Ukutshintsha kwemozulu “ukwenza isijikelezi-langa sethu singahlali mntu,” utshilo uNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uAntónio Guterres ngasekupheleni kukaMatshi. Ewe, izoyikiso zengxaki yemozulu ezayo ziye zabonakala kakhulu, kwaye izazinzulu eziphezulu zehlabathi zilumkisa ukuba uMhlaba unokudlula umda wobushushu onobungozi kungekudala ngaphandle kokuba senze ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, i-gap phakathi kwezinto ezenzekayo kwiplanethi kunye nezinto ezifunekayo ngokubhekiselele kwintshukumo yemozulu ikhula kunokuba iyancipha ngenxa yokuba, njengoko uNoam Chomsky ebonisa kudliwano-ndlebe oluhlangeneyo noRobert Pollin olulandelayo, "le yindlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo; ” ngaphandle kokuba izenzo ezidityanelweyo zinyanzela abo basemagunyeni ukuba batshintshe indlela. Ngaphezu koko, kuya kucaca ngakumbi ukuba inguqu enobulungisa ibaluleke kakhulu kwinguqu yemozulu yabasebenzi, uluntu, kunye nayo yonke imimandla yehlabathi. U-Pollin ubonisa ukuba inguqu elungileyo ibandakanya ntoni kwaye kutheni ibaluleke kangaka.
UNoam Chomsky liziko unjingalwazi ophumayo kwiSebe leeLinguistics kunye neFilosofi e-MIT kunye nonjingalwazi ophumelele ibhaso leelwimi kunye no-Agnese Nelms Haury Usihlalo kwiNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo kunye noBulungisa beNtlalo kwiYunivesithi yase-Arizona. Omnye wabafundi abakhankanyiweyo behlabathi kunye nobukrelekrele boluntu obuthathwa zizigidi zabantu njengobutyebi belizwe kunye namazwe aphesheya, uChomsky upapashe iincwadi ezingaphezu kwe-150 kwiilwimi, iingcinga zezopolitiko nezentlalo, uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, izifundo zemidiya, umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US, kunye nehlabathi. imicimbi. Iincwadi zakhe zamva nje Igunya elingekho mthethweni: Ukujamelana Neengxaki Zexesha Lethu (kunye noCJ Polychroniou; Iincwadi zeHaymarket, 2023); Iimfihlelo Zamazwi (kunye noAndrew Moro; MIT Press, 2022); Ukurhoxa: I-Iraq, iLibya, i-Afghanistan, kunye ne-Fragility yamandla ase-US (kunye noVijay Prashad; The New Press, 2022); kwaye I-Precipice: Neoliberalism, ubhubhane, kunye nesidingo esingxamisekileyo sotshintsho lwentlalo (kunye noCJ Polychroniou; Iincwadi zeHaymarket, ngo-2021). URobert Pollin ngunjingalwazi owaziwayo wezoqoqosho kunye nomlawuli-mnye weZiko loPhando loQoqosho lwezoPolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts Amherst. UPollin, ongomnye weengcali zezoqoqosho eziqhubela phambili ehlabathini, upapashe intaphane yeencwadi namanqaku emfundo angomsebenzi noqoqosho olukhulu, imarike yabasebenzi, imivuzo nobuhlwempu, kunye nemekobume namandla ezoqoqosho. Wakhethwa ngu Nkqubo welizwe langaphandle Imagazini njengenye ye-100 "IiNgcingane zeHlabathi eziKhokelayo ngo-2013." UChomsky kunye noPollin ngababhali be Ingxaki yeMozulu kunye neGlobal Green Green Deal: UQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lokusindisa iPlanethi (kunye noCJ Polychroniou: Verso 2020) kwaye ngoku basebenza kunye kwincwadi entsha malunga nonxunguphalo lwemozulu.
CJ Polychroniou: Noam, kucacile kumashumi eminyaka ukuba izinto ezenziwa ngabantu zinempembelelo enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, kwaye singunobangela wokufudumala kwehlabathi, ngokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili kubalelwa phantse iipesenti ezingama-90 yonke icarbon dioxide (CO2) ekhutshwayo. Kuyinyani, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba ezinye izenzo eziphathekayo ziye zathathwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo okanye kunjalo ukumisa ukuthotywa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, kodwa umsantsa phakathi kwezinto ezenzekayo kwiplanethi, ezibandakanya ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwezinto eziphilayo, kwaye into efunekayo ngokwemeko yendawo kunye nentshukumo yemozulu ibonakala ikhula kunokuba iyancipha. Ewe, umntu unokude atsho ukuba ukuphatha kwethu ingxaki yemozulu kuneziphene njengoko kungqinwa kugxininiso olukhulayo kubuchwepheshe bokubamba ikhabhoni endaweni yokuphelisa amafutha efosili. Omnye umzekelo obonisa oorhulumente abasoloko beqhubela phambili izifundo ezingagqitywanga kakhulu malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu kukwamkelwa komthetho omtsha oyimbali osuka koorhulumente kwi-European Union namhlanje malunga nokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Oorhulumente baseYurophu baye bavuma ukuvala ukungeniswa kwempahla enxulumene nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, kodwa umthetho omtsha wokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi awuzinyanzeli iibhanki zaseYurophu okanye abatyali-mali ukuba bayeke ukuxhasa ngemali ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ngoko ke, ukuba lunxibelelwano phakathi kokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nomdla wezoqoqosho osithintelayo ekuphumezeni izicwangciso ezipheleleyo.
UNoam Chomsky: Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, uJohn Kerry, umthunywa okhethekileyo weBiden kwimozulu, waxela ukuba wayekhona "uxelelwe zizazinzulu ukuba ama-50% onciphiso ekufuneka silwenzile (ukufikelela kufutshane neqanda elikhutshwayo) ngo-2050 okanye ngo-2045 siza kuvela kubuchwephesha esingekabi nabo.”
