NgoJanuwari 21, 2010, iya kuhla njengemini emnyama kwimbali yedemokhrasi yase-US, kunye nokwehla kwayo.
Ngolo suku iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yawisa isigwebo sokuba urhulumente usenokungayivaleli imibutho yezopolitiko ekuchitheni imali kunyuloโisigqibo esiwuchaphazela ngokunzulu umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe.
Esi sigqibo sibhengeza ukuthabath' unyawo kwenkqubo yezopolitiko yase-US.
Kubahleli beThe ENew York Times, esi sigwebo โsibethelela kumbindi wedemokhrasiโ ngokuthi โsihlahlelโ indlela amaqumrhu asebenzisa ubuncwane bawo ukuze agubungele unyulo aze oyikise amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba enze ukuthanda kwawo.โ
Inkundla yahlulahlulwe, i-5-4, kunye nabagwebi abane abaphendulayo (ngokulahlekisayo ababizwa ngokuba "abagciniweyo") badityaniswe nguJustice Anthony M. Kennedy. IJaji Eyintloko uJohn G. Roberts Omnci. wakhetha ityala ebelinokuconjululwa ngokulula ngezizathu ezimxinwa waza waphembelela inkundla ukuba ilisebenzise ukutyhalela phambili kwisigqibo esifikelela kude esichitha inkulungwane yemizekelo eyayinokuthintela iminikelo yamaqumrhu kumaphulo omanyano.
Ngoku abaphathi bamashishini banokuluthenga ngokuthe ngqo unyulo, begqitha ngeendlela ezingathanga ngqo ezintsonkothileyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba igalelo lequmrhu, ngamanye amaxesha lipakishwe ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo, linokwenza ibhalansi kunyulo, yiyo loo nto iqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo. Inkundla isandula ukunika amandla amaninzi kwicandelo elincinci labemi elilawula uqoqosho.
Ingcali yezoqoqosho yezopolitiko uThomas Ferguson โithiyori yotyalo-mali kwezopolitikoโ sisibhengezo esinempumelelo somgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kwixesha elide. Ithiyori itolika unyulo njengezihlandlo apho izahlulo zamandla ecandelo labucala zidityaniswa kutyalo-mali ukulawula urhulumente.
Isigqibo sikaJanuwari 21 someleza kuphela iindlela zokujongela phantsi ukusebenza kwedemokhrasi.
Imvelaphi iyasikhanyisela. Kwimpikiswano yakhe, uJustice John Paul Stevens wavuma ukuba โkudala sikholelwa ukuba imibutho igutyungelwa luHlomelo LokuQalaโโisiqinisekiso esikumgaqo-siseko senkululeko yokuthetha, nto leyo eya kuquka ukuxhasa abo bagqatswa bezobupolitika.
Ebutsheni benkulungwane yama-20, iingcali zomthetho neenkundla zasebenzisa isigqibo senkundla sowe-1886 sokuba imibuthoโla โmaqumrhu asemthethweni ayingqokelelaโโibe namalungelo afanayo nawabantu benyama negazi.
Olu hlaselo lwenkululeko yamandulo lwagxekwa kabukhali luhlobo olutshabalalayo lwabalondolozi. UChristopher G. Tiedeman wachaza lo mgaqo โnjengomqobo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye, nakuzinzo lwamazwe aseMerika njengoorhulumente abadumileyo.โ
UMorton Horwitz ubhala kwimbali yakhe yezomthetho esemgangathweni ukuba umbono wobuntu beshishini wavela ecaleni kokutshintshwa kwamandla ukusuka kubaninizabelo ukuya kubaphathi, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwimfundiso yokuba "amandla ebhodi yabalawuli "ayafana namandla equmrhu." Kwiminyaka yamva, amalungelo eenkampani andelelwa kude ngaphaya kwalawo abantu, ngokukodwa ngokuchazwa kakubi ngokuthi โizivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla.โ Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kwezi zivumelwano, ukuba iGeneral Motors imisela umzi-mveliso eMexico, inokufuna ukuba iphathwe kanye njengeshishini laseMexico (โimpatho yesizweโ)โngokungafaniyo kwaphela nommi waseMexico wenyama negazi osenokufuna โunyango lwesizweโ New York, okanye namalungelo abantu amancinci.
Kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo, uWoodrow Wilson, owayesisifundiswa ngoko, wachaza iMerika apho โamaqela amancinane amadoda ngentelekiso,โ abaphathi bemibutho, โayesebenzisa igunya nokulawula ubutyebi noshishino lwelizwe,โ esiba โziintshaba zelizwe. urhulumente ngokwakhe.โ
Enyanisweni, la โmaqela mancinaneโ aye anda ukuba ngabalawuli kurhulumente. Inkundla yaseRoberts ibanika umda omkhulu ngakumbi.
Isigqibo sikaJan 21 safika emva kweentsuku ezintathu emva kolunye uloyiso lobutyebi kunye namandla: unyulo lomviwa waseRiphabhlikhi uScott Brown ukuba athathe indawo yongasekhoyo uSen Edward M. Kennedy, "ingonyama yenkululeko" yaseMassachusetts. Unyulo lukaBrown lwaboniswa "njengokunyuka kwabantu abaninzi" ngokuchasene ne-liberal elitists abaqhuba urhulumente.
Idatha yokuvota ityhila ibali elahlukileyo.
Ukuvota okuphezulu kwiindawo ezityebileyo, kunye nabasezantsi kwiindawo zasezidolophini zeDemokhrasi ubukhulu becala, bancede onyule uBrown. "Amashumi amahlanu anesihlanu ekhulwini abavoti baseRiphabhlikhi bathi 'banomdla kakhulu' kunyulo," The Wall St. JournalI-poll ye-NBC ibike, "xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ze-38 zeeDemokhrasi."
Ke iziphumo ngokwenene yayiluvukelo oluchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo kaMongameli Obama: Kwabazizityebi, wayengenzi ngokwaneleyo ukubatyebisa ngakumbi, ngelixa kumacandelo ahlwempuzekileyo, wayesenza kakhulu ukuphumeza eso siphelo.
Umsindo odumileyo uyaqondakala, ngenxa yokuba iibhanki zikhula kakuhle, ngenxa yebheyile, ngelixa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunyuke ukuya kwi-10 ekhulwini.
Kwimizi-mveliso, omnye kwabathandathu akasebenziโukungaqeshwa kwinqanaba lokuDodobala Okukhulu. Ngokukhula koqoqosho lwemali kunye nokudilizwa kweshishini elinemveliso, amathemba amfiliba okufunyanwa kwakhona kweentlobo zemisebenzi ebilahlekile.
UBrown wazibonakalisa njengevoti yama-41 ngokuchasene nokhathalelo lwezempilo-oko kukuthi, ivoti enokuthi ijongele phantsi ulawulo oluninzi kwiSenethi yaseMelika.
Kuyinyani ukuba inkqubo yezempilo ka-Obama yayiyeyona nto iphambili kunyulo lwaseMassachusetts. Izihloko zichanekile xa zixela ukuba uluntu luyayijikela le nkqubo.
Amanani okuvota achaza ukuba kutheni: Ibhili aliyi kude ngokwaneleyo. The Wall St. JournalI-poll ye-NBC ifumene ukuba uninzi lwabavoti abavumelani nokuphathwa kwezempilo kunye namaRiphabhlikhi kunye no-Obama.
La manani ahambelana novoto lwamva nje lwelizwe lonke. Ukhetho lukawonke-wonke lwaluthandwa ngama-56 ekhulwini abo bavotelwayo, kunye nokuthengwa kwe-Medicare kwiminyaka engama-55 ngama-64 ekhulwini; zombini iinkqubo zayekwa.
Amashumi asibhozo anesihlanu ekhulwini akholelwa ekubeni urhulumente ufanele ukuba nelungelo lokuthethathethana ngamaxabiso amayeza, njengakwamanye amazwe; U-Obama uqinisekisile i-Big Pharma ukuba akazukulandela olo khetho.
Uninzi olukhulu luthanda ukucuthwa kweendleko, okwenza ingqiqo: iindleko ze-US ngomntu ngamnye zokhathalelo lwezempilo zimalunga nephindwe kabini kunamanye amazwe amashishini, kwaye iziphumo zempilo zisezantsi.
Kodwa ukucuthwa kweendleko akunakuthathwa ngokungqongqo xa i-grease ithululelwa kwiinkampani zamachiza, kwaye ukhathalelo lwezempilo lusezandleni ze-inshurensi yabucala engalawulwayo-inkqubo eneendleko ezikhethekileyo e-US.
Isigqibo sikaJanuwari 21 siphakamisa imiqobo emitsha ebalulekileyo ekoyiseni ingxaki enkulu yokhathalelo lwempilo, okanye ukujongana nemiba ebaluleke kakhulu njengengxaki yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla azayo. Umsantsa phakathi kwezimvo zoluntu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ubonakala uba mkhulu. Kwaye umonakalo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika akunakufane uqikelelwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela