Intshukumo ye-Occupy ibe luphuhliso olunomdla kakhulu. Okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili, enyanisweni. Azange kubekho into enje endiyicingayo. Ukuba iibhondi kunye nonxulumano olusekiweyo lunokugcinwa kwixesha elide, elimnyama ngaphambili - kuba uloyiso aluyi kuza ngokukhawuleza - lunobungqina bomzuzu obalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika.
Inyani yokuba intshukumo ye-Occupy ayikaze ibonwe ifanelekile. Ngapha koko, lixesha elingazange libonwe ngaphambili kwaye bekunjalo ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970s, ethe yaphawula inguqu enkulu kwimbali yaseMelika. Kangangeenkulungwane, okoko ilizwe laqalayo, beliluluntu oluphuhlayo, kwaye lingasoloko likwindlela entle kakhulu. Lelinye ibali, kodwa inkqubela jikelele ibiye kubutyebi, ushishino, uphuhliso kunye nethemba. Kwakukho ulindelo olungaguqukiyo lokuba iza kuqhubeka ngoluhlobo. Kwakunjalo nakumaxesha anzima.
Ndimdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndikhumbule ukuDodobala okuKhulu. Emva kweminyaka embalwa yokuqala, phakathi koo-1930-nangona imeko yayinzima kakhulu kunokuba injalo namhlanje - nangona kunjalo, umoya wawuhluke kakhulu. Kwakukho ingcamango yokuba โsiza kuphuma kuyo,โ kwanaphakathi kwabantu abangaphangeliyo, kuquka nezalamane zam ezininzi, ngengqiqo yokuba โkuya kuba ngcono.โ
Kwakukho imibutho elwela amalungelo abasebenzi eyayiqhubeka, ingakumbi kwiCIO (iCongress of Industrial Organizations). Yayifikelela kwinqanaba lokuhlala phantsi, eyoyikisayo kwihlabathi lezoshishino - unokuyibona kushicilelo lwezoshishino ngelo xesha - kuba ugwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi linyathelo nje ngaphambi kokuthatha umzi-mveliso kwaye uqhube. ngokwakho. Umbono wokuthathwa kwabasebenzi yinto ethe, ngengozi, kakhulu kwi-ajenda namhlanje, kwaye kufuneka siyigcine engqondweni. Kwakhona umthetho weSivumelwano esitsha wawuqalisa ukungena ngenxa yoxinzelelo oludumileyo. Ngaphandle kwamaxesha anzima, bekukho luvo lokuba, ngandlela thile, "siza kuphuma kuyo."
Kwahluke kakhulu ngoku. Kubantu abaninzi eUnited States, kukho imvakalelo egqubayo yokungabi nathemba, maxa wambi ukuphelelwa lithemba. Ndicinga ukuba yinto entsha kwimbali yaseMelika. Kwaye inesiseko esinenjongo.
KwiKlasi yokuSebenza
Ngeminyaka yee-1930, abantu abangasebenziyo babenokulindela ukuba imisebenzi yabo yayiza kubuya. Ukuba ungumsebenzi kwimveliso namhlanje - inqanaba langoku lokungaphangeli liphantse lafana noxinzelelo - kwaye utyekelo lwangoku lusaqhubeka, loo misebenzi ayizukubuya.
Utshintsho lwenzeka ngeminyaka yee-1970. Zininzi izizathu zoko. Omnye wemiba esisiseko, exutyushwa ikakhulu ngumbhali-mbali wezoqoqosho uRobert Brenner, yaba kukuhla kwexabiso lengeniso kwimveliso. Kwakukho nabanye oothunywashe. Ikhokelele kutshintsho olukhulu kuqoqosho - ukuguqulwa kwamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka yenkqubela phambili ebhekiselele kushishino kunye nophuhliso olujike lwaba yinkqubo yokususwa kwamashishini kunye nokuthotywa kophuhliso. Ewe kunjalo, imveliso yemveliso iqhubekile phesheya inengeniso kakhulu, kodwa ayilunganga kubasebenzi.
Kunye nale nto yeza utshintsho olubalulekileyo kuqoqosho ukusuka kwishishini elinemveliso - ukuvelisa izinto abantu abazidingayo okanye abanokusebenzisa - ukuya kulawulo lwezemali. Ukwenziwa kwemali kwezoqoqosho kwaqalisa ngenene ngelo xesha.
KwiiBhanki
Phambi koo-1970, iibhanki zaziziibhanki. Benze into ebekumele ukuba yenziwe ziibhanki kuqoqosho longxowankulu bakarhulumente: bathathe iimali ezingasetyenziswanga kwiakhawunti yakho yebhanki, umzekelo, kwaye bazigqithisele kwinjongo enokuba luncedo njengokunceda usapho luthenge ikhaya okanye ukuthumela umntwana ekholejini. Oko kwatshintsha kakhulu ngeminyaka yee-1970. Ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha, akuzange kubekho zingxaki zemali ukusukela oko kuCalucalulo oluKhulu. Iminyaka yoo-1950 kunye no-1960 yayilixesha lokukhula okukhulu, elona liphezulu kwimbali yaseMelika, mhlawumbi kwimbali yezoqoqosho.
Kwaye yayilingana. Elona nqanaba lisezantsi le-quintile lenze malunga nelona liphezulu lequintile. Abantu abaninzi baye baphila ubomi obufanelekileyo - into ebizwa ngokuba "ludidi oluphakathi" apha, "udidi lwabasebenzi" kwamanye amazwe - kodwa yayiyinyani. Kwaye iminyaka yee-1960 yakhawuleza. Ubutshantliziyo baloo minyaka, emva kweshumi leminyaka elibi kakhulu, baliphucula ngokwenene ilizwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezisisigxina.
Xa kwafika iminyaka yoo-1970, kwabakho utshintsho olukhawulezileyo nolubukhali: ukucinywa kwamashishini, ukucinywa kwemveliso, kunye nokutshintshela kumaziko emali, okwakhula kakhulu. Ndimele nditsho ukuba, kwiminyaka yoo-1950 kunye no-1960, kwabakho uphuhliso lwento kumashumi eminyaka kamva yaba luqoqosho lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu: iikhompyuter, i-Intanethi, i-IT Revolution yaphuhliswa kakhulu kwicandelo likarhulumente.
Izinto ezenzeka ngeminyaka yee-1970 zaqalisa umjikelo ombi. Ikhokelele ekugxininiseni kobutyebi ngokwandayo ezandleni zecandelo lezemali. Oku akuncedi kuqoqosho - mhlawumbi kuyalonakalisa kunye noluntu - kodwa kukhokelele kubutyebi obuninzi.
Kwezopolitiko kunye nemali
Ukuxinana kobutyebi kuvelisa amandla ezopolitiko. Kwaye ukugxininiswa kwamandla ezopolitiko kuvelisa umthetho owandisa kwaye ukhawulezise umjikelo. Uwiso-mthetho, ngokusisiseko olubandakanya amaqela amabini, uqhuba imigaqo-nkqubo emitsha yezemali kunye notshintsho lwerhafu, kunye nemithetho yolawulo lweshishini kunye nokupheliswa kolawulo. Ecaleni koku kuqale ukunyuka okuthe kratya kweendleko zolonyulo, nto leyo yaqhubela amaqela ezopolitiko nzulu nangakumbi kwiipokotho zecandelo loshishino.
Amaqela achithwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Kwakuqhele ukuba xa umntu kwiNkongolo enethemba lesikhundla esifana nosihlalo wekomiti, wayesifumana ubukhulu becala ngesikhundla esiphezulu kunye nenkonzo. Kwiminyaka embalwa, baqala ukubeka imali kwingxowa yepati ukuze baqhubele phambili, isihloko esifundwe ikakhulu nguTom Ferguson. Oko kwayiqhuba yonke inkqubo nangakumbi kwiipokotho zecandelo loshishino (ngokwandisa icandelo lezemali).
