Ubekwe ngoMvulo, ngo-Januwari 28, 2008 kumngcwabo woburhulumente kunye nembeko epheleleyo yasemkhosini kwi-mausoleum yosapho ngaphandle kweSolo kumbindi weJava, owayesakuba ngumongameli wase-Indonesia, uSuharto, ungcwatywe ngokwenene. Kodwa, ilifa lakhe liye lavavanywa njani kumajelo eendaba asekhaya, engingqi kunye nehlabathi jikelele? Inene, sisiphi isithunzi asenze phezu kwe-Indonesia ngaphaya kwengcwaba, efile ebhedini engqongwe ngabahloniphekileyo base-Indonesia nabase-Asia, engakhange ahlanjululwe entolongweni okanye elubhacweni, ephepha ukutshutshiswa ngenxa yobuqhophololo, singasathethi ke ngokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu?
Umntu unokukhetha kwaye akhethe kumaphephandaba aseIndonesia ahlukeneyo njengeJakarta Post, Suara Merdeka, Sinar Harapan kunye neKompas. Uninzi luyalingana malunga namagalelo akhe kuphuhliso ngokuchasene nerekhodi lakhe lamalungelo oluntu. Nangona kunjalo, u-Kompas ubamba ukuba u-Suharto "ushiya irekhodi elimnyama lexesha lakhe" kunye nePosi ye-Jakarta yaqhubela phambili ukuyibiza ngokuthi "i-crook."
Mhlawumbi bambalwa ngaphakathi eIndonesia ababa nobuganga bokuchasa umngcwabo waseburhulumenteni. Nditsho noKontras (Amaxhoba okunyhashwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu), umbutho owasekwa ligqwetha lamalungelo oluntu owabulawayo uMunir Said Thalib, wawela kule ngongoma, nangona ebongoza ukuba ngoku lixesha lokuba "sithethe ngelifa lengcinezelo yolawulo lukaSuharto. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuya kufuna ukuziswa kwababulali bakaMunir kwinqwelomoya yaseGaruda ngoSeptemba ka-2005, ekukholelwa ukuba ngamagosa aphezulu ezobuntlola. ("Kematian Soehartoโฆ).
Amazwi asele enamandla phakathi komkhosi wase-Indonesia kunye nabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu bafuna ukunika umlawuli ongasekhoyo isikhundla "seqhawe lesizwe". Phakathi kwamaqela oluntu, iSiseko soNcedo lwezoMthetho sase-Indonesia sichasene nawo nawaphi na amabhaso emva kokufa kowayesakuba nguzwilakhe.
Abahleli bamazwe angaphandle bebenobubele obuncinci, nokuba - abathile phakathi kwabo - ixesha elide besebenzisa ukuzivavanya xa bebhala ukugqithisa okungenakuphikiswa kukaSuharto.
Inyanisekile kwirekhodi yayo eyoyikisayo kurhulumente weSuharto's Indonesian New Order, njengoko yayisaziwa njalo, iphepha leMurdoch I-Australian yabhala ukuba "uSuharto unokuthathwa ngokufanelekileyo njengendoda eyahlangula i-Indonesia ekuphelelweni lithemba, yawujika umsinga wobukomanisi, yabeka ilizwe layo. kwindlela engaqinisekanga eya kwidemokhrasi." UGreg Sheridan, naye eTyena waseOstreliya ("Isigebenga sase-Asiya sisipho se-Australia," i-28 kaJanuwari 2008), ubhala ukuba umkhosi wase-Indonesia "awuzange ube noxanduva lokubulala" okwalandela ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-1965, ngelixa udlala phantsi ubuninzi bokubulala.
WaseAustralia (i-28 kaJanuwari 2008) iphinde inike indawo kwi-ambassador yase-Australia yangaphambili e-Jakarta ngexesha lokuhlasela kwe-Indonesian e-East Timor. URichard Woolcott, owaziwa kakhulu ngentambo evuzayo kurhulumente waseCanberra, ubongoze "ipragmatism phezu komgaqo" wokujongana nolawulo lweSuharto. U-Woolcott waxhela i-nostalgic ngenxa yeempawu zobunkokeli buka-Suharto njengokuba "ehloniphekile kwaye enobubele". Ukuvuma "iziphene," uWoollcott ulindele - okanye unqwenela-ukuba ababhali-mbali bexesha elizayo, ngakumbi eOstreliya, baya kumgweba ngakumbi "ngenjongo" kunokuba yenzayo ngoku.
