Yinyaniso yokuba ihlabathi likwimeko embi; eneneni, mininzi imingeni ejongene nehlabathi lethu kwaye iplanethi ikwinqanaba lokuqhekeka, njengoko uNoam Chomsky ecacisa ngodliwanondlebe olukhethekileyo apha ngezantsi. Thunti. Into engaziwa ngokubanzi kukuba elinye ihlabathi linokubakho kuba eli langoku alizinzile, itsho enye yezona ngqondi zibalaseleyo zehlabathi.
UChomsky liziko unjingalwazi ophumayo kwiSebe leeLinguistics kunye neFilosofi eMIT kunye nonjingalwazi ophumeleleyo weelwimi kunye no-Agnese Nelms Haury Usihlalo kwiNkqubo yeNdalo kunye noBulungisa beNtlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseArizona. Omnye wabaphengululi abakhankanywa kakhulu kwihlabathi kunye neengqondi zoluntu ezithathwa zizigidi zabantu njengobutyebi belizwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe, uChomsky upapashe iincwadi ezingaphezu kwe-150 kwiilwimi, ingcamango yezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle, uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, izifundo zeendaba, umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US kunye nehlabathi. imicimbi. Iincwadi zakhe zamva nje Igunya Elingekho mthethweni: Ukujamelana Neengxaki Zexesha Lethu (izayo; kunye noCJ Polychroniou); Iimfihlelo Zamazwi (kunye noAndrea Moro; MIT Press, 2022); Ukurhoxiswa: I-Iraq, iLibya, i-Afghanistan, kunye noBuqhetseba baMandla ase-US (kunye noVijay Prashad; The New Press, 2022); kwaye I-Precipice: Neoliberalism, ubhubhane kunye nesidingo esingxamisekileyo soTshintsho lweNtlalo (kunye noCJ Polychroniou; Iincwadi zeHaymarket, ngo-2021).
CJ Polychroniou: UNoam, njengoko singena kunyaka omtsha, ndifuna ukuqalisa olu dliwano-ndlebe ngokukucela ukuba uqaqambise eyona miceli mngeni mikhulu ejongene nehlabathi lethu namhlanje nokuba uyavumelana nebango lokuba inkqubela yoluntu, ngelixa iyinyani kwaye ibalulekile kwezinye iinkalo, akukho nokuba kungenakuphepheka?
Noam Chomsky: Eyona ndlela ilula yokuphendula yile Clock yeDoomsday, ngoku imiselwe kwimizuzwana eli-100 ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku, enokwenzeka ukuba isondele ekuyekisweni kwayo xa iphinda imiswe kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Njengoko kufanelekile, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into ebisenzeka kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Imiceli mngeni eyigqamisayo ngoJanuwari ophelileyo ihlala iphezulu kuluhlu: imfazwe yenyukliya, ukufudumeza kwehlabathi, kunye nokunye ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuwa kwebala leentetho ezinengqiqo enika ithemba kuphela lokujongana nemingeni ekhoyo. Kukho ezinye, kodwa makhe sijonge ezi.
IWashington isandula ukuvuma ukubonelela iUkraine ngemijukujelwa yePatriot. Ingaba bayasebenza okanye akunjalo ngumbuzo ovulekileyo, kodwa iRashiya iya kuthatha uhlalutyo olubi kakhulu kwaye ithathelwe ingqalelo njengento ekujoliswe kuyo. Sineenkcukacha ezimbalwa, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba abaqeqeshi base-US beze nemijukujelwa, yiloo nto ekujoliswe kuyo kuhlaselo lwaseRussia, olunokuthi sisiqhubele amanyathelo ambalwa kwileli yokunyuka.