Lo mjikelo ubangele ubutyebi obuninzi, ingakumbi kwishumi eliphezulu kwipesenti enye yabemi. Ngeli xesha, yavula ixesha lokuma okanye ukuhla kuninzi lwabemi. Abantu baye baphumelela, kodwa ngeendlela zokwenziwa ezifana neeyure zokusebenza ezinde, amazinga aphezulu okuboleka kunye namatyala, kunye nokuthembela ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso ezinto zexabiso njengeqamza lezindlu lakutshanje. Kungekudala ezo yure zokusebenza zaziphezulu kakhulu e-United States kunakwamanye amazwe amashishini afana neJapan kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu. Ngoko ke kwabakho ixesha lokudodobala kunye nokwehla kwesininzi kunye nexesha lokuxinana okubukhali kobutyebi. Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaqalisa ukubhanga.
Bekusoloko kukho umsantsa phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kunye nentando yoluntu, kodwa isanda ngokwanda ngeenkwenkwezi. Ungayibona ngoku, enyanisweni. Jonga isihloko esikhulu eWashington apho wonke umntu agxile kuyo: intsilelo. Kuluntu, ngokuchanekileyo, intsilelo ayithathwa njengomba omninzi. Kwaye ayingomba mkhulu ngenene. Umba kukungabikho kwemisebenzi. Kukho ikhomishini yokusilela kodwa akukho khomishini yokungaphangeli. Ngokubhekiselele kwintsilelo, uluntu lunezimvo. Jonga kuvoto. Uluntu luxhasa kakhulu iirhafu eziphezulu kwizityebi, eziye zehla kakhulu ngeli xesha lokudodobala nokuhla, kunye nokugcinwa kweenzuzo ezilinganiselweyo zentlalo.
Isiphumo sekhomishini yokusilela mhlawumbi siya kuba ngokuchaseneyo. Iintshukumo ze-Occupy zinokubonelela ngesiseko sobunzima bokuzama ukunqanda ukuba yiyiphi na imilinganiselo yekrele elikhonjwe kumbindi welizwe.
IPlutonomy kunye nePrecariat
Kubantu ngokubanzi, i-99% kumfanekiso wentshukumo ye-Occupy, ibinzima kakhulu - kwaye inokuba mandundu. Eli isenokuba lixesha lokuhla okungenakulungiseka. Kwi-1% nangaphantsi - i-.1% - kulungile. Bazizityebi ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili, banamandla kunanini na ngaphambili, belawula inkqubo yezobupolitika, bengabakhathaleli uluntu. Kwaye ukuba inokuqhubeka, ngokokuxhalaba kwabo, ngokuqinisekileyo, kutheni kungenjalo?
Thatha, umzekelo, i-Citigroup. Kwiminyaka emininzi, i-Citigroup ibe yenye yezona zirhwaphilizo zebhanki ezinkulu zotyalo-mali, zikhutshwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngumhlawuli werhafu, ukuqala kwiminyaka yokuqala yeReagan kwaye ngoku kwakhona. Andiyi kubaleka urhwaphilizo, kodwa iyamangalisa kakhulu.