Ngelixa kujongwe ukuba kubonakale ukuba nethemba, olu qikelelo lwengqikelelo lwalungaphantsi kancinane kunokuqinisekisa.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, njengommeli wase-US kwinkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe yeCOP27 Glasgow malunga nemozulu, uKerry wayesenethemba elingakumbi. Unike ingxelo echulumancisayo ukuba ngoku imarike ikwicala lethu, njengoko abaphathi bempahla bethembisa amashumi eetriliyoni zeedola ukoyisa le ntlekele izayo.
Isiqinisekiso siye saphawulwa yingcali yezoqoqosho yezopolitiko u-Adam Tooze: Isithembiso sibambe ukuba nje utyalo-mali lunengeniso kwaye “lukhutshwe emngciphekweni” ngeziqinisekiso ezisuka kwiBhanki yeHlabathi kunye neNgxowa-mali yezeMali yamazwe ngamazwe.
“Iiteknoloji esingekabinazo” zihlala zibuchwephesha esingekabinabo okanye esinombono wokwenene. Inkqubela phambili ixeliwe, kodwa ukude kakhulu kwinto enokufuneka ukujongana nale ngxaki izayo.
Ingozi ekhoyo yeyokuba into ekufuneka yenziwe ukuze kupheliswe ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili ibekelwe bucala ngesizathu sokuba iteknoloji ethile iya kukhwela isiya kuhlangula. Ngeli xesha singaqhubeka nokutshisa uMhlaba kwaye sigalele imali eninzi kwinzuzo ekhulayo yoshishino lwamafutha efosili, ngoku iphuphuma kangangokuba abayazi into emabayenze ngobutyebi babo obumangalisayo.
Ishishini ngokuqinisekileyo liyasamkela isizathu. Inokugcina imali ethile yokubanjwa kwekhabhoni-mhlawumbi njengempazamo yokujikeleza kubagcini-mali babo - okoko nje isiqinisekiso sesiqhelo sisekhona: ixhaswa ngemali ngumhlawuli werhafu onobubele kwaye ususwe emngciphekweni. Ngeli xesha imihlaba yomanyano ivulelwe ukuveliswa kwamafutha efosili, izipho ezingakumbi zibonelelwa kubo njengeekhilomitha ezingama-300 ubude beMountain Valley Pipeline - imeko kaManchin yokungafaki itanki kuqoqosho lwehlabathi - kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezinjalo.
Kwimvelaphi yovuyo malunga nabaphathi be-asethi kunye nemimangaliso yezobuchwepheshe kulele Imfundiso kaStimson, eyachazwa nguSosiba weMfazwe uHenry Stimson kwiminyaka engama-80 eyadlulayo njengoko wayesongamela ukugaywa okukhulu kwemfazwe: “Ukuba uza kuzama ukuya emfazweni, okanye ukulungiselela imfazwe, kwilizwe lobukapitali, ufanele uvumele ishishini. ukwenza imali ngenkqubo okanye ishishini alizukusebenza. ”
Yindlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo - okoko nje siyivumela.
Kwinqanaba lokuqala lemfazwe, ishishini lalimathidala ukuyamkela intengiso. Inkoliso yayithiyile iNew Deal yohlaziyo yaye yayingafuni ukusebenzisana norhulumente ongazinikelanga ngokupheleleyo kwizilangazelelo zayo. Kodwa xa i-spigot yavulwa, ezo ndawo zathi shwaka. Urhulumente wachitha imali eninzi kwimveliso yemfazwe. Ukugcina kwiMfundiso ye-Stimson, imigaqo-nkqubo yacwangciswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe inzuzo enkulu kwiikontraka zoshishino. Oko kwabeka isiseko sento eyathi kamva yagxekwa njengombutho wezomkhosi-wemizi-mveliso kodwa inokuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo njengenkqubo engafihlwanga kangako yomgaqo-nkqubo woshishino wase-US, isixhobo apho uluntu luxhasa ngemali uqoqosho olukhulayo lobuchwephesha obuphezulu: A inkqubo engasebenzi kakuhle kakhulu, njengoko icaciswe nguSeymour Melman nabanye, kodwa yindlela elula yokufumana imvume yenkongolo oko kuvunyiweyo kukubiza ngokuba yinkqubo emangalisayo yeshishini lasimahla elinceda “abadali bemisebenzi” abakhohlakeleyo ukuba basebenze imini nobusuku ukuze kuxhamle wonke umntu.
Kuyabonakala ukuba u-Eisenhower ekuqaleni wayefuna ukusebenzisa igama elithi "isakhiwo somkhosi-semizi-mveliso." Oko bekuya kuba kokufanelekileyo. Kutheni iCongress ihamba? Esona sizathu siyintloko sinikelwa yingcali yezoqoqosho yezobupolitika uThomas Ferguson “ingcamango yotyalo-mali kwezobupolitika” engqinwe kakuhle. Kuhlaziyo lwangoku, kwakhona ukuxhasa ithiyori, ushwankathela umqukumbelo obalulekileyo ngokulula:
Inyani eyongameleyo ngezopolitiko zaseMelika sisimo sayo esiqhutywa yimali. Kwihlabathi lethu, omabini amaqela amakhulu ezopolitiko kuqala kuzo zonke iiakhawunti zebhanki, ekufuneka zizaliswe ukuze kwenzeke nantoni na. Abavoti banokuqhuba ezopolitiko, kodwa hayi lula. Ngaphandle kokuba bakulungele ukutyala ixesha elininzi kunye nomzamo wokwenza inkqubo isebenze okanye imibutho abayilawulayo iya kuthi - njengemibutho okanye imibutho yezopolitiko esezantsi - kuphela izibheno zezopolitiko ezinokuxhaswa ngemali ziya kuhlala kwinkqubo, ngaphandle kokuba (kunjalo) njengezinto zokuzonwabisa eziluncedo.
Oko kuqonda "kwihlabathi lethu" kukwanika iingcebiso malunga neendlela zokuphuma kwi-conundrum. Kwaye kwakhona, iindlela zokujongana ne-Stimson Doctrine elawulayo, eyi-epitaph ebonakalayo yeentlobo zoluntu kumxholo wesoyikiso esoyikekayo nesikufuphi sokufudumeza umhlaba ngaphaya kwenqanaba lokubuyisela.
