(Umfanekiso: Jared Rodriguez, Truthout)
Ingxelo evela kwiPhaneli yoRhulumente weZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu ibonisa indlela ubungxowankulu obuyikhusela ngayo ingxaki yemozulu.
IPhaneli yoLawulo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) ikhuphe ingxelo entsha yemozulu ehlaziya kwaye idibanise iziphumo kuzo zonke iingxelo ezidlulileyo kuvavanyo lwesithandathu lwe-IPCC. Ingxelo ye-synthesis ibongoza ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukunqanda ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nokukhusela ikamva elinokuphila kubo bonke. Kolu dliwano-ndlebe olukhethekileyo lwe Thunti, UNoam Chomsky kunye noRobert Pollin banika ukuqonda okumangalisayo malunga nokuba ingxelo entsha ye-IPCC ithetha ntoni kunye nefuthe lesenzo, kwezopolitiko kunye nezezimali, ezibandakanya iziphumo zayo.
UNoam Chomsky liziko unjingalwazi ophumayo kwisebe leelwimi kunye nefilosofi eMIT kunye nonjingalwazi ophumelele ibhaso leelwimi kunye no-Agnese Nelms Haury Usihlalo kwiNkqubo yezoBulungisa beNdalo kunye neNtlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseArizona. Omnye wabaphengululi abakhankanyiweyo behlabathi kwimbali yanamhlanje kunye nobukrelekrele obalulekileyo obonwa zizigidi zabantu njengobutyebi belizwe kunye namazwe aphesheya, uChomsky upapashe iincwadi ezingaphezu kwe-150 kwiilwimi, ingcinga yezopolitiko nezentlalo, uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, izifundo zemidiya, i-US yangaphandle. umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nemicimbi yehlabathi, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. URobert Pollin ungunjingalwazi obalaseleyo wezoqoqosho kunye no-co-director weZiko loPhando loQoqosho lwezopolitiko (PERI) kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts-Amherst. UPollin, ongomnye weengcali zezoqoqosho eziqhubela phambili ehlabathini, upapashe intaphane yeencwadi namanqaku emfundo angomsebenzi noqoqosho olukhulu, imarike yabasebenzi, imivuzo nobuhlwempu, kunye nemekobume namandla ezoqoqosho. Wakhethwa ngu Imagazini yoMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle njengomnye we "100 Leading Global Thinkers for 2013." UChomsky kunye noPollin ngababhali abasebenzisanayo Ingxaki yeMozulu kunye neGlobal Green Green Deal: UQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lokusindisa iPlanethi (2020).
I-CJ Polychroniou: I-IPCC isandula ukukhupha ingxelo yodibaniso esekwe kumxholo weNgxelo yoVavanyo lwesiThandathu, oko kukuthi, igalelo elivela kumaQela aSebenzayo amaThathu kunye neeNgxelo eziKhethekileyo ezintathu. Ngamafutshane, sinengxelo yovavanyo lwesayensi malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu epapashwe ukusukela ngo-2018, ngaphandle kokuba ingxelo entsha ipeyinta umfanekiso okhathazayo ngakumbi: Sisondele kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili ukufikelela okanye ukudlula ubushushu obuyi-1.5-degree Celsius kwaye โsiyaqhubeka Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuya kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yemozulu.โ Isebenzisa oko kufunyaniswe zizazinzulu ezingamakhulu eziye zafakโ isandla kwiSixth Assessment Report (AR6) yeIPCC), ingxelo yeIPCCโs synthesis ithi โkungekudala, mmandla ngamnye ehlabathini ujongene nokwanda okungakumbi kweengozi zemozulu (imozulu).ukuzithemba okuphakathi ukuya phezulu, ngokuxhomekeke kummandla kunye nobungozi), ukwandisa imingcipheko emininzi kwi-ikhosistim nakubantu (ukuzithemba okuphezulu kakhulu).โ Ngokufanelekileyo, ababhali bengxelo yokudibanisa bathi ukunciphisa ubushushu behlabathi kufuna "i-zero zero" ekukhutshweni kwekharbon diokside kwaye ifestile yethuba "lokukhusela ikamva eliphilayo nelizinzileyo kubo bonke" "ivala ngokukhawuleza" kwaye ibize inyathelo elingxamisekileyo lemozulu. yonke imida. Ewe, kwingxelo yokudibanisa, ababhali bayo bathi kukho amathuba amakhulu "okunyusa isenzo semozulu" kwaye kukunqongophala kwentando yezopolitiko okusibuyisela umva.
Uthini uNowam, zithini izimvo zakho ngengxelo entsha ye-IPCC? Andiqondi ukuba wothuswa yiyo nayiphi na into efunyenweyo okanye iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo.
UNoam Chomsky: Iingxelo ze-IPCC ngamaxwebhu emvumelwano. Ngenxa yoko, bathanda ukwenza impazamo ngokujongela phantsi. Lo undibetha ngokwahlukileyo. Kubonakala ngathi ukuphelelwa lithemba phakathi koluntu lwenzululwazi kuye kwafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba iiglavu zicinyiwe kwaye baziva ukuba ixesha lifikile. Ixesha lifutshane. Inyathelo eliqinisekileyo liyimfuneko engxamisekileyo. Amathuba akhona. Ukuba azithathwa, ngamandla, sisenokuthi: โKubi, bekumnandi ukukwazi.โ
Ingxelo igxininisa ukusilela โkwentando yezopolitiko.โ Ilunge kakhulu. Ukuba sikukhathalele ngokwaneleyo ukusinda okundilisekileyo ukuze sithathe amanyathelo angqongqo, kufuneka sijonge ngocoselelo lo mbono kunye nokuba kuthetha ukuthini kuluntu olukhoyo; okanye ngcono, kuluntu sinethemba elithile lokufikelela ngaphakathi kwemida yexesha lesenzo esiyimfuneko. Kufuneka, ngokufutshane, sibe nokuqonda okucacileyo kweziseko zamaziko apho intando yezopolitiko inokuba neziphumo ezibambekayo.