Kwi-2005, i-Citigroup yaphuma kunye nencwadana yabatyali-mali ebizwa ngokuthi "Plutonomy: Ukuthenga i-Luxury, Ukuchaza ukungalingani kwehlabathi." Ikhuthaze abatyali-mali ukuba babeke imali โkwisalathiso se-plutonomy.โ Le ncwadana ithi, โIhlabathi lahlulahlulwe laba ngamaqela amabiniโiPlutonomy nezinye.โ
IPlutonomy ibhekisa kwizityebi, abo bathenga izinto zodidi oluphezulu njalo njalo, kulapho isenzo sikhoyo. Babanga ukuba isalathiso sabo se-plutonomy yayiyeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo kwimarike yemasheya. Bona ke abanye, sibabeka kude. Asibakhathalelanga ngokwenene. Asizidingi ngokwenene. Kufuneka bajikeleze ukuze babonelele ngelizwe elinamandla, eliya kusikhusela kwaye lisikhuphe ngebheyile xa singena engxakini, kodwa ngaphandle koko abanamsebenzi. Ngezi ntsuku ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba โzii-precariatโ - abantu abaphila ubomi obungenabungozi kumda woluntu. Qha ayiseyiyo iperiphery. Iba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu e-United States nakwezinye iindawo. Kwaye oku kuthathwa njengento elungileyo.
Ke, umzekelo, uSihlalo we-Fed u-Alan Greenspan, ngexesha xa wayese "Saint Alan" - enconywa ngumsebenzi wezoqoqosho njengenye yeengcali zezoqoqosho ezinkulu kwixesha lonke (oku kwakungaphambi kwengozi awayenoxanduva ngayo) - wayengqina kwiCongress kwiminyaka kaClinton, kwaye wachaza imimangaliso yoqoqosho olukhulu awayeyongamela. Uthe uninzi lwempumelelo yalo lusekwe kakhulu kwinto ayibiza ngokuba โkukungakhuseleki kwabasebenzi okukhulayo.โ Ukuba abantu abasebenzayo abakhuselekanga, ukuba bayinxalenye ye-precariat, ukuphila ubomi obunobungozi, abayi kufuna iimfuno, abayi kuzama ukufumana umvuzo ongcono, abayi kufumana izibonelelo eziphuculweyo. Singazikhabela ngaphandle, ukuba asizifuni. Kwaye yiloo nto ebizwa ngokuba luqoqosho โolusempilweniโ, ngokobuchwephesha. Kwaye wanconywa kakhulu ngale nto, ethandwa kakhulu.
Ke umhlaba ngoku uyaqhekeka kwi-plutonomy kunye ne-precariat - kumfanekiso wentshukumo ye-Occupy, i-1% kunye ne-99%. Hayi amanani okoqobo, kodwa ngumfanekiso ochanekileyo. Ngoku, i-plutonomy kulapho isenzo sikhoyo kwaye sinokuqhubeka ngolu hlobo.
Ukuba iyenzeka, inguqu eyimbali eyaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1970 isenokungajikwa. Kulapho sisingise khona. Kwaye intshukumo ye-Occupy yeyona nto yokuqala yokwenyani, enkulu, impendulo edumileyo enokuthintela oku. Kodwa kuya kufuneka ukujongana nenyaniso yokuba ngumzabalazo omde, onzima. Awuphumeleli uloyiso ngomso. Kuya kufuneka wenze amaziko aza kugcinwa, aya kuthi aqhubeke kumaxesha anzima kwaye anokuphumelela uloyiso olukhulu. Kwaye zininzi izinto ezinokwenziwa.
Ngokubhekiselele ekuThathweni kwaBasebenzi
Ndakhe ndakhankanya ngaphambili, ngeminyaka yoo-1930s, enye yezona ntshukumo zisebenzayo yayilugwayimbo lokuhlala phantsi. Kwaye isizathu silula: linyathelo nje ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe ishishini.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka yee-1970, njengoko ukwehla kwakusiba, kukho iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezenzekayo. Ngo-1977, i-US Steel yagqiba ekubeni ivale enye yezakhiwo zayo eziphambili e-Youngstown, eOhio. Endaweni yokusuka nje bahambe, abasebenzi kunye noluntu bagqibe ekubeni badibane bazithenge kwinkampani, bayinike abasebenzi, bayijike ibe yindawo elawulwa ngabasebenzi, elawulwa ngabasebenzi. Abazange baphumelele. Kodwa ngenkxaso eyaneleyo ethandwayo, babenokuphumelela. Sisihloko uGar Alperovitz kunye noStaughton Lynd, igqwetha labasebenzi kunye noluntu, baxoxe ngokubanzi.