Kukufuna ukuzibulala ukujonga kude nomsantsa phakathi kwezinto ezenzekayo kwiplanethi, okubandakanya ukuhla okubukhali kwezinto eziphilayo, kunye nezinto ezifunekayo ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yendalo kunye nemozulu ibonakala ikhula kunokuba iyancipha. Xa sijonga, sifumana umfanekiso oxubileyo.
Enye imeko ebalulekileyo lihlathi laseAmazon. Indima yayo engundoqo kwi-ecology yehlabathi iqondwa kakuhle. Iyazixhasa, kodwa ukuba yonakele ingatshintsha ngokukhawuleza iye ekuwohlokeni okungenakulungiseka, kunye neziphumo ezibi kummandla, kunye nehlabathi liphela.
Ngexesha lika-Bolsonaro eBrazil, ishishini lezolimo, imigodi kunye namashishini okugawulwa kwemithi aye akhululwa kuhlaselo lwasehlathini kunye noluntu lwemveli oluhlala ixesha elide luhlala apho ngokuvisisana nendalo. Ukuthatha nje inyathelo elinye, "Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kulo lonke elaseBrazil kunyuke phakathi kuka-2019 no-2022 phantsi komongameli welo xesha, uJair Bolsonaro, ukufuya iinkomo kuyeyona nto iphambili." Engaphezulu kwe Imithi engama-800 yezigidi yatshatyalaliswa ngenyama yenkomo. Abaphandi abaphambili, ingcaphephe yabantu bomthonyama uBruno Pereira kunye nentatheli yakhe uDom Phillips, babulawa ngelixa besenza umsebenzi wabo eAmazon.
Izazinzulu zaseBrazil zinika ingxelo yokuba amanye amacandelo ehlathi sele edlulile kwinqanaba, atshintshela kwi-savannah, intshabalalo esisigxina.
Unyulo lukaLula ngo-2022 lwanika ithemba lokunciphisa, mhlawumbi iphele, intshabalalo. Njengomphathiswa wezendalo, wamisela uMarina Silva, ingcali yendalo esingqongileyo ekhaliphileyo nezinikeleyo, enerekhodi elichukumisa ngokwenene. Kodwa “iinkosi zoluntu” ezingabanini bezoqoqosho (kwibinzana lika-Adam Smith) aziphumli. Abaxhasi babo benkongolo baphuma bemka kulawulo lukaSilva.
Abo banethemba lokusindisa ihlabathi nabo abaphumli. Iingcali ze-ecologists zaseBrazil ukufuna iindlela zokuxhasa uluntu lweMveli abaye baba ngabagcini behlathi, kunye nokwandisa ukufikelela kwabo.
Umzabalazo uyaqhubeka.
Iyaqhubeka nakweminye imiba ngokunjalo. Ezinye iindaba ezimnandi ezivela eTshayina ishwankathelwe kwi Washington Post. Ukuphonononga izifundo ezininzi, i isikhundla ingxelo yokuba i-China iphambili kwihlabathi liphela "ekukhupheni iibhetri, iipaneli zelanga kunye nezinye izithako eziphambili zotshintsho lwamandla" njengoko i-China "iqhubele phambili ngobundlongondlongo kwizinto ezinokuhlaziywa," ishiya i-US ikude ngasemva - isemva kakhulu amagama abantu, inani elifanelekileyo. I-China "kusenokwenzeka ukuba isendleleni yokuhlangabezana neenjongo zayo zokunyusa ukukhutshwa kwayo ngaphambi kwe-2030 kunye nokufezekisa ukukhutshwa kwe-net-zero ngo-2060. Ifake inani lerekhodi lomthamo wamandla elanga kunyaka ophelileyo - kwaye kulo nyaka kuphela umiselwe ukufaka ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ekhoyo. amandla elanga eUnited States.”
Bendisoloko ndilichaza kakubi eli nqaku, nangona kunjalo. I isikhundla angezi kudumisa iTshayina, kodwa ukuza kuyigweba. Indumiso yayo yeyaseMelika, leyo, ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu ekutshintsheni kumandla ahlaziyekayo ifuna iindlela “zokucinezela i-China ukunceda ukunqanda intlekele yemozulu”-isihloko senqaku. Eli nqaku lilumkisa ngokukrakra ukuba i-China inoxanduva lokukhupha ngaphezulu kwe-US kabini; okanye ukuguqulela ukusuka kwi-Newspeak, i-China isemva kakhulu kwi-US kwi-capita emissions, kwakhona inani elifanelekileyo.
Eli nqaku lixoxa ngeendlela eziqwalaselwayo zokukhuthaza i-China ukuba ihambe nathi kusukelo lwethu oluhle lokusindisa imozulu, ukushiya, nangona kunjalo, eyona ibalulekileyo kwezi: “Unobhala wezoRhwebo uGina Raimondo uthe ngoLwesibini ukuba i-US iza kudibanisa amahlakani ukuze ibeke uxinzelelo kuqoqosho lwesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni. 'Ukuba ngokwenene sifuna ukuthoba isantya se-China entsha, kufuneka sisebenze neYurophu,' utshilo uRaimondo.
Kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba siqulathe izinto ezintsha zaseTshayina ekuveliseni ubuchwephesha obuphezulu obunokusindisa ihlabathi. Indlela ephambili, ebhengezwe ngokuphandle kwaye idunyiswe kakhulu, kukukhanyela ukufikelela kweTshayina kwiitshiphu zekhompyuter eziyimfuneko kwitekhnoloji ephezulu.
Ngaxeshanye, URaimondo walumkisa iTshayina ukuba i-US "'ayinakukunyamezela' ukuvalwa okusebenzayo kweTshayina ekuthengweni kwe [Idaho corporation] Micron Technology chips kwaye isebenza ngokusondeleyo namahlakani ukujongana 'nokunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho'."
Ukuqonda ngakumbi "kwimithetho esekwe kwimithetho yehlabathi" kunye noyilo lwayo oluchuliweyo, njengoko umhlaba utshisa.