Yenziwa phi intando yezopolitiko? Ezitratweni, ukwamkela isikweko esiqhelekileyo, intsingiselo phakathi koluntu olunolwazi, olusebenzayo, olulungelelanisiweyo. Njengoko olo hlobo lwentando yezopolitiko lusetyenziswa, lunokuthi - kule meko, lufikelele kwaye luphembelele amaziko olawulo, abucala kunye norhulumente, anxibelelene ngokusondeleyo.
Masibe sekhonkrithi. INkongolo isandula kuwisa โumthetho obalulekileyoโ kwimozulu, uMthetho wokuNcitshiswa kwexabiso lentengo (IRA) ka-2022. yanconywa njenge owona mthetho ubalulekileyo wamandla acocekileyo kunye nemozulu kwimbali yesizwe, "usuku olutsha lwentshukumo yemozulu eUnited States."
Oko kuchanekile. Ikwayinkcazo elusizi ngembali kunye nethemba "lentshukumo yemozulu."
Ngelixa ungekho ngaphandle kweempawu ezintle, lo Mthetho sisithunzi esiluthuthu somthetho ocetywayo lulawulo lweBiden phantsi kwempembelelo yobutshantliziyo obudumileyo, obuqhutywa ikakhulu kwiofisi kaBernie Sanders. Kuphuhliso olunxulumeneyo, amanyathelo afanayo afikelela kwiNkomfa kwiSigqibo esiNtsha seGreen Deal saphinda saziswa ngo-2021 ngu-Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez kunye no-Ed Markey.
Isindululo seBiden ngenene besiya kuba "ngumthetho obalulekileyo" ukuba besiwisiwe. Ngelixa singonelanga ekukhanyeni konxunguphalo esijongene nalo, ibiya kuba linyathelo elide eliya phambili. Kwanqunyulwa inyathelo ngenyathelo nge-100 yeepesenti inkcaso yeRiphabhlikhi kuyo nayiphi na into enokujongana neyona ngxaki inzima kwimbali yoluntu - kwaye iphule inkonzo yabo enomdla kubutyebi obugqithileyo kunye namandla eshishini. Idityaniswe ziidemokhrasi ezimbalwa zamaphiko asekunene, i-GOP radicalism iphumelele ekususeni uninzi lwento yesindululo sokuqala.
Ukuqonda amaziko ethu ezopolitiko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukuzinikela kwe-GOP okuqinileyo ekutshatyalalisweni kwendalo ayisiyonto nje ilusizi ekuhlaleni. Ngo-2008, umgqatswa womongameli weRiphabhlikhi uJohn McCain wazisa inyathelo lemozulu elilinganiselweyo kwinkqubo yakhe, kwaye amaRiphabhlikhi eCongress nawo aqwalasela amanyathelo athile.
Kangangeminyaka, indibanisela yamandla yabazalwana baseKoch bebesebenza nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba iGOP ayizukuguquka ekukhanyeleni imozulu. Bathe bakuva ngoku kunxaxha, baqalisa ijuggernaut ukubuyisela izithethe: ukunyoba, ukoyikisa, ukuphembelela, ukubhula ngeenkwenkwezi, zonke izixhobo ezifumanekayo kumandla agxininisiweyo ezoqoqosho. Yasebenza, ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo. Ukusukela ngoko kude kube namhlanje kunzima ukubona nakuphi na ukuhamba kwe-GOP kwinkonzo engafanelekanga ukuya kwimfuno yamandla agxininisiweyo ekufuneka sibalekisele entshabalalweni (kunye nenzuzo, kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo apho iya kubaluleka).
Lo ngumzekelo ogqithisileyo, kodwa awukho kude kakhulu kwisiqhelo kwindlela elawulayo yobungxowankulu bombuso. Oko kunjalo ngakumbi kwixesha lobungxowankulu obukhohlakeleyo obubizwa ngokuba yi-neoliberalism, ngokusisiseko luhlobo lwemfazwe ekrakra yodidi olufihlwe kwisigama esilahlekisayo โsemarike yasimahla,โ njengoko isenzo sibonisa ngokucacileyo okucacileyo.
Ukubuyela kwi-IRA, icandelo elinye elisisiseko luludwe lwezixhobo zokukhuthaza ishishini lamafutha efosili kunye namaziko emali ayixhasayo. nceda wenze kakuhle ngakumbi. Izixhobo ikakhulu zizinyobo kunye nenkxaso, kubandakanya nesipho semihlaba yomdibaniso ukuze kusetyenziswe ukutsalwa kwe-oyile kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, kwakude kudala emva kokuba sigqithise amanqaku okutshatyalaliswa kwemozulu okungenakulungiseka.
Ukukhethwa kwamaqhinga kuyaqondakala xa kujongwe amaqumrhu akhoyo akhoyo. Kuqondwa kakuhle kwinkcubeko ye-elite ukuba zonke iinkxalabo kufuneka zibe phantsi kwentlalontle yeenkosi zoqoqosho lwabucala. Lowo nguMoses nabaProfeti, ukucacisa uMarx. Ngaphandle kokuba iinkosi ziyavuya, silahlekile.
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, lonke uluntu lwahlanganiselwa ukulwa. Kodwa njengoNobhala weMfazwe uHenry L. Stimson ya phawula, "Ukuba uza kuzama ukuya emfazweni, okanye ukulungiselela imfazwe, kwilizwe longxowankulu, kufuneka uvumele ishishini lenze imali ngale nkqubo okanye ishishini aliyi kusebenza." Iinkokeli zoshishino zacelwa โukuba ziqhube ii-arhente ezilungelelanisa imveliso, [kodwa] zahlala kwimivuzo yenkampani, zisawuqonda umdla wamaqumrhu abawaqhubayo. Indlela efanayo, eyakhuthaza amashishini ukuba asebenzisane, yayiyinkqubo yeendleko kunye ne-fixed-fixed-fee, apho urhulumente wayeqinisekisa zonke iindleko zophuhliso nemveliso aze ahlawule ipesenti yengeniso kwizinto ezivelisiweyo.โ
Izinto zokuqala kuqala. Kubalulekile ukuphumelela imfazwe, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu "ukuvumela ishishini lenze imali kwinkqubo." Lowo nguMthetho weGolide wokwenene, uMthetho omele ugcinwe, kungekuphela nje ngexesha lemfazwe eyonakalisayo kwimbali, kodwa nakwimfazwe enkulu kakhulu apho uluntu lubandakanyekayo ngoku: imfazwe yokugcina ubomi bomntu obulungelelanisiweyo eMhlabeni.
Owona mthetho-siseko uphezulu wamaziko ethu ukwatyhila ubuhlanya bawo obungaphakathi. Kufana nokuba urhulumente waseMexico ebeza kubhenela kumashishini athengisa iziyobisi ukuba anciphise ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngokubanika izinyobo kunye neentlawulo.
Asinakumangaliswa kukuba xa amaxabiso e-oyile edubula emva kokuhlasela kukaPutin e-Ukraine, iinkampani zeoyile zasazisa ngobuchule: Uxolo bantu, Akukho Dice. Ingeniso yabo ekhulayo inokwandiswa nangakumbi ngokunciphisa ukuzibophelela kwabo okulinganiselweyo kumandla azinzileyo kunye nokulandela imali enkulu, nokuba zithini na iziphumo zobomi emhlabeni.
Konke kuqhelekile. Singakhumbula iNkomfa ye-UN ye-COP26 yaseGlasgow ngemozulu ngo-Okthobha wama-2021. Umthunywa wase-US u-John Kerry wayechulumancile kukuba imakethi ngoku ikwicala lethu. Sinokuphulukana njani? I-BlackRock kunye nabanye abaphathi be-asethi babethembisa ukubonelela amashumi eebhiliyoni zeedola ngenxa yophuhliso oluzinzileyo - kunye neeprovisos ezimbini ezincinci: utyalo-mali lwabo oluhle kufuneka lube nenzuzo, kwaye luhamba kunye neziqinisekiso eziqinileyo zokuba abayi kuba yingozi. Konke kubulela kumhlawuli werhafu onobubele, obizwa rhoqo ukuba akhwele ukuya kuhlangula kwindawo yethu i-neoliberal bailout uqoqosho, ukwamkela ibinzana lezoqoqosho uRobert Pollin noGerald Epstein.
Ngamathub' athile ndikhe ndacaphula imbono ka-Adam Smith yokuba kuyo yonke iminyaka, "iinkosi zoluntu" - abo baphethe amandla ezoqoqosho - babambelela "kumgaqo wabo ongcolileyo": "sonke ngokwethu, akukho nto yabanye abantu."
Kulo mxholo wangoku, uqwalaselo luyalahlekisa kancinane. Abalawuli abanegunya eliphakamileyo banokwenza umlinganiselo othile wobubele kwabo babalawulayo, kwanokuba oko kuya kuhlawula iindleko zobutyebi babo obuninzi. Iinkqubo zongxowankulu azikuvumeli ukutenxa okunjalo kumgaqo ombi. Imigaqo esisiseko yeyokuba uphishekela inzuzo kunye nesabelo semarike, okanye uphumile kumdlalo. Kuphela nje ukuba uluntu olulungelelanisiweyo lunyanzelise ukugotywa kwemithetho apho sinokulindela ukutenxa kulo mgaqo umbi.
Uninzi luvakalise ukudideka lokuba ii-CEO zeenkampani zamafutha efosili kunye neebhanki ezibabolekayo zinokuncama ngabazukulwana babo ukuze baziqwebele ubutyebi obungaphezu kobo sele bugqithise amaphupha obutyebi. Basenokunika impendulo ekholisayo: Ewe, yinto endiyenzayo leyo, kodwa xa ndithe ndaphuma kulo mkhwa, ndiza kuthatyathelwโ indawo ngumntu owugcinayo, nonokungabi namdla wam, nto leyo enokunciphisa intlekele ngandlelโ ithile..
Kwakhona, bubudenge bamaziko akhoyo.
Sinokongeza amazwi obulumko ka-Adam Smith asondelelene ngokusondeleyo: enkosi kulawulo lwabo lwezoqoqosho, iinkosi zoluntu ziba โngabayili abaphambiliโ bomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iimfuno zabo โzijongwa kakhuluโ kungakhathaliseki ukuba zinjani na. โibuhlunguโ imiphumo kwabanye. Ngumbono ongaqhelekanga.
Amandla afanayo angaphendulekiyo anempembelelo enkulu kwiimfundiso ezikhoyo, oko uGramsci wabiza ngokuba "ingqondo eqhelekileyo ye-hegemonic." Uvoto lubonisa ukuba abavoti abachonga njengamaRiphabhlikhi banenkxalabo encinci "ngokutshintsha kwemozulu" - ukwamkela i-euphemism eqhelekileyo yokubilisa iplanethi. Ayimangalisi loo nto. Oko bakuva kwiinkokeli zabo kunye namagumbi e-echo afana Fox News kukuba ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyenzeka, akunamsebenzi. Yenye nje indibaniselwano โyabantu abakhululekileyoโ kumaphulo abo anobuqhophololo, kunye โnokukhuliswaโ kwabantwana โngoozwilakhe abalusiziโ abaqhuba iDemocratic Party (ekholelwa phantse sisiqingatha sabavoti be-GOP), bekhuthaza โuTshintsho olukhuluโ ukutshabalalisa. uhlanga olumhlophe olucinezelweyo, kunye nantoni na enokuyilwa ngokulandelayo ukugcina irabble emgceni ngelixa iinkqubo zomthetho zibahlaba emqolo.
Andifuni ukucebisa ukuba i-GOP iyodwa ekungcoleni. Kude noko. Basanda kuqhuba imfazwe yodidi ukuba ibe yingozi kakhulu ukuba impembelelo ibingeyoyiki kangako.
Ndikhankanye icandelo elinye le-IRA: izipho kunye nenkxaso kubenzi bobubi ukubakhuthaza ukuba benze kakuhle ngakumbi. Kukho icandelo lesibini: umgaqo-nkqubo wemizi-mveliso, ukutyeshela imfundiso yeniyoliberal. Kule meko, uncediso-mali olukhulu kumandla abucala ukubuyisela ishishini letshiphu lasekhaya. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo eyongezelelekileyo: Ngaba iingeniso ezivela kuwonke-wonke kufuneka zithunyelwe kwiipokotho zabaninizabelo abazizityebi kunye nokhetho lwesitokhwe kudidi lwabalawuli abazizityebi kakhulu? Okanye ngaba imveliso yentlalo kufuneka isasazwe ngokwahlukileyo, kubandakanywa noluntu ngokubanzi olulityalwayo? Imibuzo ekungafanelanga ukuba ingahoywa.
Okunye okungamele kutyeshelwa ngumba obanzi weenzame zokwakha ngokutsha inxalenye yoqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso eyathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngoosomaqhuzu kwezoqoqosho ukwenzela intlalo-ntle yabo. Umzamo uyinxalenye yemfazwe ebanzi yorhwebo ngokuchasene neTshayina, eyenzelwe ukuthintela uphuhliso lwayo loqoqosho. Enye into ephambili kuloo mfazwe kukunyanzela ishishini laseYurophu, laseKorea kunye nelaseJapan ukuba lincame imarike yalo enkulu kunye nomthombo wezinto ezikrwada eTshayina ukuze kusebenze iphulo laseWashington lokugcina i-hegemony yehlabathi. Ukuba oku kuya kwenzeka njani, asazi. Kodwa ifuna ingqalelo nokucinga.
Ezi zizivubeko zebrashi ezibanzi, ezijongene nokuthathwa kwexabiso elikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba umfanekiso oqhelekileyo sisikhokelo esiluncedo sokucinga ngemisebenzi engaphambili. Isigqibo esinye esibambekayo sesokuba kukho ithemba elincinci phakathi kolwakhiwo lweziko lobungxowankulu obukhohlakeleyo. Ngaba oku kungatshintshwa ngokwaneleyo ngaphakathi kwexesha lokwenyani, kunye nesici esikhohlakeleyo se-amalgam esincitshisiweyo okanye sipheliswe? Kunzima ukucinga ukuba ubundlavini bunokubuyiswa ngokubuyela kwinto efana ne-capitalism yeminyaka ye-Eisenhower, ethi, nazo zonke iziphene zayo ezinzulu, ithathwe ngobulungisa obuthile โnjengeminyaka yegolideโ yobungxowankulu bombuso. Ukulawula okona kugqithisileyo kwemfazwe yodidi kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo ngokuqinisekileyo kuyenzeka.
Ngaba oko bekuya kwanela ukuvumela โintando yezobupolitikaโ yasezitratweni ithintele okona kubi, kuvuleke indlela esa kwikamva elilunge ngakumbi elinokubonwa ngokusengqiqweni? Inye kuphela indlela yokufumanisa: Ukuzinikela kulo msebenzi.
Bob, zithini ezakho iingcinga malunga nengxelo entsha ye-IPCC? Ngaba ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside โkunothiโ kungafikelelwa kuwo onke amacandelo phambi kwenkulungwane ephakathi? Ukuba kunjalo, siqala phi, yaye njani? Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uphendule le nxalenye yombuzo, ngaba "i-zero eseleyo" ithetha ukukhutshwa kweqanda? Ukuqiniseka, ngaba kukho into efana ne "net zero" okanye "zero carbon?"
URobert Pollin: Ngo-2022, ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside (CO2) iyonke kufikelele kwi-40.5 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Kule nto iyonke, iitoni ze-36.6 zeebhiliyoni, okanye i-90 yepesenti yazo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo ze-CO2022 ze-2, zaveliswa ngokutshisa ioli, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo ukuvelisa amandla. I-3.9 yezigidigidi zeetoni eziseleyo, ezilingana ne-10 ekhulwini layo yonke into, ziveliswe ngokutshintsha kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ngokukodwa. ukuchithwa kwamahlathi ukucoca umhlaba woshishino lwezolimo kunye nemigodi. Ukukhutshwa kwemveliso yehlabathi ka-2022 kwakungaphantsi kancinane kwenani eliyincopho lika-2019, oko kukuthi, unyaka nje phambi kokuvalwa kwe-COVID. Ukukhutshwa kwemveliso yehlabathi kwehle ngo-2020 ngenxa yokuvalwa komsebenzi, kodwa malunga neepesenti ezi-6 kuphela, emva koko kwaqala ukunyuka kwakhona ngo-2021, njengoko uqoqosho lwehlabathi lwaphuma kuvaliwe. Ukusukela kwingxelo yayo eyimbali ka-2018, i-IPCC iye yagxininisa ngakumbi ukuba, ukuze ube nethuba elifanelekileyo lokuzinzisa ukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu lehlabathi nge-1.5 degrees Celsius xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba angaphambi koshishino, ukukhutshwa kweCO2 yehlabathi kufuneka kucuthwe ngokurhabaxa. ngesiqingatha, ukuya kwi-20 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni, ukususela ngo-2030 kwaye ke ukufikelela "i-zero ye-net" ekhutshwayo ngo-2050.
Ukwithagethi ngokupheleleyo yokubuza ukuba lithetha ukuthini kanye kanye igama elithi "net zero" apha. Ngapha koko, ngokwalo, elo gama lincinci elithi "umnatha" kwibinzana elithi "net zero emissions" lidala amathuba amakhulu okudibanisa kunye ne-obfuscation ecacileyo malunga nezisombululo zemozulu. Abavelisi bamafutha efosili kunye naye nabani na ongomnye ngoku ofumana ingeniso ngokuthengisa amafutha efosili bazibophelele ekusebenziseni la mathuba e-obfuscation kangangoko.
Ingongoma kukuba igama elithi "net zero" livumela iimeko apho ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kuhlala kwinqanaba elithile elibalulekileyo ngo-2050, oko kukuthi, sisatshisa ioli, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo ukuvelisa amandla kwaye sisatshabalalisa iindawo zamahlathi, ukuqala. kunye nehlathi laseAmazon. Indlela ebesinokuthi sifikelele ngayo kwintsalela ye-zero ekhutshwayo phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo iya kubandakanya ukukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo eziqhubekayo kwi-atmosfera ngemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ewela phantsi kwegama elithi "ikhabhoni yokubamba" itekhnoloji.
Zeziphi iiteknoloji zokubamba ikhabhoni? Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho enye kanye, kwaye inye kuphela, itekhnoloji enjalo ibonakaliswe ukuba iyasebenza kwaye ikhuselekile. Oko kukutyala imithi. Ngokuthe ngqo, ndibhekisa ekugawulweni kwamahlathi - oko kukuthi, ukwandisa ukugquma kwamahlathi okanye ukuxinana kwiindawo ebezingamahlathi ngaphambili okanye ezigawulweyo. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, elona gama lisetyenziswa kakhulu, lelinye icandelo lokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kusebenza ngesizathu esilula sokuba imithi ephilayo ifunxa iCO2. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kukhupha i-CO2 kwiatmosfera, inegalelo kubushushu behlabathi.
Umbuzo omkhulu ngokutyalwa kwamahlathi kukuba, ngokwenyani, ingaba nkulu kangakanani impembelelo yayo njengendlela yokuchasana nokukhutshwa kweCO2 okuqhubekayo ekutshisweni kwamafutha efosili? Omnye ngononophelo isifundo nguMark Lawrence kunye noogxa kwiZiko loPhando loZinzo ePotsdam, eJamani, bagqiba kwelokuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunokunciphisa ngokwenyani amanqanaba eCO2 phakathi kwe-0.5 kunye ne-3.5 yeetoni zebhiliyoni ngonyaka ngo-2050. . Ukuba uqikelelo lukaLawrence kunye nabasebenzisana nabo luphantse luchanekile, kulandela ukuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuqinisekileyo kunokusebenza njengongenelelo olongezelelweyo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yemozulu ebanzi. Kodwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi akukwazi ukuthwala umthwalo omkhulu wokucoca umoya we-CO2 ukuba siyaqhubeka nokutshisa amafutha efosili kuwo nawuphi na umlinganiselo obalulekileyo.
Ngaphaya kokugawulwa kwamahlathi luluhlu lwemilinganiselo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu abathi, ngokutsho kwabaxhasi bayo bemveliso yefosili yefosili, baya kukwazi ukubamba i-CO2 baze bayigcine kumadama angaphantsi komhlaba ngalo lonke ixesha okanye bayisebenzise ngokutsha baze bayisebenzise njengomthombo wamafutha. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi tekhnoloji ekufutshane ukuba ikwazi ukusebenza kwisiseko sorhwebo kwinqanaba, ngaphandle kwenyani yokuba, kumashumi eminyaka, iinkampani zamafutha efosili zinenkuthazo enkulu yokwenza obu buchwepheshe busebenze.
Enyanisweni, kuyilo lokugqibela lwengxelo ye-IPCC yamva nje, amazwe avelisa amafutha eefosili aye aphembelela ngamandla ukubonisa ubugcisa bokubanjwa kwekhabhoni njengesona sisombululo siphambili semozulu. Ngapha koko, inkomfa yemozulu yehlabathi ezayo, i-COP28, iza kubanjwa ngoNovemba nangoDisemba wama-2023 e-United Arab Emirates (UAE). Umongameli ochongiweyo we-COP28 uSultan al-Jaber, okwayintloko yenkampani yeoli ye-UAE i-Adnoc, uye waba, Ngokutsho kwe Financial Times, "ukungaguquguquki ekugxininiseni imfuno yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunokunciphisa imveliso yamafutha efosili." Ngamanye amazwi, ngokutsho kwe-al-Jaber, i-Adnoc kunye nezinye iinkampani ezivelisa ioli kufuneka zivunyelwe ukuba zigcine ukudada kwinzuzo yeoli ngelixa singcakaza ikamva leplanethi kwitekhnoloji engasebenzi ngoku kwaye ayinakuze isebenze. Ingxelo yamva nje ye-IPCC ngokwayo igqibe kwelokuba amazinga ehlabathi okubanjwa kwekhabhoni โangaphantsi kakhuluโ oko kufunekayo kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi yozinziso lwemozulu. I-IPCC yagxininisa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kokubanjwa nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni โkujongene nemiqobo yezobuchwepheshe, yezoqoqosho, yamaziko, yendalo, yokusingqongileyo nezentlalo.โ
Ngoku masibuyele kwinxalenye yokuqala yombuzo wakho: ingaba i-net zero emissions ifikelelwa ngo-2050 xa sivumela ukuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungakhupha isi-5 ukuya kwi-10 sepesenti yomgangatho wangoku wokukhutshelwa kokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili? Ngamanye amazwi, ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kuqoqosho lwehlabathi ngo-2050? Impendulo emfutshane ithi, ewe. Ndithetha oku nangona ndiqonda ukuba, okwangoku, malunga neepesenti ze-85 zamandla akhoyo ngoku kwihlabathi ziveliswa ngokutshisa ioli, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo. Kwakhona kufuneka sivumele ukuba abantu basafuna ukusebenzisa amandla ekukhanyeni, kubushushu nakwizakhiwo ezipholileyo; ukunika amandla iimoto, iibhasi, oololiwe kunye neenqwelomoya kunye nokusebenzisa iikhompyutha noomatshini bemizi-mveliso; phakathi kolunye usetyenziso.
Sekunjalo, njengohlalutyo, umngeni wezoqoqosho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo - oko kukuthi, ukuzimela kuzo zonke imikhosi elungiselelwe ukukhusela i-fossil fuel profits kuzo zonke iindleko - kuyinyani ngokupheleleyo ukuvumela ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yehlabathi jikelele kunokuqhutyelwa kwi-net zero ngo-2050. uqikelelo oluphezulu, kuya kufuna umndilili wenkcitho yotyalo-mali kulo lonke uqoqosho lwehlabathi malunga ne-2.5 yepesenti ye-GDP yehlabathi ngonyaka ukuze kwakhiwe iziseko zoncedo zamandla acocekileyo ehlabathi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo iziseko ezingundoqo ezikhoyo zefosili. Oko kuthetha ukuba malunga ne-2 yeetriliyoni zeedola kuqoqosho lwanamhlanje lwehlabathi, kunye ne-avareji emalunga ne-4.5 yetriliyoni yeedola ngonyaka phakathi kwangoku kunye no-2050. Le yimali eninzi ngokucacileyo. Kodwa, njengesabelo se-GDP yonyaka, imalunga nesinye kwishumi lezinto ezichithwa yi-US kunye namanye amazwe anengeniso ephezulu ukunqanda ukuwa koqoqosho ngexesha lokuvalwa kwe-COVID. Olu tyalo-mali kufuneka lugxininise kwiinkalo ezimbini: 1) ukuphucula ngokumangalisayo imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimpahla yezakhiwo, iimoto kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha uluntu kunye neenkqubo zemveliso yoshishino; kunye 2) nokwandisa ngokulinganayo unikezelo lwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo acocekileyo - ikakhulu amandla elanga nawomoya - afumaneka kuwo onke amacandelo nakuwo wonke ummandla weglowubhu, ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo ngokunxulumene namafutha efosili.
Olu tyalo-mali zizinto eziphambili kwiSivumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza sehlabathi. Ngokunjalo, baya kuba ngumthombo omkhulu omtsha wokudala imisebenzi kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukwakha isiseko esitsha samandla ehlabathi kufuna ukuba abantu emsebenzini benze imisebenzi yabo - zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi, kwibhodi iphela, kubandakanywa amaphahla, abatywini, abaqhubi belori, oomatshini, abagcini-zincwadi, abaphathi beeofisi, iinjineli zoololiwe, abaphandi kunye namagqwetha. Enyanisweni, ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezingundoqo zamandla acocekileyo ehlabathi kufuna malunga nabantu abaphindwe kabini ukuya kathathu abantu abaninzi ukwenza le misebenzi kunokugcina isiseko samandla esikhoyo samandla efosili.
Utshintsho lwamandla acocekileyo kwihlabathi luza kunika amandla angabizi kakhulu. Ulawulo lweNgcaciso yezaMandla e-US phambili ukuba ixabiso lilonke lokuvelisa i-kilowatt-yure yombane ovela elanga okanye kumandla omoya iya kuba malunga nesiqingatha samandla amalahle nawenyukliya ngo-2027. ukuba sithenge amandla amancinci, naluphi na uhlobo lwamandla - umzekelo, iiyure ezimbalwa ze-kilowatt zokufudumala, ukupholisa kunye nezakhiwo ezilula, okanye ukuzithutha ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Iziseko zoncedo zamandla acocekileyo ezikumgangatho omncinci, ezinexabiso eliphantsi nazo zinokukhiwa ngokurhabaxa 30 ekhulwini yeendawo zasemaphandleni kumazwe asakhasayo athi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, awakafikeleli kumbane.
Njengoko thina kuxutyushwe kutshanje, kubekho uphuhliso olukhulu oluncomekayo kulo nyaka uphelileyo, notyalo-mali lwamandla acocekileyo lukhule ngokukhawuleza e-US naseNtshona Yurophu. Ukanti, kwangaxeshanye, ingeniso yeenkampani ezinkulu zeoyile yafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngo-2022 leebhiliyoni zeedola ezingama-200. Ngapha koko, abezopolitiko bayaqhubeka nokugqwesa phambi kweenkampani zeoyile. Isigqibo sikaMongameli uBiden sokuvuma iprojekthi enkulu yokomba i-oyile yeWillow kumhlaba ophethwe ngumanyano eAlaska yeyona nto yamva nje. Oku kusemva kokuba uBiden enze ukhankaso ngo-2020 ngesibhambathiso sokuba "akusayi kuphinda kusonjwe imihlaba yomdibaniso, ixesha."
Ngamafutshane, ukukhutshwa kwe-net zero yokwenyani - kunye "nenethi" ebhekiselele kuphela kwi-CO2 yokufunxa ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwinqanaba mhlawumbi le-5 ukuya kwi-10 yeepesenti yezinto ezikhutshwayo zangoku - zinokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ngokobugcisa kunye noqoqosho. Kodwa iya kuqhubeka ingumzabalazo omkhulu wezopolitiko. I-Rhetoric nangona kunjalo, i-fossil fuel corporations - iinkampani zoluntu ezifana ne-Adnoc kwi-UAE kunye neenkampani ezizimeleyo ezifana ne-ExxonMobil - azinanjongo yokuyeka inzuzo yazo egameni lokulondoloza iplanethi.
Nowam, le nto uBob esandula ukuyithetha malunga notshintsho oluya kuqoqosho lohlaza ivakala isengqiqweni kum, kodwa njengoko ingxelo entsha ye-IPCC isitsho ngokucacileyo, isenzo esinjalo asibandakanyi ukufikelela nje kwimithombo emikhulu yenkxaso-mali kunye nobuchwepheshe kodwa nolungelelwaniso kuwo onke amanqanaba olawulo, Imvumelwano phakathi kwemidla eyahlukeneyo, kwaye kunjalo, intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokucacileyo, uluntu lunomsebenzi we-herculean phambi kwawo. Yaye ndicinga ukuba abaninzi banokuthi akukho ngqiqweni ukulindela okungako kubuntu nakumaziko ezobupolitika anamhlanje. Ubuya kuphendula uthini kwezo ngcinga zingenathemba kangako kodwa kungekuko ngokuyimfuneko ngenxa yembali yezobupolitika yehlabathi?
UNoam Chomsky: Eli binzana libalulekileyo โlithi โindalo yomntu namaziko ezobupolitika anamhlanje.โ Kokugqibela, kunzima ukubona ithemba elininzi phantsi kwamaziko ezopolitiko anamhlanje, oko kukuthi, ubukhapitali obukhohlakeleyo obasungulwa phantsi kwemfazwe yodidi olunoburhalarhume ngokulahlekisayo ebizwa ngokuba โyineoliberalism.โ Akukho mfuneko yokuphonononga kwakhona impembelelo yayo eyingozi. Njengesiqhelo, esona sohlwayo siqatha sinikezelwe kwabona bantu basemngciphekweni kwiindawo ezityebileyo ngakumbi nangaphaya. Uninzi lweGlobal South kwafuneka lunyamezele iinkqubo zohlengahlengiso oluqatha oluneziphumo ukusuka โkumashumi eminyaka alahlekileyoโ eLatin America ukuya kwiziphazamiso ezinzima zocwangco eYugoslavia naseRwanda eziyinxalenye enkulu yemvelaphi yezinto ezoyikisayo ezalandelayo.
Uninzi luyakhusela kwaye luncoma kakhulu ixesha "neoliberal". Kakade ke, silindele ukuba phakathi kwabaxhamli bophango lohola wendlela olugqithise uqikelelo lwe-50 yezigidi zezigidi zeerandi ukusuka kubantu abasebenzayo nabaphakathi e-US ukuya kwi-1 yepesenti ephezulu, ngokutsho kophononongo lwequmrhu leRandi. siye saxoxa. Kodwa abakhuseli banwenwela kubahlalutyi abanzulu, abancoma ngokufanelekileyo ukuphakanyiswa kwamakhulu eebhiliyoni zabantu kwintlupheko - kakhulu eTshayina, ingeyiyo ncam imodeli "yentengiso yentengiso yasimahla" enconywa ngabathandi be-neoliberal.
Okunye okungahoywayo kukuba iindlela ezamkelwayo zokuzisa esi siphumo samkelekileyo, kunye nomonakalo omkhulu owenziweyo, azizange zichazwe โkuqoqosho oluphilileyo.โ Amandla okuqhuba aphinda yaba ngumgaqo ombi. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuyilandela kukuseka abantu abasebenzayo bakhuphisane ngelixa unikezela ngezipho ezikhulu kwinkunzi. Oku kubandakanya izivumelwano zamalungelo abatyali-zimali abakhusela kakhulu kwiminyaka kaClinton, ngokungafanelekanga ebizwa ngokuba "zizivumelwano zorhwebo zasimahla." Ezinye iindlela ezineenkcukacha zacetywa yintshukumo yabasebenzi kunye ne-Congress's own research bureau, iOfisi yoVavanyo lweTekhnoloji (yachithwa ngokukhawuleza). Ezi nkqubo zichaseneyo zijolise ekudaleni ukukhula okuphezulu, uqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe olunemivuzo ephezulu apho abantu abasebenzayo bawo onke amazwe baya kuxhamla. Ngexesha lemfazwe ekrakra yodidi, abazange bacingelwe nokuqwalaselwa.
Ngokusengqiqweni sinokugqiba kwelokuba ubukhapitali obukhohlakeleyo bunika ithemba elincinane lokusinda.
Elona themba lilungileyo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, kukungcolisa uburhalarhume ngeli lixa uqonda ukuba ukudilizwa kobungxowankulu obuchasene noluntu yiprojekthi yexesha elide neqhubekayo. Loo projekthi ayingqubani nomsebenzi ongxamisekileyo wokunciphisa ubundlavini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, le migudu mibini ifanele ibe yomelezana.
Ngoko ke, sithini ngendima yendalo yomntu? Kwezinye iindawo, kakhulu. Ininzi into efundiweyo malunga nesiseko sengqondo yomntu, kodwa ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonelela ngeengcebiso kwimida esikhathazayo apha, apho kuncinci kunokuthethwa ngokuzithemba okukhulu.
Ukuba sijonga kwimbali, sibona umahluko omkhulu koko kuvisisana nendalo yomntu. Indlela yokuziphatha eyayigqalwa njengeqhelekileyo mandulo ibangela uloyiko namhlanje. Kunjalo nakwixesha elidlulileyo. Umzekeliso omangalisayo woluhlu lweendlela zokhetho ezihambelana nesiseko sobuntu yiJamani. Ngeminyaka yoo-1920, yayimele incopho yempucuko yaseNtshona kubugcisa nenzululwazi, kwaye yayigqalwa njengomzekelo wedemokhrasi. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva yehlela kubunzulu bokonakala. Kwiminyaka elishumi emva koko yayibuyela kwikhosi yangaphambili. Abantu abafanayo, imizila yemfuza efanayo, ubume bomntu obusisiseko obufanayo, buchazwa ngokwahlukileyo ngeemeko eziguqukayo.
Kukho imizekelo engenakubalwa. Imeko enye ebaluleke kakhulu kwingxoxo yethu yangoku zizimo zengqondo malunga nomsebenzi. Emva kwamashumi amane eminyaka yohlaselo lweneoliberal, ngumnqweno ophezulu wokufumana umsebenzi okhuselekileyo endaweni yokushiywa kwinkangeleko eyilwe bubukhapitali obukhohlakeleyo bale mihla. Kwinkulungwane ngaphambili, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, bekukho imigudu emikhulu kwimibutho yemizi-mveliso yaseNtshona yokudala ulungelelwaniso olwahluke gqitha lwentlalo apho abantu abasebenzayo babeya kukhululwa kumakhamandela olawulo-melo lobukapitali: umbutho wobusoshiyali eNgilani, amashishini alawulwa ngabasebenzi. eItali, amanye amanyathelo amaninzi. Babeka isoyikiso esibi kulawulo longxowankulu. La manyathelo aye atyunyuzwa ngeendlela ezininzi. E-US, ubundlobongela obugqithileyo beWilson's Red Scare batyumza intshukumo yabasebenzi edlamkileyo kunye nezopolitiko zedemokhrasi yentlalontle, kunye nemvuselelo ethile kwiminyaka yeDeal eNtsha kodwa phantsi kohlaselo olukrakra rhoqo.
Kwiminyaka yangaphambili, abantu abasebenzayo babekugqala ukuba nomsebenzi - oko kukuthi, ukuzithoba kwinkosi ixesha elininzi lobomi bomntu ovukayo - njengohlaselo olunganyamezelekiyo kumalungelo oluntu asisiseko kunye nesidima, uhlobo lobukhoboka. โUbukhoboka bomvuzoโ yayiligama eliqhelekileyo. Isilogeni sombutho wokuqala omkhulu wabasebenzi base-US, i-Knights of Labor, yayikukuba "abo basebenza kwiindawo zokusila mababe ngabanini." Abantu abasebenzayo akufuneki bathobele imiyalelo yeenkosi zoluntu. Kwangaxeshanye, amafama anenzondelelo yempambano ayelungiselela ukuzikhulula kubaphathi beebhanki abakumntla-mpuma nabaphathi beemarike, befuna ukuyila โumanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe olusebenzisanayo.โ Aba yayingabaPopulist bokwenyani.