Ayisiyiyo kuphela imeko eyoyikekayo e-Ukraine, kodwa izoyikiso zokunyukela kwimfazwe engalindelekanga azikho nje. Kuyingozi ngokwaneleyo kunxweme lwase-China, ngakumbi njengoko i-Biden ibhengeze imfazwe yenyani e-China kwaye iCongress iyavutha kancinane ukophula “ubuchule obucacileyo” obugcine uxolo malunga neTaiwan iminyaka engama-50, yonke imiba ebesikhe saxoxa ngayo ngaphambili.
Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, isoyikiso semfazwe engapheliyo siye sanda, kunye neziqinisekiso zobudenge nezingazi ukuba akufuneki kusichaphazele.
Masijike kwimo engqongileyo. Kubushushu behlabathi, iindaba zisuka kwezoyikekayo ukuya kwezothusayo, kodwa kukho iindawo eziqaqambileyo. I-Biodiversity Convention linyathelo elikhulu elibhekiselele ekuthinteleni ukutshatyalaliswa okuyingozi kwendalo. Inkxaso phantse jikelele, nangona hayi iyonke. Elinye ilizwe lala ukutyobela, elona lizwe linamandla kwimbali yehlabathi. I-GOP, ngokunyanisekileyo kwimigaqo yayo, iyala ukuxhasa nantoni na enokuphazamisa amandla abucala kunye nenzuzo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, i-US yalile ukutyikitya iiProtocol ze-Kyoto malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi (ezidityaniswe neli tyala yi-Andorra), iqhubela phambili ukusilela okuyintlekele ukwenza okuye kwawanciphisa kabukhali amathuba okubaleka kwintlekele.
Andithethi ukucebisa ukuba ihlabathi lingcwele. Kude noko. Kodwa i-hegemon yehlabathi ivelele.
Makhe sijike kwinto yesithathu eqhuba iKloko yoMhla weDoomsday ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku: ukuwa kwebala lentetho esengqiqweni. Uninzi lwengxoxo yale nto ikhathaza kakhulu igxile ekugqabhukeni kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo, ithiyori yeyelenqe lasendle, iQAnon kunye nolonyulo olubiweyo, kunye nolunye uphuhliso oluyingozi olunokulandelelwa ubukhulu becala ukuwohloka kocwangco phantsi kwesando semfazwe yeklasi. kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo. Kodwa ubuncinci sinoluvo olucacileyo noluqiqayo loluvo lwengqondo oluvulekileyo olunika ithemba lentetho esengqiqweni.
Okanye ngaba thina?
Into esiyibonayo kwesi sizinda ihlala iphikisana nenkolelo-kwaye ikhupha isigculelo ngaphandle kwezangqa zaseNtshona. Umzekelo, ijenali ephambili yokusekwa kwemicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe isazisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ukoyiswa kweRashiya “ingawomeleza umgaqo ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwelinye ilizwe akunakuze kohlwaywe.”
Ijenali ibhekisa kumgaqo oye wagcinwa ngobulumko xa singabameli bohlaselo - ingcinga ebonakala kuphela phakathi kwabo benza ulwaphulo-mthetho olungaxolelekiyo lokusebenzisa kuthi imigaqo esiyixhasa ngenkalipho abanye. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba ingcamango ayizange ivele kwindawo eqhelekileyo. Kodwa akukho lula ukuyifumana.
Ngamanye amaxesha oko kubonakala kungaqhelekanga kangangokuba umntu unelungelo lokuzibuza ukuba yintoni enokuthi ilale emva kwayo, kuba ababhali bengayikholelwa le nto bayithethayo. Umzekelo, umntu unokusabela njani kwibali elinomxholo othi “Akukho bungqina bubambekayo iRussia isemva kohlaselo lweNord Stream,” sihlabela mgama sicacisa ukuba, “iinkokeli zehlabathi zakhawuleza zabeka ityala iMoscow ngokuqhushumba kwemibhobho yegesi yendalo engaphantsi kolwandle. Kodwa amanye amagosa aseNtshona ngoku ayathandabuza ukuba iKremlin yayinoxanduva,” nangona kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaRashiya ayekwenza oko ukuze “athintele ukuhamba kwamandla kwizigidi kwilizwekazi liphela”?