I-Polychronio: I-Indiya idlule i-China njengelizwe elinabantu abaninzi emhlabeni, kwaye abemi bayo baya kuqhubeka bekhula kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ngaba kufuneka sinciphise abemi behlabathi ukuze sisindise iplanethi?
Chomsky: Uluntu lwehlabathi kufuneka luncitshiswe, mhlawumbi kakhulu. Ngethamsanqa, kukho indlela yokuphumeza esi siphumo, eso esiphucukileyo ngakumbi kwaye kufuneka siqhutywe kungakhathaliseki injongo yokusindisa iplanethi: imfundo yabasetyhini. Oko kubonakala kukhokelela ekuncipheni kabukhali kwabemi kumazwe atyebileyo nahlwempuzekileyo.
Imfundo yamabhinqa ifanele yongezelelwe ngezinye iindlela zobuntu, njengezo zachazwa kwiSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu ngowe-1948: “Ukuba ngumama nobuntwana bunelungelo lokunyamekela noncedo olukhethekileyo. Bonke abantwana, nokuba bazalelwe emtshatweni okanye ngaphandle komtshato, baya kufumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lwentlalontle.”
ISibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu saqalwa yi-US, kodwa oko kwakukwixesha elahlukileyo, xa iDemokhrasi eNtsha yedemokhrasi yezentlalo yayingekaphazanyiswa luhlaselo olukrakra lweshishini olwafikelela kwiinjongo zalo noReagan. Ngelo xesha, amalungiselelo ezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwesi sibhengezo, kuquka nalawo asandul’ ukucatshulwa, ayegculelwa “njengeleta eya kuSanta Claus” (uNozakuzaku kaReagan weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uJeane Kirkpatrick). I-Kirkpatrick yaxhaswa nguPaula Dobriansky, igosa eliphethe amalungelo oluntu kunye nemicimbi yoluntu kwi-Reagan kunye neBush. UDobriansky wazama ukuphelisa “inkolelo [yokuba] ‘amalungelo ezoqoqosho nezentlalo’ [esi sibhengezo] aquka amalungelo abantu.” Ezi ntsomi “zingaphezu nje kwesitya esingenanto ekunokugalelwa kuso amathemba angacacanga nolindelo olungagungqiyo.” "Ziyinkohliso" kwaye "ziyimpembelelo eyingozi," ngamazwi kanozakuzaku waseBush uMorris Abram xa wayevota yedwa ngokuchasene neLungelo leZizwe eziManyeneyo loPhuhliso, elichaza ngokusondeleyo amalungiselelo ezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwisiBhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu.
Ngeli xesha ukugxothwa kweleta eya kuSanta Claus yayisele iyinxalenye ye-bipartisan ubukhulu becala, nangona i-GOP iye yagcina inkqenkqeza phambili kuburhalarhume, njengoko sibona ngoku kwizinto ezenziwayo kwiCongress.
Ininzi into ethethwayo malunga noku, kodwa ngelinye ixesha.
I-Polychroniou: U-Bob, "utshintsho nje" lubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili imigaqo-nkqubo yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kutheni le nto "utshintsho olulungileyo" lubaluleke kangaka kwisenzo semozulu esisebenzayo, kwaye ingabachaphazela njani abemi abaphakathi?
URobert Pollin: Igama elithi “inguqu nje” liye lasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ndiza kuqala ndisebenzise ukubhekisa kumanyathelo okuxhasa abasebenzi kunye noluntu oluxhomekeke kushishino lwamafutha efosili ukuze bafumane umvuzo kunye nempilo yabo. Emva koko ndiza kuqwalasela apha ngezantsi kusetyenziso lwesibini lwegama, ngokuqwalasela iindlela apho uqoqosho olunengeniso ephezulu kufuneka luxhase iinkqubo zeDili eNtsha yeGreen ephuhliswe ngoqoqosho olunengeniso ephantsi.
Imfundiso ye-Stimson elawulayo ... yi-epitaph yenyani yeentlobo zoluntu kumxholo wesoyikiso esoyikekayo nesikufuphi sokufudumeza umhlaba ngaphaya komgangatho wokubuyisela.
Ngokumalunga nomba wokuqala wokuxhasa abasebenzi kunye noluntu ngoku oluxhomekeke kwishishini le-fossil fuel, umxholo obanzi ubaluleke kakhulu. Njengoko besesixoxile amaxesha amaninzi ngaphambili, utyalo-mali ekusetyenzisweni kombane kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo ukwakha iziseko zoncedo zamandla angakhutshwayo kwihlabathi jikelele iya kuba yinjini enkulu yokudala imisebenzi iyonke. Oko kukuthi, kukonke, ukusindisa iplanethi kulungile kakhulu kwimisebenzi. Oku, ewe, kuchasene nenzaliseko esiyivayo kwizinto ezithandwa nguDonald Trump, kodwa ngakumbi ngokubanzi kuluhlu lwezopolitiko. Uguqulelo olungacacanga oluhloniphekileyo lwesi sikhundla kukuba ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kunokuba luncedo kwizizathu zokusingqongileyo, kodwa kuya kuba ngumsebenzi obulalayo. Kwaye wonke umntu ngaphandle kwabaselunxwemeni abazizityebi bakhathalele kakhulu imisebenzi kunendalo.
Nantsi indlela esi sikhundla sinokuvakala ngayo. Ngelixa uguqulo lwamandla acocekileyo ngenene luyeyona njini yokudala imisebenzi ngokubanzi, kuseyinyani ukuba ukuphelisa ishishini lamafutha efosili ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuthetha ilahleko kubasebenzi noluntu oluxhomekeke kushishino lwefosili. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwemigaqo-nkqubo yenguqu enobulungisa, aba basebenzi noluntu ngenene baya kujongana nokudendwa, ukuhla kwemivuzo kunye nokuhla kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwecandelo likarhulumente ukuxhasa izikolo, iikliniki zempilo kunye nokhuseleko loluntu. Ngaba singamangaliswa kukuba, ngaphandle kokuzibophelela ngamandla kwimigaqo-nkqubo yenguqu enobulungisa, isabelo esilungileyo saba basebenzi kunye noluntu luyakuchasa ngamandla ukupheliswa koshishino lwefosili?
