Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwengxowa-mali yobutyebi obuzimeleyo e-Asiya ibiziindaba zamva nje, ngakumbi ngenxa yobukhulu bazo kunye notyalo-mali oluphezulu. I-China kunye- kwaye mhlawumbi ne-Japan ngokunjalo-ijonge ukulinganisa iimoto zabo zotyalo-mali eziphantsi kukarhulumente. Ngesiseko saso esincinci sabemi, kunye noovimba abaninzi beoyile kunye negesi yendalo, ilizwe elincinci lase-Asia-mpuma ye-Brunei Darussalam, elikumntla-mpuma wesiqithi sase-Borneo, likwazile ukunyusela uqoqosho lwalo ekuboneleleni ngomgangatho onqwenelekayo. iphilela abemi bayo kunye neebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kusapho olulawulayo lwaseRoyal.
Kodwa kanye njengokuba iBrunei ivuna imbuyekezo yengeniso eyenziwe ngamaxabiso aphezulu e-oyile ngokwembali, ngoko ijoyina amanqanaba obutyebi obuzimeleyo, okwangoku iphantsi koqwalaselo olukhulayo ngenxa yobume babo bolawulo lweshishini kunye nemfihlo ngokubanzi. Ngelixa, ngokungafaniyo namazwe ashiyekileyo kunaniselwano lwangaphandle njengeSingapore, iBrunei izibalule ngotyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo, ayizizo zonke ezivakalayo. I-Brunei ikwabelana ngobuthathaka bangaphandle bamazwe avelisa ioli. Eli nqaku lijonge ukuphonononga ngokwesakhiwo obu buthathaka ngokubhekiselele kwingxaki ye-dynastic ka-2001-2002 kunye nokulandelelana. Ikwafuna ukucacisa ukuba iBrunei Sultanate iphinde yachacha njani kule ngxaki, isongeza kakuhle kwithamsanqa laseRoyal, ngaphandle, nangona kunjalo, ukuthintela ingxaki yexesha elizayo kunye nokuwa nokuba kuphuma ekhaya (i-dynastic) okanye ukothuka kwangaphandle.?
intshayelelo
Ichongwe ngabahlalutyi njengoko ihambelana, ngokwahlukeneyo, imodeli yelizwe rentier yezoqoqosho, [1] okanye ukubandezeleka "kwiziphumo zesifo samaDatshi," [2] umkhuseli wangaphambili waseBritane waseBrunei Darussalam, kunye nesiseko sayo esincinci sabemi (374,000 ngo-2007), kunye ezinkulu - nangona ziphelile - oovimba beoyile kunye negesi yendalo, ikwazile ukunyusela uqoqosho lwayo ukuze ibonelele ngomgangatho wokuphila wabantu bayo kunye neebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kusapho lwasebukhosini olulawulayo, olukhokelwa nguSultan Hassanal Bolkiah, kunye nenethiwekhi ye vala abadibanisi abangengabo eRoyal. I-Brunei Darussalam ikwabelana ngobuthathaka bangaphandle bamazwe avelisa ioli. Eli nqaku lijonge ukuveza ngokwesakhiwo obu buthathaka ngokubhekisele ngokuthe ngqo kwintlekele yamandla ka-2001-2002, isadlala malunga nokubuyiswa kweebhiliyoni zeedola ze-asethi ezichithiweyo kwicala losapho lwasebukhosini (iNkosana uJefri). Ikwafuna ukucacisa ukuba iSultanate iphinde yachacha njani kule ngxaki ngaphandle, nangona kunjalo, ukunqanda ingxaki yexesha elizayo kunye nokuwa, nokuba kubangelwa kubomi basekhaya (obudynastic) okanye bangaphandle.
Ukuqonda ukuba Semngciphekweni koQoqosho oluTyebileyo lweZibonelelo
Ingcinga ethi isekwe kwimithombo yangaphandle yengeniso yahluke kakhulu kumazwe asekelwe kwirhafu yasekhaya yacetywa kuqala ngokubhekiselele kwinani lamazwe athumela ngaphandle ioli kuMbindi Mpuma. I-Beblawi [3] yenze umahluko phakathi kwelizwe elirentayo, uqoqosho lwabaqeshisi, kunye nengqondo yokurenta. Uqoqosho lwabarentayo luba yingxaki, kule thiyori, xa ingqondo yomntu orentayo isongamela njengoko imbuyekezo yomvuzo womsebenzi yaphukile kwaye umvuzo okanye ubutyebi akunxulumananga nomsebenzi kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko. Uqoqosho oluqeshisayo ngokwenkcazo lugqithisiwe, lwenza ubugcisa obuphezulu obuvaliweyo obungadityaniswanga kuqoqosho lwangaphakathi kokubini ngokwamagalelo, ingqesho kunye neziphumo.
Okubizwa ngokuba yimiphumo yesifo saseDatshi, ephuma kwizifundo zempembelelo yezoqoqosho yengeniso ye-hydrocarbon e-Netherlands kwi-1960s, kuthiwa iphuma kwicandelo likarhulumente elikhukhulayo kunye nokunyuka kwenkcitho yentlalo engavelisi mveliso. "Isifo saseDatshi" sisetyenziswe ngabaphengululi bezoqoqosho ukuchaza ukuchithwa kwezoqoqosho ngenxa yokufunyanwa kobutyebi bendalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kolu hlalutyo, ukufunyaniswa kuphakamisa ixabiso lemali yelizwe eyenza iimpahla eziveliswayo zibe ngaphantsi kokhuphiswano kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe ukuba kunyuke. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ngokungafaniyo neHolland kwi-1960 kunye ne-UK kwi-1970s, i-Brunei ngokucacileyo ayinayo isiseko sokuvelisa. Ukuchithwa kwemizi-mveliso akuzange kube yingxaki. Nemali yayo ayinyukanga kakhulu.
Ezinye iingcali zezoqoqosho zixoxe "ngethisisi yesiqalekiso sobutyebi" okanye iindleko ezinxulumene necandelo lezimbiwa elikhulayo ngokusekwe kuqwalaselo lokuba amazwe amaninzi athe alibetha ngobutyebi ngobutyebi bendalo agqibe ishumi leminyaka okanye emva koko kwingxaki enkulu. Kolu luvo, amazwe atyebileyo ngobutyebi bendalo aphantsi kobuxhakaxhaka obuxhaphakileyo obuhambisana nokungazinzi kwezopolitiko okubangelwa kukwahluka kwemivuzo kunye nofikelelo olungalinganiyo kubutyebi. Ukukwazi ukuphuncuka "kwisiqalekiso sobutyebi" kukwanike indawo kuncwadi oluncinci, abanye bexhasa i-neo-liberal/ukhetho lukawonke-wonke okanye iimbono zokuziphatha, abanye bafuna iingcaciso "kwimikhosi yentlalo" bexhasa uphuhliso longxowankulu ngokubambisana nemekobume encomekayo yangaphandle. njengaseSuharto's Indonesia. [4]
Ndiza kwandisa kuguqulelo lwemodeli ye "rentier state", ngakumbi kuba, ngokungafaniyo nenkcazo yesifo saseDatshi okanye isikweko esithi "isiqalekiso", uhlahlelo lwelizwe lokuqeshisa lufuna ukuphendula eyona nto ibalulekileyo (kwaye, eBrunei Darussalam, umbuzo ocacileyo) wokuba ngubani na. ufumana ntoni, ngoba, kwaye njani?
Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki iba yeyokwandisa isiseko sezakhono zabemi, kuvuselelwe icandelo labucala, ukwahlula-hlula uqoqosho, ngakumbi ngokudala imisebenzi esezantsi, ukufikelela elubala kucwangciso-mali lwesizwe, kunye nokugcina usetyenziso olungalawulwayo zizityebi eziphezulu.
Ukongeza inqaku lentanda-bulumko encinci, sinokuthi, kubantu baseBrunei, ukutya kukuba yeyanamhlanje. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu baseBrunei bavakalisa ukula maxesha kwabo ngokusebenzisa iipateni zokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuziphatha okunjalo akuphelelanga nje ekutyebeni kweBruneian nouveax kodwa, kumxholo weqela eliphakamileyo kunye noluntu oluqhutywa ngokwesikhundla, luyichaza kakuhle ubunyani babo. Njengemizekelo, usapho lwasebukhosini lwaseBrunei lubhengeze ubugqi bokwenyani bempahla yabathengi ekhaya, ngokubonisa ubutyebi, kwaye banwenwela kwihlabathi liphela ekuqokeleleni uluhlu oluninzi lwe "ndebe" kunye nezinye izinto zexabiso, ezinokuthi zifanele ukuchazwa. "indondo yongxowankulu" yoqoqosho.
Imbali yezoQoqosho: uPhando
Ilizwe elide labalimi aboneleyo kunye nabalobi abangabalimi abahlala kwindawo efanelekileyo yendalo kwisiqithi esikhulu saseTropiki saseBorneo, iBrunei ifumene utshintsho olukhulu kude nezolimo kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo. Uqoqosho lwamasimi erabha anemvelaphi yangaphambi kwemfazwe yasinda kuphela ngoo-1960. I
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