Kuyinyani ngokwaneleyo ukuba uninzi lwaseNtshona lwakhawuleza ukutyhola iRussia, kodwa oko kunolwazi njengenyani yokuba xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle, ii-apparatchik zaseRussia zikhawuleza ukugxeka i-US Enyanisweni, njengoko uninzi lwehlabathi lwaqaphela kanye, iRussia imalunga noku. oyena nobangela umncinci. Abazuzi nto ngokutshabalalisa impahla yabo exabisekileyo; I-Gazprom yaseburhulumenteni yaseRashiya ingoyena mnini kunye nomphuhlisi wemibhobho, kwaye iRashiya ithembele kubo ngengeniso kunye nefuthe. Ukuba babefuna “ukukrwitsha ukuhamba kwamandla,” ekuphela kwento ababenokuyenza kukuvala izivalo ezithile.
Njengoko iindawo eziphilileyo zehlabathi ziphinde zaqaphela kanye, oyena nobangela nguye kuphela owayenazo zombini iinjongo kunye nobuchule. Injongo yase-US ayibuzwa. Sele kuyiminyaka ibhengezwa esidlangalaleni. Umongameli uBiden wabazisa ngokucacileyo oogxa bakhe baseJamani, esidlangalaleni, ukuba iRussia ihlasela iUkraine umbhobho uya kutshatyalaliswa. Ubunakho be-US ngokuqinisekileyo abunakubuzwa, nangaphandle kohambo olukhulu lomkhosi waselwandle wase-US kwindawo yolonakaliso nje phambi kokuba lwenzeke.
Kodwa ukwenza isigqibo esicacileyo kufana nokubamba ukuba "umgaqo obalaseleyo wokuba uhlaselo kwelinye ilizwe alinako ukungohlwaywa" unokusebenza xa i-US ihlasela i-Iraq okanye nabani na. Ayithetheki.
Yintoni ke elele ngaphaya kwesihloko esihlekisayo "Akukho bungqina bubambekayo iRussia isemva kohlaselo lweNord Stream" - inguqulelo ye-Orwellian yengxelo esinobungqina obuninzi bokuba iRussia yayingemva kohlaselo kwaye i-US yayikhona.
Eyona mpendulo isengqiqweni bubuchule “bobusela, isela”, isixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokusasaza ubuxoki: Xa ubhaqwe ngezandla zakho epokothweni yomnye umntu, musa ukukhanyela oko kwaye uphikiswe ngokulula. Kunoko, yalatha kwenye indawo uze ukhwaze uthi “isela, isela,” uvuma ukuba kukho umphangi ngoxa unikel’ ingqalelo kumenzi wobubi othile. Isebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ushishino lwamafutha efosili sele luwenza ngokufanelekileyo iminyaka, njengoko sesixoxile. Isebenza ngcono nangakumbi xa ihonjiswe ngobuchule obuqhelekileyo ezenza ukuba ipropaganda yase-US isebenze ngakumbi kunoluhlu olunobuzwilakhe: impikiswano ekhuthazayo ukubonisa ukuvuleka kwethu, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemiqobo emxinwa efaka umyalezo wepropaganda ngokubekwa kwangaphambili, osebenza ngakumbi. ngaphezu kokutsho. Ke, gxininisa inyani yokuba kukho ukuthandabuza malunga nokonakala kweRussia, ebonisa ukuba siluluntu olukhululekileyo noluvulelekileyo ngelixa siseka ngokunzulu ibango elihlekisayo elifunwa yinkqubo yepropaganda.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho enye into enokwenzeka: Mhlawumbi amacandelo eenkcuba-buchopho antyumpantyumpeka ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yokusasaza ubuxoki kangangokuba eneneni ababuboni ubuvuvu baloo nto bayithethayo.
Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, sisikhumbuzo esicacileyo sokuwa kwebala leentetho ezinengqiqo, kanye apho sinokuba nethemba lokuba inokukhuselwa.
Ngelishwa, kulula kakhulu ukuqhubeka.
Ngamafutshane, zontathu izizathu zokuba kutheni le Wotshi iye yasiwa kwimizuzwana eli-100 ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku ziye zaqiniswa kakhulu kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Ayisiso isiphelo esithuthuzelayo, kodwa esingenakuphepheka.
Izazinzulu zisilumkisa ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi kusisisongelo esikhoyo kangangokuba impucuko ijonge kwintlekele enkulu. Ngaba amabango e-apocalyptic okanye iimbono malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi ziluncedo? Ngokwenene, kuya kuthatha ntoni ukuphumeza imozulu eyimpumelelo, xa ucinga ukuba elona lizwe linamandla embalini ngokwenene “lilizwe elikhohlakeleyo elikhokelela ihlabathi ekuwohlokeni kwendalo,” njengoko uGeorge Monbiot ekubeka ngokufanelekileyo oko. ukutshintshwa kwangoku in Guardian?
Imozulu yeYunivesithi yaseYale inkqubo yemozulu nonxibelelwano ebeqhuba izifundo ngendlela engcono yokuzisa abantu ukuba baqonde ubunyani bobunzima obujongene noluntu. Kukho abanye, kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo.
Ngumsebenzi obaluleke ngakumbi “kwimeko embi ekhokelela ihlabathi ekuwohlokeni kwendalo.” Ikwangumsebenzi wobunzima, ngenxa yokuba ukukhanyela akukhona nje kuphela kwizangqa ezithile kodwa bekusondele kumgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni kwi-Republican Party ukusukela oko lo mbutho uneengcwangu wanikezela kuhlaselo lwe-Koch energy conglomerate, eyasungulwa xa iqela lalibonakala ngathi ukujongisa ekubeni sempilweni ngexesha lephulo likaMcCain lika-2008. Xa abanyanisekileyo beqela besiva iinkokeli zabo, namajelo eendaba e-echo chamber, ebaqinisekisa “ukuba bangakhathazeki,” akukho lula ukufikelela kubo. Kwaye nangona kugqithisile, i-GOP ayiyodwa.
Kubonakala ngathi kuvunyelwene ngokubanzi ukuba izibhengezo ze-apocalyptic aziloncedo. Abantu bangamamela okanye bamamele kwaye banikezele: “Inkulu kakhulu kum.” Into ebonakala iphumelele ngakumbi igxininisa kumava angqalileyo kunye namanyathelo anokuthi athathwe, nokuba amancinci. Konke oku kuqhelekile kubaququzeleli ngokubanzi. Yindlela enzima ekufuneka ilandelwe kwabo babaziyo ubuzaza bengxaki. Kodwa imigudu yokufikelela abantu ifanele ivisisane nendlela abaqonda ngayo nezinto ezibaxhalabisayo. Kungenjalo, basenokuhla baye ekuzishumayeleni ngokwabo de bangabikho.
Kutshanje, siye saxubusha kolunye udliwano-ndlebe iinjongo kunye neziphumo zeneoliberal capitalism. Ngoku, iniyoliberalism ikholisa ukudityaniswa nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kuyacaca ukuba le yamva yinkqubo enamacala amaninzi ebikho kudala phambi kokuvela kweniyoliberalism. Ewe, olona hlobo luphambili lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi namhlanje kukudityaniswa kwe-neoliberal, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba umanyano lwehlabathi kufuneka lulungelelaniswe ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-niyoliberal kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni, okanye kucinge ukuba "ayikho enye indlela." Ngokwenene kukho imizabalazo eqhubekayo kwihlabathi liphela yolawulo lwedemokhrasi kumazwe, iimarike kunye neenkampani. Umbuzo wam ke ngulo: Ngaba kukucinga okungaphaya kokukholelwa ukuba imeko ikhoyo inokucelwa umngeni kwaye elinye ilizwe linokwenzeka?
Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuthetha nje ukudityaniswa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Inokuthatha ngeendlela ezininzi. I-neoliberal globalization eyilwe ubukhulu becala ngexesha leminyaka kaClinton yayiyilwe kumdla wenkunzi yabucala, kunye nothotho lwezivumelwano ezikhusela amalungelo abatyali-zimali ezigqunywe “njengorhwebo lwasimahla.” Oko kwakungenakuphepheka nangayiphi na indlela. Zombini imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye ne-Congress's own research bureau (iOfisi yoVavanyo lweTekhnoloji, okanye i-OTA) indulule iindlela ezizezinye ezilungiselelwe imidla yabantu abasebenzayo e-US nakwamanye amazwe. Baye bagxothwa ngokukhawuleza. I-OTA yachithwa, ngokweengxelo, ngenxa yokuba I-GOP kaNewt Gingrich iyithathele ingqalelo njengokukhetha ngokuchasene nabo, nangona kusenokwenzeka ukuba iClintonite New Democrats yabelana ngeemvakalelo malunga nenyani kunye nesizathu. Ikhapitali yakhula, kubandakanywa nenkqubo yezemali edla ngokubakho. Umsebenzi wenziwa buthathaka kakhulu, kunye neziphumo ezibuyelela ngoku.
Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kungathatha uhlobo olwahluke kakhulu, kanye njengokuba amalungiselelo ezoqoqosho enokwenza ngokubanzi. Kukho imbali ende yeenzame zokwahlula ezopolitiko kwisizinda sezoqoqosho, le yokugqibela ithathwa njengenjongo esulungekileyo, njengenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi, ekhokelwa ziingcali kwikhondo lezoqoqosho kwaye ikhuselekile kwi-arhente yabemi abaqhelekileyo, ngokukodwa abasebenzi. Olunye uphononongo lwamva nje oluchukumisayo, nguClara Mattei, uphikisa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba le dichotomy, ngokuqhelekileyo ithatha uhlobo lweenkqubo ezingqongqo, ibe sisixhobo esiphambili semfazwe yeklasi kwinkulungwane, ivula indlela eya kwi-fascism, eyamkelwa ngokwenene ngombono we-Western elite, ngenzondelelo " abakhululekileyo.”
Noko ke, akukho sizathu sakwamkela intsomi. Ummandla wezopolitiko ngengqiqo ebanzi, kubandakanywa abasebenzi kunye nezinye izenzo ezithandwayo, zinokubumba inkqubo yezoqoqosho ngeendlela eziya kunceda abantu, kungekhona inzuzo kunye namandla abucala. Ukunyuka kwedemokhrasi yezentlalo kukubonisa kakuhle oko, kodwa akukho sizathu sakwamkela ukucinga kwayo okuthe cwaka kokuba ulawulo lwentando yesininzi longxowankulu ngumthetho wendalo. Ukucaphula uMattei, “imibutho yabantu inokudlulela ngaphaya kobudlelwane bobukapitali [isiya kwidemokhrasi yezoqoqosho], okanye udidi olulawulayo luya kulumisela kwakhona ulawulo lwayo.”
Imeko ekhoyo ngokuqinisekileyo inokucelwa umngeni. Ihlabathi elilunge ngakumbi linokufikelelwa. Kukho zonke izizathu zokuhlonipha isilogeni seForam yeNtlalo yeHlabathi yokuba "Elinye ilizwe linokwenzeka," elingcono kakhulu, kwaye sizinikele kwimizamo yethu yokuyifezekisa.
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Enkosi kwakhona uNjingalwazi Chomsky. Ndihlala ndifumana ithemba ngokufunda amanqaku enu.
UMnu. Phillips
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