Inkqubo esebenzayo yenguqu yaba basebenzi noluntu kufuneka yakhiwe ngokwenkqubo-sikhokelo eqale yaphuhliswa nguTony Mazzocchi, umbutho wabasebenzi ongasekhoyo kunye nenkokeli yokusingqongileyo. UMazzocchi wayengumntu oweza negama elithi "utshintsho nje" kwindawo yokuqala. Ecinga ngokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya nezinye izixhobo eziyelelene nazo, uMazzocchi wabhala oku ngowe-1993: “Ukuhlawula abantu ukuze batshintshe ukusuka kolunye uhlobo loqoqosho baye kolunye akuyontlalontle. Abo basebenza ngezinto ezinetyhefu mihla le ... ukuze babonelele umhlaba ngamandla kunye nezinto ezizidingayo bafanele ukuncedwa benze isiqalo esitsha ebomini. ”
Ukuqala kulo mbono we-Mazzocchi, kusafuneka sifumanise ukuba yintoni kanye kanye enokuthi yenze iseti yesisa yemigaqo-nkqubo yenguqu. Kubasebenzi, ndingatsho ukuba, njengomgaqo wokuqala, injongo yemigaqo-nkqubo enjalo kufuneka kube lula, ukubakhusela ngokwenene ngokuchasene nelahleko enkulu kwimigangatho yabo yokuphila. Ukufezekisa oku, amacandelo abalulekileyo omgaqo-nkqubo wenguqu enobulungisa kufuneka abandakanye iintlobo ezintathu zeziqinisekiso zabasebenzi: 1) umsebenzi omtsha oqinisekisiweyo; 2) inqanaba lomvuzo oqinisekisiweyo ngomsebenzi wabo omtsha onokuthi ubuncinci uthelekiswe nomsebenzi wabo wangaphambili weshishini leefosili; kunye 3) nesiqinisekiso sokuba imali yabo yomhlala-phantsi iya kuhlala injalo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ishishini labaqeshi babo liyapheliswa. Imigaqo-nkqubo yotshintsho kufuneka ixhase abasebenzi abagxothiweyo kwiindawo zokukhangela umsebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa kwakhona kunye nokufuduswa. Ezi ndlela zenkxaso zibalulekile kodwa kufuneka ziqondwe njengezongezelelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba, ngokwabo, abanako ukukhusela abasebenzi kwilahleko enkulu kumgangatho wabo wokuphila osisiphumo sokuphela koshishino lwefosili.
Phakathi koqoqosho olunengeniso ephezulu, imigaqo-nkqubo nje yotshintsho lwabasebenzi isanda kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwiManyano yaseYurophu, eJamani kunye, kancinci, eUnited Kingdom. Amanyathelo anjalo asekho ikakhulu kumanqanaba esiphakamiso e-US, eJapan, eCanada. Kodwa nakwiimeko zaseJamani, e-UK kunye ne-European Union, le migaqo-nkqubo ihlala ilinganiselwe kwiindawo zokukhangela umsebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa kwakhona kunye nenkxaso yokufuduka. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho nanye kwezi meko iye yamiselwa imigaqo-nkqubo ebonelela abasebenzi ngeziqinisekiso abazidingayo.
Ezona zibophelelo zibambekayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yenguquko ziye zaphuhliswa yiManyano yaseYurophu, ngokwesakhelo se-European Green Deal. Ngaloo ndlela, uFrans Timmermans, usekela-mongameli olawulayo weKhomishini yaseYurophu, uthe “Simele sibonise umanyano kunye nemimandla echaphazeleka kakhulu eYurophu, njengemimandla yemigodi yamalahle, kunye nezinye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iGreen Deal ifumana inkxaso epheleleyo yomntu wonke kwaye unethuba lokuba yinto yokwenene.”
Ngaloo moya, iKomishoni yaseYurophu yaseka iNgxowa-mali yoTshintsho oluLungileyo ngoJanuwari ka-2020 ukuze iqhubele phambili ngaphaya kwemithetho-siseko ebanzi kwizibophelelo zomgaqo-nkqubo obambekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umda wezi nkqubo kunye nenqanaba lenkxaso-mali ebonelelweyo ayisondeli ngokwaneleyo ukuphumeza iinjongo ezichazwe nguSekela Mongameli uTimmerman, “zokuqinisekisa ukuba iGreen Deal ifumana inkxaso epheleleyo yomntu wonke.” Ngokukodwa, iindidi zenkxaso kubasebenzi abagxothiweyo phantsi kweNgxowa-mali yeNguqu zilinganiselwe kuphuhliso lwezakhono, ukuqeqeshwa kwakhona kunye noncedo lokukhangela umsebenzi. Le ngxowa-mali ayibandakanyi naliphi na ilungiselelo lezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zenkxaso kubasebenzi abaza kujongana nokufuduswa - oko kukuthi, iziqinisekiso ngokubhekiselele kwingqesho, amanqanaba emivuzo kunye nomhlalaphantsi.
Ukufumana ukuqonda kwenkqubo yenguquko eyomelele ngakumbi, ndiye ndaphuhlisa, kunye nabasebenzi endisebenza nabo, iinkqubo ezibonisa imifanekiso yamazwe asibhozo ahlukeneyo aseMelika, kuqoqosho lwase-US ngokubanzi, kwaye, kutsha nje, kuMzantsi Korea. Okwangoku, kunokuba luncedo gxila kwimeko yaseWest Virginia, kuba yenye yezona zinto zixhomekeke kuqoqosho lwamafutha efosili e-US Ngokunjalo, iWest Virginia ibonelela ngemeko-bume ecela umngeni omkhulu apho kunyuswe inkqubo yenguqu yesisa.
Kubalulekile ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yotshintsho eNtshona Virginia ibe yinxalenye yenkqubo yeGreen New Deal kurhulumente. Phantsi kwenkqubo iyonke, imveliso yamafutha efosili iya kuhla ngama-50 eepesenti ukusukela ngo-2030 kwaye utyalo-mali lwamandla acocekileyo luya kwenza umahluko kunikezelo lwamandla lulonke lukarhulumente. Siqikelela ukuba utyalo-mali lwamandla acocekileyo eWest Virginia luya kuvelisa umndilili wemisebenzi emalunga nama-25,000 kurhulumente wonke ngo-2030.