Kwakukho amanyathelo athembisayo okuhlanganisa iiklasi ezidumileyo zezolimo nezoshishino. Njengayo yonke imbali yaseMelika, ezi nzame zatyunyuzwa ngurhulumente kunye namandla abucala. Uluntu lwaseMelika aluqhelekanga phakathi kwemibutho yezoshishino kumandla eenkosi zoqoqosho kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokuqonda komgangatho, uphawu olukhethekileyo lwaseMelika phakathi kwedemokhrasi yezoshishino eneziphumo ezininzi.
Utshintsho ukusuka malunga nokuzithoba ukuya kwinkosi njengohlaselo olunganyamezelekiyo kwisidima somntu esisisiseko kunye namalungelo okukufuna njengowona mnqweno uphakamileyo ebomini awubandakanyi utshintsho kwindalo yomntu. Indalo efanayo yomntu. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuqhubela phambili kuluntu oluphilayo kufuneka kukhulise imiba emininzi yendalo yethu esisiseko: ukuncedana, uvelwano kwabanye, ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhululekileyo ekumiseleni umgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo, kunye nokunye okuninzi. Kwangaxeshanye, iyakunqanda ezinye iinketho ezininzi eziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi obunentsingiselo.
Ukutshintshela kuqoqosho oluzinzileyo yimfuneko engenakuphepheka. Inokuphunyezwa ngendlela eya kubonelela ubomi obungcono kakhulu. Kodwa akuyi kuba lula, okanye ngaphandle kwemithwalo ebalulekileyo.
Bob, ezezimali ngundoqo ekuqulatheni ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, uqoqosho lwehlabathi luhlala luphakathi kobunzima okanye enye, kwaye namhlanje, ingxaki entsha yebhanki inokuba isendleleni. Ngaba kukho imali eyaneleyo yehlabathi kunye nokuba namandla okuhlawula amatyala ukoyisa ukungasebenzi kwezopolitiko ukuze ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwihlabathi kuncitshiswe ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-40 ngo-2030, nto leyo ebonakala inyanzelekile ukuba kuthintelwe ukuwohloka kwemozulu?
URobert Pollin: Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho ngaphezu kwemithombo yemali eyaneleyo enokuhlanganiswa ukuba ihlawulele inguqu epheleleyo yamandla acocekileyo. Njengoko ndiphawulile ngasentla, kufuneka sitshintshe malunga ne-2.5 yepesenti ye-GDP yehlabathi ngonyaka kutyalo-mali lwamandla acocekileyo. Oku kuthelekiswa noqoqosho olunemivuzo ephezulu olufake malunga neepesenti ezingama-25 ze-GDP kwimisebenzi yebheyile ngexesha lokuvalwa kwe-COVID. Njengoko kunjalo, uncediso-mali lwehlabathi lwamafutha efosili luphindwe kabini ngo-2022 ukuya $ 1.1 zezigidi. Ukubuyisela nje ezi mali ekuxhaseni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla acocekileyo kunye notyalo-mali, ngokuchaseneyo nokuqhubeka nokubhala phantsi ukunyuswa kwexabiso lenkampani yeoli kunye nokwenza inzuzo, ngokwako kunokubonelela malunga nesiqingatha senkxaso-mali efunekayo kuqoqosho lwangoku lwehlabathi.
Phantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo, isiphithiphithi samva nje secandelo leebhanki e-US naseYurophu akufuneki sidale nawuphi na umqobo wokuhambisa inkxaso-mali enkulu kutyalo-mali lwamandla acocekileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo inokwenza utyalo-mali lwamandla acocekileyo lube yindawo ekhuselekileyo yomngcipheko ophantsi kubatyali-mali, njengoko kufanele ukuba njalo. Oku ke kunganceda ukuzinzisa inkqubo yezemali ngokubanzi.
Njengomzekelo omnye, urhulumente wase-US unokukhupha iibhondi eziluhlaza, ezinokuthi emva koko zithwale umngcipheko wokungagqibeki kubanini babucala bezi bhondi, njengazo zonke ezinye izibambiso zikaNondyebo wase-US (ecinga ukuba iiRiphabhlikhi zase-US zisenabo ubuncinci bengqondo obuyimfuneko ukuze urhulumente wobumbano ukuhlawulwa kwetyala ukwenyuka). Urhulumente angasebenzisa ezi mali, njengomzekelo omnye, ukuthenga amandla elanga nawomoya kwiifemu zabucala ukuze abonelele ngeemfuno zikarhulumente zokusetyenziswa kombane. Ababoneleli bamandla acocekileyo babucala baya kuthi ke basebenze ngeekhontrakthi eziqinisekisiweyo zexesha elide kunye norhulumente. Oku kuya kusebenza njengomnye umthombo wozinzo kwinkqubo yezemali. Kuba urhulumente ebeya kuqinisekisa ezi marike, iingeniso zababoneleli bamandla acocekileyo ziya kuthi emva koko zilawulwe kwaye zilinganiselwe, njengoko zinjalo ngoku. eziluncedo zikawonke-wonke.
Urhulumente womdibaniso unokukhupha isabelo esibalulekileyo senkxaso-mali yebhondi eluhlaza kuqoqosho oluphuhlayo. Oku bekuya kwenza abo bethu bakumazwe atyebileyo bakwazi ukuhlangabezana nembopheleleko yethu yokunceda imali inguqu yamandla acocekileyo kolu qoqosho, njengoko i-US kunye namanye amazwe atyebileyo phantse anoxanduva ngokupheleleyo lokudala ubunzima bemozulu kwasekuqaleni. Kwangaxeshanye, iibhondi eziluhlaza ezisetyenziselwe le njongo ziseza kuba zizibambiso zikaNondyebo wase-US, kwaye ke ziya kuhlala ziphethe umngcipheko ongagqibekanga.
Amanyathelo afanayo e-green bond anokwenziwa ngokulula kuwo onke amazwe anengeniso ephezulu. Ifuthe lilonke liya kuba kukuzinzisa inkqubo yezemali yehlabathi notyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo oluxhaswa ngurhulumente nolwenzeka ukuba luzalisekise umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuqhubela phambili iprojekthi yozinziso lwemozulu yehlabathi, ngokuchasene nokondla iintelekelelo ezithelekelelayo ezingenamsebenzi eWall Street.
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Nikela