Yaba luloyiso oluyinxenye kuba, nangona boyisiwe, yaqalisa eminye imizamo. Kwaye ngoku, kulo lonke elaseOhio, nakwezinye iindawo, kukho ukusasazeka kwamakhulu, mhlawumbi amawaka, ngamanye amaxesha angengawo amancinane kakhulu abasebenzi/amashishini aphantsi koluntu anokulawulwa ngabasebenzi. Kwaye oko isiseko revolution yokwenene. Yenzeka ngolo hlobo ke.
Kwelinye lamahlomela-dolophu aseBoston, malunga nonyaka odluleyo, kwenzeka into efanayo. Inkampani yezizwe ngezizwe yagqiba ekubeni ivale indawo enengeniso, esebenzayo eqhuba imveliso yobugcisa obuphezulu. Ngokucacileyo, yayingenangeniso ngokwaneleyo kubo. Abasebenzi kunye nemanyano yabasebenzi bathembisa ukuyithenga, bayithabathe, kwaye bayiqhube ngokwabo. Izizwe ngezizwe zagqiba ekubeni ziyivale endaweni yoko, mhlawumbi ngenxa yezizathu zokuqonda udidi. Andiqondi ukuba bafuna izinto ezinje zenzeke. Ukuba bekukho inkxaso eyaneleyo ethandwayo, ukuba bekukho into efana ne-Occupy movement enokuthi ibandakanyeke, bebenokuthi baphumelele.
Kwaye kukho ezinye izinto eziqhubeka ngolo hlobo. Enyanisweni, ezinye zazo zinkulu. Kungekudala, uMongameli uBarack Obama wathatha ishishini leemoto, elaliphethwe luluntu. Kwaye kwakukho izinto ezininzi ezazinokwenziwa. Enye yinto eyenziwayo: ukuyisungula ngokutsha ukuze ibuyiselwe kubunini, okanye ubunini obufana kakhulu, kwaye iqhubeke nendlela yayo yemveli.
Enye into eyayinokwenzeka yayikukunikezela kubasebenzi - ababengabanini bayo kunjalo - bayiguqule ibe yinkqubo yemizi-mveliso elawulwa ngabasebenzi eyinxalenye enkulu yezoqoqosho, kwaye ivelise izinto ezifunwa ngabantu. Kwaye kuninzi esikufunayo.
Sonke siyazi okanye kufuneka sazi ukuba iUnited States isemva kakhulu kwihlabathi kuthutho oluhamba ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye imbi kakhulu. Ayichaphazeli ubomi babantu kuphela, koko ichaphazela uqoqosho. Kulo mba, nali ibali lobuqu. Ndiye ndanikela iintetho eFransi kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidluleyo yaye kwafuneka ndikhwele uloliwe osuka eAvignon emazantsi eFransi ukuya kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya iCharles De Gaulle eParis, kumgama ofanayo nokusuka eWashington, DC, ukuya eBoston. Kwathatha iiyure ezimbini. Andazi ukuba ukhe wamthatha na uloliwe osuka eWashington usiya eBoston, kodwa usebenza ngesantya esifana neso sasinjalo kwiminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo xa mna nomfazi wam saqala ukumthatha. Lihlazo.
Inokwenziwa apha njengoko ibisenziwa eYurophu. Babenamandla okuwenza, abasebenzi abanobuchule. Bekuya kuthatha inkxaso encinci ethandwayo, kodwa inokwenza utshintsho olukhulu kuqoqosho.