Kuthekani ngelahleko yemisebenzi evela kushishino lwefosili karhulumente ekuphelisweni? Ngoku kukho malunga nama-40,000 abantu abaqeshwe kwishishini le-fossil yaseWest Virginia kunye namacandelo ancedisayo, abandakanya malunga ne-5 yepesenti yabo bonke abasebenzi baseWest Virginia. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba bonke abasebenzi abangama-40,000 bakhona hayi baza kuphulukana nemisebenzi yabo kwangoko. Endaweni yoko, imisebenzi emalunga nama-20,000 iya kupheliswa ngo-2030 njengoko ukuveliswa kwamafutha efosili kuncitshiswa ngama-50 ekhulwini. Lo mndilili wokuya kuthi ga kwilahleko yemisebenzi engama-2,000 ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, sikwaqikelela ukuba malunga nama-600 abasebenzi ababambe le misebenzi bayakuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngokuzithandela minyaka le. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani labasebenzi abaza kujongana nokugxothwa kwemisebenzi minyaka le likwi-1,400, okanye i-0.2 yepesenti yabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Ngeli xesha urhulumente ukwavelisa imisebenzi emitsha emalunga nama-25,000 ngoguqulo lwamandla acocekileyo.
Ngokufutshane, kuya kubakho intabalala yamathuba emisebenzi amatsha kubasebenzi abali-1,400 abajongene nokugxothwa minyaka le. Siqikelela ukuba ukuqinisekisa aba basebenzi amanqanaba emivuzo athelekisekayo kunye neepenshini ezingaguqukiyo, kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwakhona, ukukhangela umsebenzi kunye nenkxaso yokufuduswa, njengoko kuyimfuneko, kuya kuxabisa malunga ne-42,000 yeedola ngomsebenzi ngonyaka. Oku kufikelela kumyinge omalunga ne-143 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. Oku kulingana malunga ne-0.2 yepesenti yezinga lilonke lemisebenzi yezoqoqosho eWest Virginia (GDP). Ngokufutshane, imigaqo-nkqubo yenguqu enesisa kubo bonke abasebenzi bamafutha efosili abagxothiweyo ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo dala imithwalo enkulu yeendleko, nakwimeko exhomekeke kwifosili eninzi njengeWest Virginia.
Kwezinye iindawo ezisixhenxe zase-US esizivavanyileyo, iindleko zeenkqubo zotshintsho ezithelekisekayo ziphakathi kwe-0.001 kunye ne-0.02 yepesenti ye-GDP yombuso. Kuqoqosho lwase-US lulonke, iindleko zenkqubo yenguquko ziphelele ukuya kutsho malunga ne-0.015 yepesenti ye-GDP - okt isinye kwishumi ukuya kwisinye kwishumi lamashumi amabini exabiso lenkqubo yaseWest Virginia xa lithelekiswa nobungakanani boqoqosho lulonke. Ngamafutshane, ukubonelela abasebenzi ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo nje yenguquko kufana nokungaphumeleli kuqoqosho lwase-US. Iphantse ibe yimeko yokuba ngokufanayo iinkqubo zotshintsho eziluqilima kolunye uqoqosho olunemivuzo ephezulu zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezifanayo.
Ngoku makhe siqwalasele utshintsho loluntu. Enyanisweni, uluntu oluxhomekeke kushishino lwamafutha efosili luza kujongana nemiceli mngeni enzima yokuhlengahlengisa ukwehla koshishino. Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukuba, njengoko bendichazile kwimeko yaseWest Virginia, ukwehla koshishino lwamafutha efosili kuya kwenzeka ngokubambisana nokwandiswa ngokukhawuleza koqoqosho lwamandla acocekileyo. Oku kuya kubonelela ngesiseko senkxaso esisisiseko sokuqhubela phambili imigaqo-nkqubo yenguqu yoluntu esebenzayo.
Omnye umzekelo obalulekileyo ibe yi ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo acocekileyo - ikakhulu umoya kunye namandla elanga - kwi-Alaska's ixesha elide kunye nolwakhiwo olubanzi lwamandla e-microgrid. I-microgrid yigridi yamandla yasekhaya. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ezi grids bezixhomekeke kakhulu kwiijenereyitha zedizili. Kodwa ukusukela ngo-2005, amandla avuselelekayo abe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kumafutha edizili. Ukususela ngo-2015, i-Alaska Centre for Energy and Power ichaze olu phuhliso ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, utyalo-mali ekuveliseni amandla ahlaziyiweyo lunyuke ngokumangalisayo ukuhlangabezana nomnqweno wokuzimela kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuhanjiswa kwamandla. Namhlanje, ngaphezu kwe-70 ye-microgrids ye-Alaska, emele malunga ne-12 yeepesenti ye-microgrids evuselelweyo emhlabeni, ibandakanya i-grid-scale evuselelekayo isizukulwana, kubandakanya i-hydro encinci, umoya, i-geothermal, ilanga kunye ne-biomass.
Olunye uphuhliso olubalulekileyo, ukuzokuthi ga ngoku e-Australia, eJamani nase-US kukudala iziza zombane wamanzi ezimpompelweyo kwimigodi yamalahle engasekhoyo. A Wall Street Journal inqaku ukusuka ekupheleni kuka-2022 iingxelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Imigodi ebifak’ isandla ekukhutshweni kweegesi ze<em>greenhouse inganceda ngokukhawuleza ukuyinciphisa. Ehlabathini jikelele, iinkampani zifuna ukuphinda zisebenzise imigodi emidala njengeejenereyitha zamandla ahlaziyekayo zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yakudala eyaziwa ngokuba yipomped-storage hydropower. Itekhnoloji, esele iyinxalenye yomxube wamandla kumazwe amaninzi, isebenza njengebhetri enkulu, enamanzi kunye nomxhuzulane njengomthombo wamandla. Amanzi ampontshwa anyuke aye kwidama xa kukho amandla amaninzi. Iyakhutshwa kwaye iqukuqele ezantsi ngee turbines ezivelisa amandla ombane wamanzi xa imfuno yombane iphezulu okanye kukho ukunqongophala kolunye uhlobo lwamandla. Ekugqibeleni, amanzi athatyathwa ukuze ampontshwe enyuka kwakhona ngomjikelo ophindaphindiweyo. Umphezulu kunye nemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba ibambe amandla njengamadama amanzi, kwaye inokuphuhliswa ngempembelelo ephantsi yokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko zangaphambili kunokwakha ezo zityalo ukusuka ekuqaleni, iingcali zitsho.
Ngokubanzi, akukho kunqongophala kwamathuba okuvuselela uluntu oluxhomekeke kwi-fossil fuel ngokuphuhlisa iiprojekthi ezintsha zamandla acocekileyo kwezi ndawo zoluntu. Kwityala layo, i-Biden yokulawula ukuNcitshiswa kwe-Inflation Act - eyona nto imalunga nokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali zamandla acocekileyo e-US - ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali enkulu kwiiprojekthi ezinjalo. Ngokwemvelo, i-Congressional Republicans yazama ukubulala loo nkxaso-mali nge-farcical kwaye ngoku iqukumbele ngenceba impikiswano yetyala. Ngethamsanqa, basilela.
I-Polychroniou: Ukuba ukusuka kumafutha e-fossil ukuya kumandla acocekileyo kuphela kwendlela eya phambili yokusinda kweplanethi, isenzo semozulu kufuneka silungelelaniswe kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Ibandakanya ntoni inguqu yobulungisa yehlabathi, kwaye loluphi uhlobo lonxulumano olutsha lwamandla ekufuneka lwenziwe ekubeni ihlabathi lisahlulwe ngumahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe atyebileyo namazwe ahlwempuzekileyo?
I-Pollin: Masiqale sicace ukuba akukho nto ifana nenkqubo yozinziso lwemozulu esebenzayo esebenza kumazwe atyebileyo kuphela. Wonke amazwe, kuwo onke amanqanaba ophuhliso, kufuneka aqhube ukukhutshwa kwawo kwi-zero ngo-2050. Kuyinyani ukuba, okwangoku, i-China, i-US kunye ne-European Union kunye ne-akhawunti ye-52 yepesenti yazo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo ze-CO2 zehlabathi. Kodwa oko kuthetha ukuba, ngokungummangaliso, izinto ezikhutshwayo e-China, e-US nakwi-European Union zonke bezinokuwela ku-zero ngomso, besiya kuba ngaphaya kwesiqingatha sendlela yokuqhuba izinto ezikhutshwayo zehlabathi ziye kuthi zero. Ngaphaya koko, ukuba uqoqosho olukhulu, olukhula ngokukhawuleza olukhulayo olufana neIndiya ne-Indonesia luyaqhubeka nokukhulisa ukukhula kwalo ngokusebenzisa isiseko samandla samafutha aphantsi komhlaba, asiyi kunqumla ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi. kukonke ngo-2050 xa kuthelekiswa nanamhlanje, nokuba izinto ezikhutshwayo e-China, i-US kunye ne-European Union beziya kuwela kwi-zero. Inqaku lelokuba yonke indawo ayinamsebenzi ukuba ngenene siza kufikelela kwithagethi yeqanda elikhutshwayo ungadlulanga u-2050.
Ngaloo ndlela, ukuqonda ukuba inkqubo iGreen New Deal kufuneka ibe yi-global in scope, i-worker-and-community nje iinguqu endizichazile ngasentla kuqoqosho olunomvuzo ophezulu lusebenza ngokulinganayo, ukuba akunjalo, kuqoqosho olunomvuzo ophantsi. Ukuqala, iinkqubo zenguqu yotyalo-mali olucocekileyo ziya kuba yinjini enkulu yokudala imisebenzi kuqoqosho olunemivuzo ephantsi kanye njengokuba injalo kuqoqosho olunemivuzo ephezulu. Umzekelo, uphando endilwenzileyo kunye nabo ndisebenza nabo lufumanisa ukuba ukudala uqoqosho lwamandla acocekileyo kwiindawo ezifana neIndiya, i-Indonesia kunye noMzantsi Afrika kuya kuvelisa imisebenzi ephindwe kabini ukuya kathathu ngaphezulu ngokwenqanaba lenkcitho elinikiweyo kunokugcina olu qoqosho lweziseko ezingundoqo zamandla efosili ekhoyo emandla. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuyekiswa kwamafutha efosili kolu qoqosho kusaza kubandakanya ilahleko kushishino lwefosili kubasebenzi abaxhomekeke kushishino nakuluntu. Aba basebenzi kunye noluntu baya kufuna inkxaso nje yenguqu ethelekisa nale siyichazileyo ngasentla e-US kunye nolunye uqoqosho olunengeniso ephezulu.
Kusafuneka sibuze umbuzo: ngubani ohlawulela i-Green New Deal kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi? Njengomba osisiseko wokuphila kweplanethi, sinokuqala ngokuyiqaphela loo nto umntu kufuneka ahlawule. Singamisela njani ke imigangatho efanelekileyo nesebenzayo malunga nokuba ngubani omakahlawule, yimalini ekufuneka ehlawule kwaye kusetyenziswa ngawaphi amajelo enkxaso-mali?
Amanqaku amabini okuqala abalulekile. Okokuqala, ukuqala ngezigaba zokuqala zophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso phantsi kobungxowankulu, ngawaphi ngoku amazwe anengeniso ephezulu yehlabathi, kuquka i-US, intshona yeYurophu, iJapan, iCanada kunye neOstreliya, ikakhulu anoxanduva lokulayisha umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ngokukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse kunye nokubangela. imo iyatshintsha. Ke ngoko kufuneka babe noxanduva oluphambili lokuxhasa ngemali iSivumelwano esitsha soHlaza sehlabathi. Kwaye okwesibini, ukusuka kulo mbono wembali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abantu abanengeniso ephezulu kuwo onke amazwe kunye nemimandla banemizila yekhabhoni emikhulu namhlanje kunabo bonke abanye. Njengoko kubhaliwe kwisifundo se-Oxfam sika-2020, ngokomzekelo, umlinganiselo wekhabhoni ofumaneka kubantu abazizityebi kwisi-1 ekhulwini sabemi behlabathi 35 amaxesha amakhulu ngaphezu komndilili wenqanaba lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuluntu luphela.
Ngaloo ndlela, ngawo nawuphi na umgangatho omncinci wobulungisa, amazwe anengeniso ephezulu kunye nabantu abanengeniso ephezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi, kufuneka bahlawule uninzi lweendleko zangaphambili zokuguqulwa kwamandla acocekileyo kwihlabathi. Kwangaxeshanye, masikhumbule kwakhona ukuba ezi ndleko zangaphambili lutyalo-mali. Baya kuzihlawulela ngokwabo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye ke abanye, ngokuzisa ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye namandla amaninzi ahlaziyekayo kumaxabiso aphakathi asele ephantsi namhlanje kunamafutha efosili kunye nenyukliya, kunye nokuwa.
Kodwa kuseyimfuneko ukuhlanganisa imali yotyalo-mali kuqoqosho olunengeniso ephantsi ngoku ngesantya kunye nesikali esingazange sabonwa ngaphambili. Sele sibona ukuba, nangona kukho izibhengezo nezibhambathiso ezahlukeneyo, oongxowankulu babucala abazukukufeza ngokwabo oku. Njengoko uNowam echazwe ngasentla, oongxowankulu babucala balindele utyalo-mali lwabo olucocekileyo lwamandla kuqoqosho oluphuhlayo ukuba lube “ukususwa emngciphekweni” ngamaqumrhu karhulumente. Oko kuthetha ukuba, ukushwankathela uNowam, ukuba abatyali-zimali babucala bafumana inkxaso-mali enkulu kumaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze benze utyalo-mali, kodwa emva koko bakhuphe yonke ingeniso xa utyalo-mali luhlawule. Amaqumrhu oluntu anikezela ngenkxaso-mali angabandakanya oorhulumente bamazwe abo atyebileyo, oorhulumente bamazwe anengeniso ephantsi apho anokutyala kuwo, okanye amaziko otyalo-mali oluntu ngamazwe afana neBhanki yeHlabathi okanye iNgxowa-mali yeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe.
Ikwayimeko yokuba oorhulumente bamazwe atyebileyo abakhange bafezekise izithembiso abazenzileyo ekuqaleni ngo-2009 zokubonelela nge-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkxaso yonyaka enxulumene nemozulu kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Phakathi kowama-2015 ukuya kowama-2020, amazwe angama-35 anengeniso ephezulu anike ingxelo ebonelela ngomndilili opheleleyo weebhiliyoni ezingama-36 zeedola ngonyaka, kuphela isinye kwisithathu se-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka. Ngaphezu koko, eli nani lisezantsi liyawugqithisa umgangatho wokwenyani wemeko yezemali kumazwe atyebileyo abonelelayo, ekubeni amazwe anokuthi abize nantoni na “njengemali yemozulu.” Ngoko, ngokutsho iya ku Reuters ibali ukusuka nge-1 kaJuni, 2023:
I-Italiya yanceda umthengisi ukuvula itshokolethi kunye neevenkile zegelato kulo lonke elaseAsia. IUnited States yanika imali-mboleko yokwandisa ihotele elunxwemeni eHaiti. IBelgium yaxhasa ifilimu umhlaba obomvu, ibali lothando elibekwe kwihlathi lemvula laseArgentina. Kwaye iJapan ixhasa ngezimali isityalo esitsha samalahle e-Bangladesh kunye nokwandiswa kwesikhululo seenqwelomoya e-Egypt….
Nangona isityalo samalahle, ihotele, iivenkile zetshokolethi, umboniso bhanyabhanya kunye nokwandiswa kwesikhululo seenqwelomoya akubonakali njengemizamo yokulwa nobushushu behlabathi, akukho nto ithintele oorhulumente ababaxhasa ngezimali ukuba bazixele ngolo hlobo kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaye bababale ngokunikela kwabo. iyonke.
Kucacile ukuba inkqubo yokubeka iliso ebukhali linyathelo elinye eliyimfuneko ekuhambiseni izibonelelo zemali ezibalulekileyo kwiiprojekthi ezisemthethweni zemozulu kuqoqosho oluphuhlayo. Kodwa ukongeza, kuya kubaluleka kwakhona ukuba iibhanki zotyalo-mali zoluntu kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi zisebenze njengeendlela eziphambili zokuqhubela phambili iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali kuqoqosho lwazo. Iibhanki zotyalo-mali lukarhulumente kufuneka zibe zilawula ukuxhaswa ngemali kweeprojekthi zamandla acocekileyo kuwo omabini amacandelo oluntu nabucala, kunye neeprojekthi ezixubeneyo zoluntu/zabucala. Asinakwazi ukuba yeyiphi eyona mxube ilungileyo phakathi kobunini bakarhulumente nababucala kunye nayo nayiphi na iprojekthi ethile kulo naliphi na ilizwe elinengeniso ephantsi (okanye kulo mbandela, naliphi na ilizwe elinengeniso ephezulu). Akukho sizathu sokuba ungqongqo uze wenze ngathi ngenye indlela. Kodwa, kuzo zonke iimeko, kufuneka sisebenze phantsi kwengqwalasela yokuba akukho ngqiqweni ukuvumela iifemu zabucala ukuba zenze inzuzo ngamaxabiso abawafumeneyo phantsi kweminyaka engama-40 yeniyoliberalism. Ukuba iifemu zabucala ziyakuvuyela ukwamkela iinkxaso-mali ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke ukuxhasa utyalo-mali lwazo lwamandla acocekileyo, nazo kufuneka zikulungele ukwamkela imida kwingeniso yazo. Imigaqo yolawulo enjalo, umzekelo, yinkqubo yesiqhelo kwicandelo labucala le-US eliluncedo lombane. Imigangatho efanayo inokumiselwa ngokulula kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela