwe ngamazwe kangangethuba lesihlanu. iminyaka
Kwakukho iyantlukwano ebalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, malunga nokumila kothumo lwexesha elizayo. Ngelixa bonke bevumelene ngesidingo sobupolisa be-UN, kuye kwavela iiyantlukwano kumanani afunekayo, abanye bexoxa ukuba inani elincinane lamapolisa akumgangatho ophezulu lingahlangabezana ngcono neemfuno kunabasebenzi bezizwe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Enye ingongoma yembambano yayikukuba ngaba umsebenzi kufuneka ubandakanye isigcina-ntloko somkhosi esiluhlaza phantsi komyalelo we-UN, okanye njengakumkhosi wase-Australia, ngaphandle komyalelo we-UN. Omnye umba wawukugxekwa kwinxalenye yobunkokeli be-RDTL malunga "neenyawo ezinzima" zemishini yangaphambili ye-UN kunye nesandla esifileyo se-UN bureaucracy, njengoko kuboniswa yintlupheko enkulu kunye namava amaninzi abasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe. [6]
Umbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo eTimor-Leste (UNMIT)
Ngomhla wama-25 ku-Agasti 2006, lisebenza ngezigqibo zemishini yovavanyo ye-Ian Martin, kunye negalelo le-SRSG, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lagqiba malunga nokuma kobuthunywa be-UN entsha. I-UNMIT, i-mission ye-UN yesihlanu ye-East Timor ukususela ngo-1999 yasekwa phantsi kweSigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko 1704. Ngomhla we-5 kaFebruwari, uNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo wacebisa ukuba uthumo lwandiswe ngeenyanga ezili-12 ezongezelelweyo. Ngokusemthethweni iphulo lijongene nokuxhasa uzinzo, uxolelwaniso lwesizwe kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi." Ngaphezu koko, lijonge ukuququzelela isiqabu nokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo, nokunceda ubulungisa noxolelwaniso. Likwabonelela ngeengcebiso zobuchwephesha nenkxaso kunyulo lukamongameli nolwemithetho olwalubanjwe ngowama-2007. Uqeshwe ngoDisemba ka-2006, u-Atul Khare, ummi wase-Indiya, usebenza njenge-SRSG. Ukusukela ngo-Epreli ka-2008, le mishini yayiquka abasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe abali-156, abasebenzi belizwe lonke abangama-382, malunga ne-1,608 yamaPolisa e-UN kunye namagosa oqhagamshelwano omkhosi angama-34. I-UNMIT ikwafuna ukwakha ngokutsha i-Timor amapolisa (PNTL).
Ngokucacileyo, ubuncinci, i-UNMIT iqhubeka noncedo lwe-UN kunye ne-Ofisi yoMtshutshisi Jikelele ekuqaliseni kwakhona imisebenzi yophando ye-Serious Crimes Unit yangaphambili "ngenjongo yokugqiba uphando malunga nokuphulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo oluntu kwi-1999." Njengomsebenzi "odibeneyo", i-UNMIT idibanisa ii-arhente ezahlukeneyo ze-UN ezisebenza e-East Timor "ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nefuthe." [7]
Ngomhla wama-25 kuFebruwari 2008 iBhunga lezoKhuseleko (iSigqibo 1802) lalongeza igunya le-UNMIT ngezinye iinyanga ezili-12. Ukugxeka ukuhlaselwa kukaMongameli kunye noNdunankulu "njengokuhlaselwa kwamaziko asemthethweni elizwe" iSigqibo safuna i-UNMIT yokuqinisa umsebenzi wayo ekuqiniseni icandelo lezokhuseleko kuquka i-PNTL. I-UNMIT iphinda ithembise uphando lwangaphakathi lweziganeko ze-11 ngoFebruwari. Ngokucacileyo ukuzinikela okunjalo kubalulekile kukubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili sesizwe, kodwa siyazibuza ukuba ingaba i-ad hoc-ism enjalo kwicala lemishini ye-UN elandelelanayo iya kuze inyuse umthamo ukuya kubunzima obubalulekileyo, obufutshane kuhlobo lophawu lwehlabathi oluchazwe yimodeli ye-PBC.
IKomiti eZimeleyo yoPhando
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, i-UN Independent Special Commission Inquiry for Timor-Leste yagunyaziswa ukuseka iinyani kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo kwisiganeko se-28-29 April kunye ne-23-25 โโMeyi 2006. Kwakhona kwagunyaziswa ukuphanda iziganeko ezinxulumene okanye imiba enegalelo kwisiganeko intlekele, ukucacisa uxanduva lweziganeko, kunye nokucebisa imilinganiselo yokuphendulela ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngokuthe ngqo kweli xesha. Kwakhona, ngokomyalelo, ngomhla we-17 kweyeDwarha ka-2006 iKhomishoni yoPhando yangenisa ingxelo yayo kwiPalamente yeSizwe.
IKomishoni yagxeka iKhabhinethi yeNgxaki ingakumbi owayeyiNkulumbuso ngelo xesha, u-Mari Alkatiri, ngokusilela ukulandela iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho eziyimfuneko ekubizeni i-F-FDTL okanye i-Timor-Leste imikhosi exhobileyo ngomhla wama-28 kuTshazimpuzi.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiziganeko ze-23 kaMeyi, uMajor Alfredo Reinado kunye namadoda akhe bathathwa "bakrokrelwa ngokufanelekileyo" ngokwenza ubugebenga obuchasene nobomi ngexesha lokujongana ngezigalo kufutshane neDili. [UReinado wayeyinkokeli eyazichaza ngokwakhe ye-F-FDTL okanye iqela "lomceli" kunye nonobangela omkhulu wokungazinzi ngaphakathi kwe-East Timor de wasweleka nge-11 kaFebruwari 2008 kwinzame ezifihlakeleyo zokubulala uJose Ramos-Horta.] Kule nkalo. , owayenguMongameli ngelo xesha (uXanana Gusmao) "kufuneka abonise ukuzibamba kunye nentlonipho kumajelo amaziko ekunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo no-Major Reinado emva kokulahlwa kwakhe."
Ngokuthe ngqo kwiminyhadala ye-15 kaMeyi, ibambe ukuba iNtloko yoMkhosi wezoKhuselo waseTimor-Leste uTaur Matan Ruak akanakuthwala uxanduva lokudubula kwe-F-FDTL yamagosa angaxhomekanga e-PNTL, kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba akaphumelelanga ukusebenzisa zonke iindlela zokuyeka. ukujongana.
Ngokukodwa, uMphathiswa wezangaphakathi uRogerio Lobato kunye noMlawuli wamaPolisa uPaulo Martins "badlula iinkqubo zamaziko" ngokudlulisela izixhobo. Ngokudibeneyo, uLobato, uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo uRoque Rodrigues, kunye noRuak "benza ngaphandle kwegunya lomthetho" kwaye kufuneka "baphendule" ngokugqithiswa kwezixhobo ngokungekho mthethweni.
Inkulumbuso u-Alkatiri ucatshulwe njengokusilela ukusebenzisa igunya lakhe ukugxeka ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo, nangona kungekho bungqina bufunyenwe bukhokelela kwisindululo sokuba atshutshiswe, ubuncinci ngaphambi kophando olongezelelweyo.
IKomishoni iphinde yatyhola uMongameli Xanana Gusmao ngokongeza amafutha emlilweni ngokuthi esidlangalaleni ukuba ukugxothwa kwabakhalayo kwakungekho sikweni ngelixa beboleka ukuthembeka kumabango abo ocalulo lwengingqi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iKhomishoni ifumene "ubuthathaka bamaziko ahlukeneyo kaRhulumente kunye nobuthathaka bomthetho womthetho yayiyeyona nto ibangela ingxaki." Ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngundoqo walo mba, kodwa iKhomishoni ayithethi tu ngeentsilelo zabadlali bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nequmrhu le-UN ngokwalo.
Njengoko umlindi wase-East Timor uJoseph Nevins waphawula ngezi ziphumo, kusafuneka kuphandwe yindima yeCawa yamaKatolika "eyanceda ukuvutha amadangatye abangela ubundlobongela obuchasene norhulumente (kunye nobundlobongela obuchasene nempuma). Ukongeza koko, indima "emdaka" kaGusmao ekunxibelelaneni nomvukeli uReinado ngaphandle kwamajelo asemthethweni nayo kufuneka iphandwe. [8]
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, nge-10 kaJulayi 2006 uJose Ramos-Horta wafungiswa njengeNkulumbuso yethutyana yorhulumente weSibini woMgaqo-siseko kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokuba u-Alkatiri warhoxa phakathi kwezityholo zokuba nguye obangela ubundlobongela. Kwicala lakhe u-Alkatiri wahlala ecaphukile ebanga ukuba lixhoba lamayelenqe amaninzi ngabadlali bamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka namacandelo eendaba zase-Australia.
sequels
Emva kokwenza ugqabhuko-dubulo kwintolongo yase-Dili's Becora nge-30 ka-Agasti ka-2006 kunye nabalandeli, uReinado wazidela zonke iinzame zokumbamba. Nangona kunjalo, waqhagamshelwa kwindawo yakhe yokufihla intaba ngamalungu omkhosi wase-Australia, amajelo eendaba ezizwe ngezizwe kunye namagosa karhulumente e-RDTL, ephakamisa imibuzo malunga nohlobo lokugonywa kwakhe. Unyamezelo olusemthethweni lubonakala lutshintshile xa, ngoFebruwari 2007, uReinado wagqogqa idepo yamapolisa waza wathimba izixhobo. Isebenza ngokwemiyalelo kaMongameli we-RDTL, imikhosi yokhuseleko ekhokelwa yi-Australia yahlasela ikomkhulu likaReinado, ishiya abahlanu babaxhasi bakhe befile kodwa ijoni elikreqileyo libaleka ukubanjwa. Oku kwakhokelela kuqhanqalazo olunogonyamelo kwikomkhulu ngabaxhasi beReinado. I-UN yona yafaka uphando ngokubulala. Olunye ubundlobongela basezidolophini baqhambuka xa, ngomhla wesi-7 kuMatshi ka-2007, uLobato wagwetywa ligqiza lejaji yamazwe ngamazwe amathathu kunye nenye yase-East Timorese iminyaka esi-7 entolongweni yeenyanga ezi-6 (yabhena) ngokubulala ngokungenamthetho nokusebenzisa izixhobo ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwangoko, izityholo ezichasene no-Alkatiri zaye zarhoxiswa, kuchazwa ukungabikho kobungqina. Ngenxa yokuqhambuka kobundlobongela inani lezizwe zangaphandle (i-Australia ibandakanya) zakhupha abasebenzi abangabalulekanga, njengokuba inani le-IDPs lisanda.
Kwakungenxa yale mvelaphi ingaqinisekanga apho i-East Timor yalungiselela unyulo lukaMongameli, umjikelo wokuqala owawubanjwe ngomhla wesi-6 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2007 kunye nomdlalo oqhutyiweyo ngomhla wesi-9 kuMeyi olandelwa lunyulo lwasepalamente olwalubanjwe ngomhla wesi-4 kuJuni ka-2007. iziphumo, kwaphikiswana kakhulu, kukhokelele kwisiphumo esingaqhelekanga apho owayesakuba nguMongameli kunye neNkulumbuso batshintshiselana ngeendima, nalapho iqela elifumene ubuninzi beevoti (uFretilin) โโlathotyelwa kwiqela eliphikisayo. Ngeli xesha abaxhasi beFretilin baphendule ngokuvutha kwendlu. Emva kokwala ipalamente, amalungu eFretilin athathe indawo yawo. Kuyaqondwa ukuba ngaphambi nje kokuzama ukubulala uMongameli, wayethetha nabantu bezopolitiko malunga nethemba lonyulo lwakwangoko, ecebisa lo mbhali ukuba kukho ingxaki yomthetho eDili.
izigqibo
Ngaba le yayiyimeko yokusilela ngoko? Ngaba i-East Timor yaba yiPacific Haiti ngeyona ndlela imbi? Ngaba le meko yayinokuphetshwa ngokulungela okungcono kwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye ngaba oku, njengoko owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso yase-Australia uJohn Howard wayeqhubeka ephindaphinda, umzekelo ombi "wolawulo olubi?" [9 Ngapha koko, ngaba iTimor-Leste kufuneka ibhalwe kwi-PBC ubuncinci ngendlela yokuxhasa inqanaba elitsha lobambiswano (elifana nokuba lisebenza eSierra Leone) ukunqanda ukona kubi kakhulu kobukoloniyali bamazwe ngamazwe?
Siyazibuza ngokunjalo malunga nezopolitiko zobuhlanga, ukudalwa ngabom kweyantlukwano empuma-ntshona kuluntu ngama-arhente abaphembeleli kunye nabanye abadlali abashiye abaninzi amaxhoba amsulwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, njengoko iKomiti eKhethekileyo eZimeleyo yoPhando yagqiba, "ubuthathaka" bamaziko karhulumente bube negalelo kule ngxaki. Kwaye ngokunjalo nokusilela kubunkokeli. Nangona kunjalo, asinako ukukhulula uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kuquka iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-veto yase-Australia ne-Japan yolwandiso lobuthunywa oludlulela kwiingxoxo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko, yaba nombono omfutshane. Xa kujongwa emva, abo bantu kunye nezizwe ezinoxanduva ekuqeshweni kokuqala kwe-F-FDTL kunye namapolisa e-RDTL, basilela isizwe, njengoko benzile abaqeqeshi babo abathile.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, uxanduva lokuphendula ngeziganeko ze-2006 kuya kuba yimfuneko ukudala umoya wokuthembana kunye noxolelwaniso lwexesha elizayo kodwa, isidingo sokuphendula ngokupheleleyo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oludlulileyo oluchasene noluntu phantsi kwexesha elide lokuhlala e-Indonesia kunokwenzeka ukuba libonise njengokuba kubalulekile. Njengoko kugxininiswe kwiNgxelo yeQela leNgxaki yaMazwe ngaMazwe, kuphela indlela epheleleyo yokwakhiwa koxolo e-East Timor inokophula umjikelo wokungohlwaywa okuyimfuneko ukukhusela imeko-bume yokhuseleko lwabantu kuquka ingxaki yokufuduka kwabantu.
Ukubuyisela iminyaka emva ngobundlobongela buka-2006, lo mbhali uvakalelwa kukuba yi-UNMIT enzulu kwaye engathintelwanga, okanye ngcono ukuzibophelela kwexesha elide njengoko kuchazwa yi-PBC, kunokukhokelela i-East Timor kwingxaki yayo engapheliyo. Oku kunjalo ngakumbi njengoko isizwe esitsha sinendawo yokubuyisela uqoqosho - oovimba beoyile abangaphezulu kwebhiliyoni enye yeedola kwiakhawunti ye-escrow - ukubona ngophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
amaNqaku
[1]Ingxaki Yokufuduka YaseTimor-Leste," Iqela leNgxaki yeHlabathi, iNgxelo yaseAsia enguNo.148, i-31 kaMatshi ngo-2008.
[2] A/RES/60/180 yomhla wama-30 kuDisemba 2005.
[3] NgoMatshi ka-2007 iSebe leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle laseJapan libambe ucweyo lolwakhiwo loxolo kuquka namathuba endima yePCB e-East Timor. Kunokuqikelelwa kuphela ukuba kutheni iBurundi neSierra Leone zizodwa zidibene ne-PCB yokubhala imigaqo. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba i-UN inqwenelele impumelelo ngala matyala mabini kunokuba ijongane nolunye ukusilela njengakwi-East Timor?
[4] Bona, umzekelo, uRichard Tanter, "Ingxaki Engaphaya Kwelinge Lokubhukuqa."
[5] Enye, nangona ngaphambi kwexesha, uvavanyo lwe-UNMISET lunikezelwa kuGeoffrey C. Gunn kunye noReyko Huang, iSizwe esitsha: Ukwakhiwa koXolo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo e-East Timor, iTipographia Macau Hung Heng, Macau, 2006, iphe.169-73.
[6] Kucacile ukuba le yimbono ekwabelwana ngayo ngamanye amalungu eQela leCore. Bona oku umbiko.
[7] Lusa, 14 Julayi 2006, "uRamos Horta uRhulumente ufumana "inzuzo yokuthandabuza" - igosa lomkhosi eliphikisayo."
[8] UJoseph Nevins, "iTimor-Leste kwi-2006: Ukuphela kwe-Post-Independence Honeymoon," i-Asian Survey, i-Vol.XLVII, no.1, ngoJanuwari / ngoFebruwari 2007, p.166.
[9] Ukuze ufumane ingxoxo ecacileyo malunga ne-East Timor kunye namathemba ombuso awaphumelelanga, bona uJames Cotton, "iTimor-Leste kunye nentetho yokusilela kombuso," i-Australian Journal of International Affairs, 61:4, December 2007, pp.455-470. UCotton uthi ukuba i-East Timor iya kuba "yimeko eyimpumelelo" inokuthi ihambelane neMelanesia kuneendlela zokusebenza zase-Southeast Asia.
UGeoffrey Gunn nguNjingalwazi wezoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe, iYunivesithi yaseNagasaki, ingcali yase-Indonesia, i-East Timor kunye nehlabathi laseMalay, kunye noMququzeleli wokuGxila eJapan. Ungumbhali we I-Globalization yokuqala. I-Eurasian Exchange, i-1500-1800. Ubhale eli nqaku kwiJapan Focus.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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