UMarilyn Burger, ebhala kwiNew York Times (ngomhla wama-28 kuJanuwari) uvumela ukuba ulawulo lwakhe โluye lwaphunyezwa,โ kodwa impumelelo yezoqoqosho yagutyungelwa bubuqhophololo bakhe โolugqugqisileyo nolubukhulu; wahlutha amandla. Imbali ende ibonisa ukuba umkhosi, owawulawulwa nguSuharto, ngokukodwa i-Strategic Reserve Command, waqulunqa ukubulawa kwabantu abaphakathi kwesiqingatha kunye nesigidi esinye esikrokrelwa ukuba singamakomanisi kuquka neentsapho ezipheleleyo kunye namaTshayina ahlala ixesha elide ekuphalazweni kwegazi ngo-1965-66. Ukongezelela, abangama-750,000 100,000 babanjwa kuqhankqalazo, yaye abafikelela kwi-14 1980 babanjwa ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala kwiminyaka eli-4,000 eyalandelayo. Ecaphula unjingalwazi wase-Cornell kunye nengcali yase-Indonesia u-Benedict Anderson, ekuqaleni koo-9,000, phakathi kwe-200,000 kunye ne-XNUMX ubukhulu becala izaphuli-mthetho kodwa kuquka nezopolitiko ziye zaba lixhoba lamaqela abulawa ngamajoni eJava. Malunga nama-XNUMX abhubha ngenxa yohlaselo lukaSuharto lwaseMelika olwalusakuba lithanga lamaPhuthukezi e-East Timor. I ENew York Times umnxibelelanisi akacaphukisi amagama. Mhlawumbi isithuba sithintele ukubalwa kwengxelo epheleleyo yokubulawa kwabantu kunye nokunyamalala kwabachasi bezopolitiko, abalwela amalungelo oluntu, abaququzeleli beemanyano zabasebenzi, abacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, amatshantliziyo amaSilamsi, kunye nabanye kule minyaka ingamashumi eminyaka.
Kwisiqwenga esingabhalwanga, "i-Indonesia kunye nelifa le-Suharto," i-Financial Times yaseLondon (i-28 kaJanuwari 2008) yayingacacanga kangako, kodwa iyazibuza ukuba ngaba abaxhamli borhwaphilizo lwexesha le-Suharto, oko kukuthi iqela lamajoni kunye nosomashishini sebenzisa amandla namhlanje, bafunde nantoni na ukususela ekuweni kukaSuharto. "Kuya kuba lula ukuphelisa urhwaphilizo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luka-Suharto ongasekhoyo, izalamane zakhe kunye namaqabane akhe atshayelwa phantsi kwekhaphethi kwiinzame eziphosakeleyo zokutshisa ilifa lakhe."
Kuyo yonke iminyaka engama-32 yolawulo lukaSuharto loMyalelo oMtsha, iJapan yayilelona lizwe linabantu abaninzi abatyalwayo e-Indonesia, umtyali-mali, kunye neqabane lorhwebo. Ngelixa, amajelo eendaba aseJapan axela ukusweleka kukaSuharto, akukho phepha liphambili laseJapan elikhethe ukwenza umhleli ngokusweleka kwakhe. Imeko eyahlukileyo yayilulwimi lwesiNgesi iJapan Times, umhleli wayo, "Ukukhumbula uMnu. Suharto" (31 kaJanuwari 2008), ukhumbuze abafundi bendawo ukuba "iJapan yayingumxhasi othembekileyo wolawulo lwakhe [uSuharto] kwaye iye yaba ngumniki omkhulu kwi-Indonesia yorhulumente osemthethweni. uncedo kunye nolunye uncedo lwemali." Ukuchaza ilifa lakhe njengelibi, iJapan Times ifuna ukuba kuhlolwe "into eyenziwa nguMnu. Suharto kunye nabantu abasondeleyo kuye."
Akumangalisi ukuba, ucinezele kumazwe ase-ASEAN athande ukujonga uMyalelo oMtsha we-Suharto kwimigaqo yokhuseleko yomfanekiso omkhulu ngokuchasene nemfazwe awayeyilwe nabemi base-Indonesia. Isizwe saseBangkok (30 Juni 2008), umzekelo, ngelixa uvuma ukuba u-Suharto "wayeyi-paradox," ehlelwe ukuba "Kumazwe ase-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, i-Suharto yabonwa njengokuzisa uzinzo noxolo." Ngokuqinisekileyo ayingombono okwabelwana ngawo ngaphakathi kwe-East Timor. Yintoni kanye kanye igalelo likaSuharto kuxolo lwengingqi, umntu uyamangala.
Inkwenkwezi (nge-30 kaJanuwari), yaseMalaysia, yawaxela ngokuphandle amazwi alowo wayesakuba yiNkulumbuso uMahathir ukuba unetyala kuSuharto ngokuphelisa โimfazwe yongquzulwanoโ eyayiqhutywa ngumanduleli wakhe, i-anti-Western Sukarno, ngokuchasene neBritish- wadala Federation of Malaysia.
Njengoko kuxeliwe kwi-channelnewsasia.com yaseSingapore, (30 kaJanuwari 2008), eSingapore "uMphathiswa uMluleki" uLee Kuan Yew wabhala kwileta yakhe yovelwano, "Andithandabuzi ukuba imbali iya kunika uPak Suharto indawo yembeko kwimbali yaseIndonesia xa umsebenzi wakhe wobomi. ifundwa ngendlela ezolileyo. "
Izimvo zezemfundo zahluliwe. I-Australia lelinye ilizwe apho i-Indonesia ingokoqobo kwiscreen se-radar. UJamie Mackie, udoyen wase-Australia wase-Indonesia (kunye nonjingalwazi wababhali bezifundo zesi-Indonesian kwiyunivesithi yaseMelbourne ngo-1967) ebhala WaseAustralia (ngoJanuwari 28), incoma impumelelo kaSuharto kwezoqoqosho, ukanti ukwaphawula ukuba wayamkela ngaphandle kokuzisola imfundiso yokuba isiphelo sithethelela iindlela. Ngokubanzi, umgwebo wembali uya kuba nzima, ushwankathela, kanye njengoko izigwebo ekuhambeni kwexesha zifanele ziguquguquke. Nokuba igama lakhe liyaphakama, wongeza, kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwabalandela emva kwakhe, kubandakanya, ukusukela ngo-2004, uSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
UDamien Kingsbury weYunivesithi yaseDeakin yase-Australia, uthi ngoku "uSuharto uhambile, njengempembelelo yakhe engapheliyo" ( The Age, Januwari 29). Kaloku, ubani ebengathanda ukucinga njalo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo umkhosi awawukhulisayo awukawancami amandla awo awahlukahlukeneyo. U-Tao Duanfang ebhala kwi-portal yeendaba yase-China ye-Zhongguo Wang (28 kaJanuwari) uthi umva, oko kukuthi i-legacies yexesha le-Suharto "ayiyi kusonjululwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokunyamalala kwexesha le-Suharto okanye u-Suharto ngokwakhe." (Bona "Asian Press Bid Suharto Farewell. ") Akazange acacise, kodwa ngokucacileyo oko kuya kubandakanya ukuvalwa koluhlu lwamatyala oluntu, ukusuka e-Aceh, ukuya e-East Timor, ukuya ePapua naseJava, kungasathethwa ke ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwezoqoqosho olwenziwe yintsapho yakwaSuharto.
Engatsali manqindi, uJeffrey Winters weYunivesithi yaseNorthwestern uyabhala Umxholo, uluhlu lweengxoxo ze-imeyile, ukuba, "uloyiko lwe-1965 luhlala luphazamisekile luloyiko nanamhlanje lokubizwa ngokuba ngumkomanisi." Ethelekisa uSuharto nozwilakhe wasePhilippine uFerdinand Marcos, owafa ehlazweni nasekuthinjweni, uWinters uyayiphikisa impikiswano yokuba idini lamalungelo oluntu laliyixabiso elifunekayo elifanele lihlawulwe kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, uWinters uthi, โUmonakalo wolawulo lwaseSuharto uya kude. ngaphandle kweenzuzo zexeshana eziveliswayo," (nge-29 kaJanuwari 2008), ngokuyinxenye isalathiso sokuxhatshazwa kwemithombo yase-Indonesia ephelayo yeehydrocarbons, kunye nemithombo yamahlathi ashinyeneyo.
Amaqela alwela amalungelo oluntu ezizwe ngezizwe, athile kuwo alandele inkqubo yoLungelelwaniso olutsha kangangamashumi eminyaka, aye aphakamisa amazwi awo. UCarmel Budiardjo, wase-UK-based Tapol, iPhulo lamaLungelo oLuntu e-Indonesia, kunye naye ibanjwa lezopolitiko iminyaka emithathu phantsi kwe-Suharto de akhululwe phantsi koxinzelelo olusemthethweni lwaseBritani, ubhala ukuba, ngokungafaniyo nokubulawa kwabanye oozwilakhe ukusuka ePinochet ukuya ePol Pot, "uSukarno wayenako. uthembele kwiintsikelelo zakhe ukuba, ngaphandle kweNetherlands apho i-Indonesia yayisisihloko esiqhelekileyo, wayekwazi, kwaye wenjenjalo, ukubaleka ekubulaweni okuluhlaza ngaphandle kokuqaphela kwehlabathi. " (http://tapol.gn.apc.org).
Njengoko kusondele amazwi ovelwano kuzwilakhe ongasekhoyo ukusuka eWashington ukuya eCanberra, ukuya eSingapore, ukuya eTokyo - bonke abo bamxhasa ngokutyebileyo ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe - kodwa bade bafikelela e-East Timor, phakathi kweenkokeli zehlabathi, Inkulumbuso yaseNew Zealand uHelen Clark, kuyabonakala ukuba, uye wema ecaleni echaza ukuba, ngenxa yerekhodi likazwilakhe ongasekhoyo โelibiโ lamalungelo oluntu, akanakusayina incwadi yovelwano.
Ngokwahlukileyo, u-Ambassador wase-US e-Indonesia, uCameron R. Hume, wancoma uSuharto ngokufezekisa "uphuhliso oluphawulekayo lwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle." Ngamazwi anokuthi avuyise ulandelelwano lwabalawuli base-US, wancoma nowayesakuba ngumongameli wase-Indonesia ngokugcina ubudlelwane obusondeleyo ne-United States ngelixa edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-Non Aligned Movement kunye nokusekwa koMbutho weZizwe eziMazantsi-mpuma Asia. Ukuvumela ukuba kubekho "impikiswano" malunga nelifa lakhe, i-Ambassador yamncoma u-Suharto "njengomntu wembali." (cinezela Ukhupho, NgoJanuwari 27, 2008)
Kodwa ngokucacileyo le yayiyingxelo encinci yesizwe eyakhokelela kwiNjengele emandleni kwaye yamxhasa ngezixhobo ezingaphezulu kwebhiliyoni enye yeedola, kubandakanya nezixhobo zomkhosi ezasetyenziswa kuhlaselo lwase-East Timor. Ngokucacileyo, ijenali ehlonelwayo yesiFrentshi, KwiDiplomatique kaMonde (nge-29 kaJanuwari 2008), inikezela ukuba amazwi oMmeli anokuthathwa kuphela njenge "humour noir," ukuba sibangela ukufa kwe-500,000 ye-1965 kunye ne-200,000 yabafileyo e-East Timor. "Ngaphandle kweWashington, il fut un allie fidele 'umgqakhwe, kodwa omnye wabastards bethu,' selon le dicton en vogue la CIA". [Kodwa kuWashington, wayelihlakani elithembekileyo, "umgqakhwe, kodwa engomnye wabantwana bethu," kwi-CIA isitsho ngelo xesha].
NjengoMphathiswa waseJapan weMicimbi yezaNgaphandle (iNkomfa yoShicilelo, i-29 kaJanuwari 2008) usekela unobhala weendaba ecamngca - okanye endaweni yoko, ngendlela engaqondakaliyo - waphawula ngokusweleka kukaSuharto, "Uninzi lwethu luhlala lungqina ukuphela kwexesha kwimbali yaseAsia" ( Tanaguchi Tomohiko , ikhonfirensi yepresi, 29 January 2008). Ixesha elididayo, eneneni, kodwa ngaba ngokwenene sisiphelo? Okanye ngaba umlawuli wase-Indonesian waphumelela ukudlulisela i-baton kwisizukulwana esilandela esiza kuhlonipha ilifa lakhe kungekuphela nje ngamazwi, kodwa mhlawumbi, ngakumbi, ngezenzo.
Ngokucacileyo, ngaphandle kokuphendula, idemokhrasi entsha yase-Indonesia ime kwisanti enzulu kakhulu. Njengakwimeko yase-East Timor, apho iZizwe eziManyeneyo ziye zarhoxa ekukhuthazeni iNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe ukuba igwebe abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu ukuvumela i-Indonesia ukuba iphinde yakhe inkqubo yobulungisa, kwakucingelwa kwaye kwakulindeleke kurhulumente waseJakarta ukuba ayenze. isenzo ukuphelisa inkcubeko yokungohlwaywa. Ngokudabukisayo, into yokuba uSuharto, usapho lwakhe, kunye nabalingane (i-Suharto Inc), ukuza kuthi ga ngoku baye babaleka ukutshutshiswa ibonisa ukuba i-Indonesian ephezulu ephetheyo namhlanje iye yasilela abantu bayo kunye nabanqweneleli bamazwe ngamazwe abaninzi.
UGeoffrey Gunn watyelela okokuqala e-Indonesia ngowe-1967 njengomfundi wolwimi lwesi-Indonesia. Ungumbhali (kunye noJefferson Lee) weNgcaciso yeNgcaciso ye-Western Scholarship kunye ne-Journalism kwi-East Timor (I-Journal ye-Contemporary Asia Press, i-Manila, i-1994) kunye ne-Japan Focus associate. Ubhale eli nqaku kwiJapan Focus.
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