Ukwenza nje i-surreal ngakumbi, ngelixa olu khetho lwaluthintelwa, ulawulo luka-Obama lwaluthumela unobhala walo wezothutho eSpain ukuba afumane iikontraka zokuphuhlisa uloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu e-United States, owawunokwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo kwibhanti yomhlwa, enokuthi yenzeke. iyavalwa. Akukho zizathu zoqoqosho zokuba kutheni oku kungenzeki. Ezi zizizathu zeklasi, kwaye zibonisa ukunqongophala kweqela lezopolitiko elidumileyo. Izinto ezinje ziyaqhubeka.
Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye nezixhobo zeNyukliya
Ndiyigcinile imiba yasekhaya, kodwa kukho izinto ezimbini ezinobungozi kwibala lezizwe ngezizwe, eziluhlobo lwesithunzi esijinga phezu kwayo yonke into ebesiyixoxile. Kukho, ngokokuqala ngqa kwimbali yoluntu, izoyikiso zokwenyani ekusindeni okunesidima kolu didi.
Omnye sele ejinga ukusukela ngo-1945. Kuyamangalisa ukuba sisinde. Eso sisisongelo semfazwe yenyukliya nezixhobo zenyukliya. Nangona kungaxoxwa kakhulu, eso soyikiso, eneneni, siyanyuswa yimigaqo-nkqubo yolu lawulo kunye namahlakani alo. Kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe into malunga naloo nto okanye sisengxakini yokwenene.
Kakade ke, enye yintlekele yokusingqongileyo. Ngokwenyani ilizwe ngalinye emhlabeni lithatha ubuncinci ukumisa amanyathelo okuzama ukwenza okuthile ngako. I-United States nayo ithatha amanyathelo, ngakumbi ukukhawulezisa isoyikiso. Lilo kuphela ilizwe elikhulu elinganeli nje ukwenza into eyakhayo ukukhusela okusingqongileyo, alinakukhwela nokukhwela kuloliwe. Ngandlelโ ithile, iyitsalela ngasemva.
Kwaye oku kudityaniswe nenkqubo enkulu ye-propaganda, ngokuzingca nangokubhengezwa ngokuphandle lihlabathi lezoshishino, ukuzama ukukholisa abantu ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyinkohliso nje yenkululeko. โKutheni unikela ingqalelo kwezi nzululwazi?โ
Ngokwenene sibuyela umva kwixesha lobumnyama. Ayingomdlalo. Kwaye ukuba oko kuyenzeka kwelona lizwe linamandla, elona lityebileyo kwimbali, ke le ntlekele ayizukuthintelwa - kwaye kwisizukulwana okanye ezibini, yonke enye into esithetha ngayo ayizukubaluleka. Kukho into ekufuneka yenziwe ngayo kungekudala ngokuzinikela, ngendlela ezinzileyo.
Akuzukuba lula ukuqhubeka. Kuya kubakho imiqobo, ubunzima, ubunzima, ukusilela. Ayinakuphepheka. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuba umoya walo nyaka uphelileyo, apha nakwenye indawo elizweni nakwihlabathi jikelele, uqhubeka ukhula kwaye ube ngamandla amakhulu kwihlabathi lezentlalo nezopolitiko, amathuba ekamva elindilisekileyo awaphezulu kakhulu.
UNoam Chomsky liZiko leNjingalwazi Emeritus kwi-MIT yeSebe leeLinguistics kunye neFilosofi. A TomDispatch rhoqo, ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi zezopolitiko ezithengiswa kakhulu, kutsha nje, Amathemba kunye neZibonelelo,Ukwenza Ikamva, yaye Ukuhlala, epapashwe ngu Zuccotti Park Press, apho le ntetho, eyanikelwa ngo-Oktobha odluleyo, icatshulwe yaza yahlengahlengiswa. Iwebhusayithi yakhe www.chomsky.info.
Eli nqaku lavela kuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yoloyiso, njengenoveli, Iintsuku zokuGqibela zokuPapasha. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje yiNdlela yaseMelika yeMfazwe: Indlela iimfazwe zikaBush eziye zaba zezika-Obama (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela