Oku kulandelayo ngumbhalo ohleliweyo wamagqabantshintshi anikwe nguNoam Chomsky ngeSkype nge-4 kaFebruwari 2014 kwindibano yamalungu kunye namahlakani equmrhu. I-Adjunct Faculty Association ye-United Steelworkers ePittsburgh, PA. Amazwi kaProf Chomsky aphenjelelwa yimibuzo evela kuRobin Clarke, Adam Davis, David Hoinski, Maria Somma, Robin J. Sowards, Matthew Ussia, noJoshua Zelesnick. Umbhalo ulungiswe nguRobin J. Sowards kwaye uhlelwe nguProf Chomsky.
Ekuqesheni i-faculty ngaphandle kwendlela ye-tenure
Leyo yinxalenye yemodeli yeshishini. Kuyafana nokuqesha ixesha kushishino okanye into abayibiza ngokuba โzinxulumaniโ eWal-Mart, abasebenzi abangatyalwanga zibonelelo. Yinxalenye yemodeli yeshishini elihlanganisiweyo eyilelwe ukunciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi kunye nokunyusa ukuqina kwabasebenzi. Xa iidyunivesithi zidityaniswa, njengoko bekusenzeka ngokucwangcisiweyo kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo njengenxalenye yohlaselo oluqhelekileyo lwe-neoliberal kubemi, imodeli yeshishini labo ithetha ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngundoqo. Abanini abasebenzayo ngabaphathiswa (okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho, kwimeko yeeyunivesithi zikarhulumente), kwaye bafuna ukugcina iindleko ziphantsi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abasebenzi bathobekile kwaye bayathobela. Indlela yokwenza oko, ngokusisiseko, ngamaxesha. Kanye njengokuba ukuqeshwa kwexesha kuye kwanyuka ngexesha le-neoliberal, ufumana into efanayo kwiiyunivesithi. Umbono kukwahlulahlula uluntu lube ngamaqela amabini. Elinye iqela maxa wambi libizwa ngokuba yi-โplutonomyโ (igama elalisetyenziswa yiCitibank xa babekho ukucebisa abatyali-mali babo kwindawo yokutyala imali yabo), icandelo eliphezulu lobutyebi, kwihlabathi jikelele kodwa igxile kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana ne-United States. Elinye iqela, intsalela yabemi, โliyingxaki,โ liphila ubomi obuyingozi.
Le ngcamango ngamanye amaxesha yenziwa yacaca kakhulu. Ngoko xa uAlan Greenspan wayeubungqina phambi kweCongress ngo-1997 ngemimangaliso yezoqoqosho awayeyiqhuba, watsho ngokuthe ngqo ukuba esinye seziseko zempumelelo yezoqoqosho kukubeka into awayeyibiza ngokuba โkukungakhuseleki okukhulu kwabasebenzi.โ Ukuba abasebenzi abakhuselekanga ngakumbi, โyimpiloโ kakhulu leyo eluntwini, kuba ukuba abasebenzi abakhuselekanga abasayi kucela mivuzo, abasayi kugwayimba, abafuni zibonelelo; baya kukhonza iinkosi ngovuyo nangokungenzi nto. Kwaye loo nto ilungile kwimpilo yezoqoqosho yamaqumrhu. Ngelo xesha, wonke umntu wayewajonga amazwi kaGreenspan njengengqiqo kakhulu, egweba ngokungabikho kokusabela kunye nodumo olukhulu awaluthandayo. Ewe, dlulisela loo nto kwiidyunivesithi: uqinisekisa njani "ukungakhuseleki okukhulu kwabasebenzi"? Okona kubalulekileyo, ngokunganiki siqinisekiso sokuqeshwa, ngokugcina abantu bejinga emlenzeni kunokuba banqunyulwe nanini na, ukuze bavale umlomo, bathabathe imivuzo emincinane, benze umsebenzi wabo; yaye ukuba bafumana isipho sokuvunyelwa ukuba bakhonze phantsi kweemeko ezimaxongo omnye unyaka, bafanele basamkele baze bangaceli okunye. Yiloo ndlela ogcina ngayo uluntu lusebenza kakuhle kwaye lusempilweni ngokwembono yeenkampani. Kwaye njengoko iidyunivesithi zisiya kwimodeli yeshishini elihlangeneyo, ukunyaniseka yeyona nto ibekiweyo. Kwaye siza kubona ngakumbi nangakumbi ngayo.
Lo ngumba omnye, kodwa kukho eminye imiba ekwaqheleke kakhulu kushishino lwabucala, oko kukuthi, ukonyuka okukhulu koomaleko bolawulo kunye nolawulo lwe-bureaucracy. Ukuba kufuneka ulawule abantu, kufuneka ube namandla olawulo akwenzayo. Ke kwishishini lase-US nangaphezulu kunakwenye indawo, kukho umaleko emva komaleko wolawulo-uhlobo lwenkcitho yezoqoqosho, kodwa eluncedo kulawulo kunye nolawulo. Kwaye kuyafana nakwiiyunivesithi. Kwiminyaka engama-30 okanye engama-40 edlulileyo, kuye kwakho ukwanda okubukhali kakhulu kumyinge wabalawuli kwifakhalthi nabafundi; iFaculty kunye nenqanaba labafundi liye lahlala likwinqanaba elifanelekileyo ngokumalunga omnye nomnye, kodwa umyinge wabalawuli unyukile. Kukho incwadi entle kakhulu ebhalwe ngusontlalontle owaziwayo, uBenjamin Ginsberg, ebizwa Ukuwa kweFakhalthi: Ukunyuka kweDyunivesithi yoLawulo lonke kwaye kutheni ibalulekile (Oxford University Press, 2011), echaza ngokweenkcukacha isimbo soshishino solawulo olukhulu kunye namanqanaba olawulo-kwaye kunjalo, abalawuli abahlawulwa kakhulu. Oku kubandakanya abalawuli abaziingcali ezifana needians, umzekelo, ababekade bengamalungu eFakhalthi athathe uhambo lweminyaka embalwa ukuze asebenze kwisikhundla solawulo emva koko abuyele kwifakhalthi; ngoku ubukhulu becala baziingcali, abathi ke baqeshe ii-sub-deans, kunye noonobhala, njalo njalo njalo njalo, ukwanda okupheleleyo kolwakhiwo oluhamba kunye nabalawuli. Yonke loo nto yenye inkalo yemodeli yeshishini.
Kodwa ukusebenzisa abasebenzi abancinci-kwaye khu seleka umsebenzi-yinto yoshishino ebuyela emva njengoko unako ukulandelela ishishini labucala, kwaye imibutho yabasebenzi yavela ekuphenduleni. Kwiidyunivesithi, abasebenzi abaphantsi, abasengozini kuthetha abaxhasi kunye nabafundi abaphumeleleyo. Abafundi abaphumeleleyo basengozini ngakumbi, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo. Umbono kukudlulisela imiyalelo kubasebenzi abangoongantweni, nto leyo ephucula indlela yokuziphatha nolawulo kodwa ikwazi nokudluliselwa kwemali kwezinye iinjongo ngaphandle kwemfundo. Iindleko, ngokuqinisekileyo, zithwalwa ngabafundi kunye nabantu abatsalwa kule misebenzi isengozini. Kodwa luphawu oluqhelekileyo loluntu oluqhutywa ngamashishini ukudlulisela iindleko ebantwini. Enyanisweni, iingcali zezoqoqosho zisebenzisana ngokucokisekileyo koku. Ke, umzekelo, masithi ufumana impazamo kwiakhawunti yakho yokutshekisha kwaye ufowunela ibhanki ukuzama ukuyilungisa. Ewe, uyazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Ubatsalela umnxeba, kwaye ufumana umyalezo orekhodiweyo othi โSiyakuthanda, nantsi imenyu.โ Mhlawumbi imenyu inale nto uyifunayo, mhlawumbi ayinayo. Ukuba kwenzeka ukuba ufumane ukhetho olufanelekileyo, uphulaphule umculo othile, kwaye rhoqo kunye nexesha elithile ilizwi lifika kwaye lithi "Nceda ume, siyayixabisa ngokwenene ishishini lakho," njalo njalo. Ekugqibeleni, emva kwexesha elithile, unokufumana umntu, onokuthi ubuze umbuzo omfutshane kuye. Yiloo nto iingcali zezoqoqosho zikubiza ngokuthi โukusebenza kakuhle.โ Ngamanyathelo ezoqoqosho, loo nkqubo inciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi ebhankini; ngokuqinisekileyo ibeka iindleko kuwe, kwaye ezo ndleko ziphindaphindwa ngenani labasebenzisi, elinokuba likhulu-kodwa loo nto ayibalwa njengeendleko kubalo loqoqosho. Kwaye ukuba ujonga indlela uluntu olusebenza ngayo, ufumana oku kuyo yonke indawo. Ke iyunivesiti ibeka iindleko kubafundi nakwifakhalthi abangaphoswanga nje kuphela kodwa bagcinwe kwindlela eqinisekisa ukuba abayi kuba nokhuseleko. Konke oku kuyindalo ngokugqibeleleyo ngaphakathi kweemodeli zoshishino lwequmrhu. Iyingozi kwimfundo, kodwa imfundo ayiyonjongo yabo.
Enyanisweni, ukuba ujonga ngasemva, kuya nzulu ngakumbi kunoko. Ukuba ubuyela ekuqaleni koo-1970 xa okuninzi koku kwaqala, kwakukho inkxalabo eninzi kakhulu kwi-spectrum yezopolitiko malunga nokusebenza kwee-1960s; ngokuqhelekileyo libizwa ngokuba โlixesha leembandezelo.โ โYayilixesha leenkathazoโ kuba ilizwe lalisiya liphucuka, yaye oko kuyingozi. Abantu babezibandakanya kwezopolitiko kwaye babezama ukufumana amalungelo kumaqela abizwa ngokuba "yiminqweno ekhethekileyo," njengabasetyhini, abantu abasebenzayo, abalimi, abatsha, abadala, njalo njalo. Oko kwakhokelela kumqolo onzima, owawubonakala ngokucacileyo. Ekupheleni kwenkululeko ye-spectrum, kukho incwadi ebizwa Ingxaki yeDemokhrasi: Ingxelo ngoLawulo lweeDemokhrasi ku IKomishoni emacala amathathu, UMichel Crozier, uSamuel P. Huntington, uJoji Watanuki (i-New York University Press, i-1975), eveliswe yiKhomishoni ye-Trilateral, umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe akhululekile. Ulawulo lweCarter lwatsalwa phantse ngokupheleleyo kuluhlu lwabo. Babexhalabile koko babekubiza ngokuba โyingxaki yedemokhrasi,โ oko kukuthi idemokhrasi ininzi kakhulu. Ngeminyaka yee-1960 kwakukho iingcinezelo zabemi, ezi โzilangazelelo zikhethekileyo,โ zokuzama ukufumana amalungelo ngaphakathi kweqonga lezobupolitika, yaye oko kwabeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kurhulumenteโawunakuyenza loo nto. Kwakukho umdla omnye okhethekileyo abawushiyileyo, oko kukuthi, icandelo loshishino, kuba umdla walo โumdla wesizweโ; icandelo loshishino liku funeka ukulawula urhulumente, ngoko asithethi ngabo. Kodwa "iminqweno ekhethekileyo" ibibangela iingxaki kwaye bathi "kufuneka sibe nokumodareyitha ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi," uluntu kufuneka lubuyele ekubeni lungenzi nto kwaye lungakhathali. Kwaye bazixhalabise ngakumbi ngezikolo kunye neeyunivesithi, abathi aziwenzi ngokufanelekileyo umsebenzi wabo "wokufundisa abancinci." Unokubona kwintshukumo yabafundi (intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, intshukumo echasene nemfazwe, intshukumo yabasetyhini, intshukumo yokusingqongileyo) ukuba ulutsha alufundiswanga ngokufanelekileyo.
Kulungile ubafundisa njani abancinci? Kukho iindlela ezininzi. Enye indlela kukubathwalisa ityala lemfundo elinzima elingenathemba. Ityala ngumgibe, ngakumbi ityala lomfundi, elikhulu kakhulu, likhulu kakhulu kunekhadi letyala. Ngumgibe wobomi bakho bonke kuba imithetho yenzelwe ukuba ungaphumi kuyo. Ukuba ishishini, litsho, lingena ematyaleni amaninzi linokubhengeza ukuba libhangile, kodwa abantu ngabanye abanakuze bakhululwe kwityala labafundi ngokutshona. Banokude bahombise ukhuseleko loluntu ukuba uyasilela. Leyo yindlela yoluleko. Anditsho ukuba yaziswe ngenjongo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo inaloo nto. Kwaye kunzima ukuxoxa ukuba kukho nayiphi na isiseko sezoqoqosho kuyo. Jonga nje kwihlabathi jikelele: imfundo ephakamileyo ubukhulu becala isimahla. Kumazwe anemigangatho ephezulu yemfundo, masithi iFinland, eyona iphambili ngalo lonke ixesha, imfundo ephakamileyo isimahla. Kwaye kwilizwe elityebileyo, elinempumelelo yongxowankulu njengeJamani, kusimahla. EMexico, ilizwe elihlwempuzekileyo, elinemigangatho ephucukileyo yemfundo, xa ucinga ngobunzima bezoqoqosho elijamelene nabo, lisimahla. Ngapha koko, jonga eUnited States: ukuba ubuyela kwiminyaka yoo-1940 kunye no-50s, imfundo ephakamileyo yayisondele kakhulu kwisimahla. UMthetho osaYilwayo weGI unike imfundo yasimahla kwinani elikhulu labantu ababengasoze bakwazi ukuya ekholejini. Yayilunge kakhulu kubo kwaye yayilunge kakhulu kuqoqosho kunye noluntu; ibiyinxalenye yesizathu sokukhula kweqondo eliphezulu loqoqosho. Nakwiikholeji zabucala, imfundo yayisondele kakhulu kwesimahla. Ndithathe: Ndaya ekholejini ngowe-1945 kwiyunivesithi yase-Ivy League, kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, yaye izifundo zazizi-$100. Inokuba yi-800 yeedola kwiidola zanamhlanje. Kwaye kwakulula kakhulu ukufumana i-scholarship, ukuze uhlale ekhaya, usebenze, kwaye uye esikolweni kwaye akubizi nto. Ngoku igqithile. Ndinabazukulwana ekholejini, ekufuneka bahlawulele izifundo zabo kunye nomsebenzi kwaye phantse akunakwenzeka. Kubafundi obo bubuchule boluleko.
Kwaye obunye ubuchule bokufundisa kukucutha unxibelelwano phakathi kwefakhalthi nomfundi: iiklasi ezinkulu, ootitshala bexeshana abasindwa ngumthwalo, abangakwazi kuphila ngomvuzo odibeneyo. Kwaye ekubeni ungenalo naluphi na ukhuseleko lomsebenzi awukwazi ukwakha ikhondo lomsebenzi, awukwazi ukuqhubela phambili kwaye ufumane ngaphezulu. Ezi zizo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha, ukufundisa kunye nokulawula. Kwaye kufana kakhulu noko ubunokukulindela kumzi-mveliso, apho abasebenzi bomzi-mveliso bafanele baqeqesheke, bathobele; akumelanga badlale indima, masithi, baququzelele imveliso okanye bamisele indlela esebenza ngayo indawo yokusebenzaโngumsebenzi wolawulo lowo. Oku kugqithiselwe kwiidyunivesithi. Kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba akufanelanga othuse nabani na onamava kwishishini labucala, kushishino; yindlela abasebenza ngayo leyo.
Indlela ekufanele ukuba ngayo imfundo ephakamileyo
Okokuqala, sifanele siyibeke ecaleni nayiphi na ingcamango yokuba kwakha kwakho โixesha legolide.โ Izinto zazahlukile kwaye ngandlelโ ithile zingcono ngaphambili, kodwa zikude nemfezeko. Iiyunivesiti zemveli, umzekelo, bezinolawulo oluphezulu, zinentatho-nxaxheba encinci yedemokhrasi ekwenziweni kwezigqibo. Enye inxalenye yephulo leminyaka yoo-1960 yayikukuzama ukwenza idemokhrasi kwiidyunivesiti, ukuzisa, ukutsho, abameli babafundi kwiikomiti zefakhalthi, ukuzisa abasebenzi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Ezi nzame zenziwa phantsi kwamalinge abafundi, kunye nenqanaba elithile lempumelelo. Uninzi lweeyunivesithi ngoku zinenqanaba elithile lokuthatha inxaxheba kwabafundi kwizigqibo zefakhalthi. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba ezo ziintlobo zezinto esifanele siqhubele kuzo: iziko ledemokhrasi, apho abantu ababandakanyekayo kwiziko, nokuba ngubani na (i-faculty, abafundi, abasebenzi), bathatha inxaxheba ekunqumeni uhlobo lweziko kunye nendlela. iyabaleka; kwaye okufanayo kuya kumzi-mveliso.
Ezi ayizizo ngcamango ezicacileyo, manditsho. Baphuma ngqo kwinkululeko yakudala. Ke ukuba ufunda, umzekelo, uJohn Stuart Mill, umntu ophambili kwisithethe sakudala senkululeko, wakuthatha njengento ebambekayo ukuba iindawo zokusebenza kufuneka zilawulwe kwaye zilawulwe ngabantu abasebenza kuzo-leyo yinkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi (bona, umz. UJohn Stuart Mill,Imigaqo yoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko, incwadi yesi-4, ikh. 7). Sibona iingcamango ezifanayo eUnited States. Masithi ubuyela kwiiKnights of Labor; enye yeenjongo zabo ezichaziweyo yayikukuba โUkuseka amaziko entsebenziswano afana nokuthanda ukuthabathelโ indawo inkqubo yemivuzo, ngokuqaliswa kwenkqubo yoshishino lwentsebenziswanoโ (โUmsitho wokuSekwaโ kwiMibutho yaseKhaya esandul' ukusekwa). Okanye thatha umntu onje, uJohn Dewey, umdidiyeli we-20th-intanda-bulumko yenkulungwane yentlalontle, eyabiza kungekuphela nje imfundo ejolise ekuzilawuleni ngokuyilayo ezikolweni, kodwa nolawulo lwabasebenzi kushishino, into awayibiza ngokuba โyidemokhrasi yamashishini.โ Uthi logama nje amaziko abalulekileyo oluntu (afana nemveliso, urhwebo, ezothutho, amajelo eendaba) engekho phantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ngoko โezopolitiko [ziya kuba] sisithunzi soluntu ngamashishini amakhuluโ ( John Dewey, โImfuneko Yeqela Elitshaโ [1931]). Lo mbono uphantse waba sisiseko, uneengcambu ezinzulu kwimbali yaseMelika kunye nenkululeko yakudala, kufanele ukuba ibe yindalo yesibini kubantu abasebenzayo, kwaye kufuneka isebenze ngendlela efanayo kwiidyunivesithi. Kukho ezinye izigqibo eyunivesithi apho ungafuni ukuba [nedemokhrasi elubala kuba] kufuneka ugcine ubumfihlo bomfundi, masithi, kwaye kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zemiba enobuzaza, kodwa kuninzi lwemisebenzi yesiqhelo yedyunivesithi, apho. ayisosizathu sokuba uthatho-nxaxheba oluthe ngqo lungabi semthethweni kodwa lube luncedo. Kwisebe lam, umzekelo, iminyaka engama-40 siye saba nabameli babafundi abancedisayo ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zesebe.
Kulawulo โekwabelwana ngaloโ kunye nolawulo lwabasebenzi
Iyunivesithi mhlawumbi liziko lentlalontle kuluntu lwethu elisondele kakhulu kulawulo lwabasebenzi lwedemokhrasi. Kwisebe, umzekelo, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ubuncinci ifakhalthi ikwazi ukumisela isixa esikhulu sokuba unjani umsebenzi wabo: baza kufundisa ntoni, xa beza kufundisa, ikharityhulamu. iya kuba. Kwaye uninzi lwezigqibo malunga nomsebenzi wokwenene owenziwa licandelo lihle kakhulu phantsi kolawulo lwe-tenured faculty. Ngoku ngokuqinisekileyo kukho inqanaba eliphezulu labalawuli ongenakukwazi ukubalawula okanye ulawule. I-faculty inokucebisa umntu ukuba athathe indawo yokuhlala, masithi, kwaye yaliwe ngabaphathi, okanye umongameli, okanye abaphathiswa okanye abawisi-mthetho. Ayenzeki rhoqo, kodwa iyenzeka kwaye iyenzeka. Kwaye loo nto isoloko iyinxalenye yolwakhiwo lwangasemva, oluthi, nangona lwaluhlala lukhona, lwalungaphantsi kwengxaki ngeentsuku apho ulawulo lwalutsalwa kwi-faculty kwaye ngokomgaqo okhumbulekayo. Ngaphantsi kweenkqubo zokumelwa, kufuneka ube nomntu owenza umsebenzi wolawulo kodwa kufuneka akhunjulwe ngaxa lithile phantsi kwegunya labantu ababalawulayo. Loo nto iyancipha kwaye iyancipha inyaniso. Kukho abalawuli abaziingcali ngakumbi nangakumbi, umaleko emva komaleko wabo, kunye nezikhundla ezininzi ezithathwa zikude kulawulo lwefakhalthi. Nditshilo ngaphambili Ukuwa kweFakhalthi nguBenjamin Ginsberg, eya kwiinkcukacha ezininzi malunga nendlela oku kusebenza ngayo kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi azijonga ngokusondeleyo: Johns Hopkins, Cornell, kunye nabanye abambalwa.
Ngeli xesha, i-faculty iyancipha ukuya kudidi lwabasebenzi bexeshana abaqinisekiswa ubukho obunobungozi ngaphandle kwendlela eya kumzila we-tenure. Ndinabo abantu endibaziyo abangabahlohli abasisigxina; abanikwa iwonga lokwenyani lobuchule; kufuneka bafake izicelo minyaka le ukuze baphinde baqeshwe. Ezi zinto akufuneki zivunyelwe ukuba zenzeke. Kwaye kwimeko yezongezelelo, iye yafakwa kwiziko: ayivumelekanga ukuba ibe yinxalenye yezixhobo zokuthatha izigqibo, kwaye ayibandakanywa kukhuseleko lomsebenzi, nto leyo eyandisa nje ingxaki. Ndicinga ukuba abasebenzi kufuneka badityaniswe ekwenziweni kwezigqibo, njengoko beyinxalenye yeyunivesithi. Ke kuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe, kodwa ndicinga ukuba sinokusiqonda ngokulula ukuba kutheni le mikhwa ikhula. Zonke ziyinxalenye yokunyanzeliswa kwemodeli yeshishini malunga nayo yonke inkalo yobomi. Leyo yingcinga yeniyoliberal ethe uninzi lwehlabathi luphila phantsi kweminyaka engama-40. Iyingozi kakhulu ebantwini, kwaye kukho ukuxhathisa kuyo. Kwaye kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iindawo ezimbini zehlabathi, ubuncinane, ziye zasinda kakhulu kuyo, ezizezi, i-East Asia, apho ayizange ivume ngokwenene, kunye noMzantsi Melika kwiminyaka eyi-15 edlulileyo.
Kwimfuno yesityholo "yokuguquguquka"
โUkuba bhetyebhetyeโ ligama eliqheleke kakhulu kubasebenzi kushishino. Inxalenye yoko kubizwa ngokuba โluhlaziyo lwezabasebenziโ kukwenza umsebenzi ube โbhetyebhetye,โ kube lula ukuqesha nokugxotha abantu. Leyo, kwakhona, indlela yokuqinisekisa ukwanda kwengeniso kunye nolawulo. "Ukuba bhetyebhetye" kufanele ukuba yinto elungileyo, njengokuthi "ukungakhuseleki okukhulu kwabasebenzi." Ukubeka ecaleni ishishini apho kuyinyaniso okufanayo, kwiiyunivesithi akukho sizathu. Ke thatha imeko apho kukho ubhaliso olungaphantsi kwenye indawo. Asiyongxaki inkulu leyo. Enye yeentombi zam ifundisa eyunivesithi; uvele wandifowunela ngobunye ubusuku wandixelela ukuba umthwalo wakhe wokufundisa uyatshintshwa kuba enye yezifundo ebezifundiswa ibingabhaliswanga ngokwaneleyo. Kulungile, ihlabathi alifikelelanga esiphelweni, batshintshe nje kumalungiselelo okufundisa-ufundisa ikhosi eyahlukileyo, okanye icandelo elongezelelweyo, okanye into enjalo. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba abantu balahlwe ngaphandle okanye bangakhuseleki ngenxa yokwahluka kwamanani abafundi ababhalisela izifundo. Kukho zonke iintlobo zeendlela zokulungisa olo tshintsho. Ingcamango yokuba abasebenzi kufuneka bahlangabezane neemeko "zokuguquguquka" bobunye ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bokulawula kunye nokulawula. Kutheni ungatsho ukuba abalawuli mabakhutshelwe ngaphandle ukuba akukho nto banokuyenza kwisiqingatha sonyaka, okanye abathenjwaโbafanele ukuba babe lapho? Imeko iyafana nabaphathi abaphezulu kwishishini: ukuba abasebenzi kufuneka babe bhetyebhetye, kuthekani ngolawulo? Uninzi lwazo alunamsebenzi okanye luyingozi, ngoko ke masizilahle. Kwaye ungaqhubeka ngolu hlobo. Ukuthatha nje iindaba kwezi ntsuku zimbalwa zidlulileyo, thatha, uthi, uJamie Dimon, i-CEO ye-JP Morgan Chase bank: ufumene into entle. ukonyuka okukhulu, ephantse yawuphinda kabini umvuzo wakhe, ngenxa yombulelo kuba eye wayisindisa ibhanki kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezazinokubathumela entolongweni abaphathi; wafumana isohlwayo se-$20 yamawaka ezigidi kuphela ngenxa yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ewe ndiyakwazi ukucinga ukuba ukususa umntu onjalo kunokuba luncedo kuqoqosho. Kodwa asiyiyo le nto abantu bathetha ngayo xa bethetha โngohlaziyo lwezabasebenzi.โ Ngabantu abasebenzayo kufuneka babandezeleke, kwaye kufuneka bahlupheke ngokungazithembi, ngokungazi ukuba iqhekeza lesonka langomso liza kuvela phi, ngoko ke baqeqeshe kwaye bathobele kwaye bangabuzi imibuzo okanye babuze amalungelo abo. Yindlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zobuzwilakhe. Kwaye ihlabathi lezoshishino yinkqubo ekhohlakeleyo. Xa ibekwe kwiiyunivesithi, ufumanisa ukuba ibonisa iingcamango ezifanayo. Oku akufanele kube yimfihlelo.
Ngenjongo yemfundo
Ezi ziingxoxo-mpikiswano ezibuyela emva phayaa kukhanyiso, xa imibandela yemfundo ephakamileyo nemfundo yabantu abaninzi yayiphakanyiswa ngokwenene, kungekuphela nje imfundo yabefundisi nezihandiba. Kwaye kukho iimodeli ezimbini ezixoxwe kwi-18th Kunye ne19th iinkulungwane. Kuxoxwe ngemifanekiso entle evuselela inkanuko. Omnye umfanekiso wemfundo yayikukuba ifanele ibe njengesitya esizaliswe ngamanzi, masithi. Nantso into esiyibiza kwezi ntsuku โukufundisa ukuvavanyaโ: ugalela amanzi esityeni emva koko inqanawa iwabuyisele amanzi. Kodwa yinqanawa entle evuzayo, njengoko sonke sithe sahamba isikolo siye sanamava, kuba unokucengceleza into ethile kuviwo ongenamdla kuyo ukuze uphumelele iimviwo kwaye emva kweveki ulibale ukuba ikhosi ibimalunga nantoni. Imodeli yeenqanawa kule mihla ibizwa ngokuba "akukho mntwana ushiyekileyo," "ukufundisa ukuvavanya," "ugqatso ukuya phezulu," nokuba lithini na igama, kunye nezinto ezifanayo kwiiyunivesithi. Iingcali zokhanyiso zawuchasa loo mzekelo.
Omnye umzekelo wawuchazwa njengowandlala umtya apho umfundi aqhubela phambili ngendlela yakhe phantsi kwenyathelo lakhe lokuqala, mhlawumbi ehambisa intambo, mhlawumbi agqibe kwelokuba aye kwenye indawo, mhlawumbi aphakamise imibuzo. Ukwandlala umtya kuthetha ukumisela iqondo elithile lolwakhiwo. Ngoko inkqubo yemfundo, nokuba inokuba yintoni na, ikhosi yefiziksi okanye enye into, ayisayi kuba yiyo nantoni na ehamba; inesakhiwo esithile. Kodwa injongo yayo kukuba umfundi afumane amandla okubuza, okudala, okuvelisa izinto ezintsha, ukucela umngeniโyimfundo leyo. Enye ingcali yefiziksi eyaziwayo kwihlabathi, kwizifundo zakhe zakuqala ukuba ubuzwe ukuba "siza kugubungela ntoni kwesi siqingatha sonyaka?", impendulo yakhe ibisithi "akunamsebenzi nokuba sigubungela ntoni na, ibalulekile into oyithethayo. ukungafuniikhava.โ Ufumene amandla kunye nokuzithemba kulo mbandela wokucela umngeni kunye nokudala kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ufunda; ngaloo ndlela uye wafaka ngaphakathi kwizinto eziphathekayo kwaye unokuqhubeka. Ayingombandela wokuqokelela iinyani ezithile onokuthi uzibhale phantsi kuvavanyo kwaye ulibale ngengomso.
Le yimizekelo emibini eyahlukileyo yemfundo. Umbono wokuKhanya wawuyeyesibini, kwaye ndicinga ukuba yileyo ekufuneka sizabalazele ukuya kuyo. Yiloo nto ke imfundo yokwenyani, ukusuka kwisikolo sabantwana abancinane ukuya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Enyanisweni kukho iinkqubo zolo hlobo lwe-kindergarten, ezintle kakhulu.
Ngokuthanda ukufundisa
Ngokuqinisekileyo sifuna ukuba abantu, izifundiswa nabafundi, babe nenxaxheba kumsebenzi owanelisayo, owonwabisayo, ocelโ umngeni, ochulumancisayoโyaye andicingi ukuba loo nto inzima ngokwenene. Nabantwana abancinci bayayila, banomdla wokwazi, bafuna ukwazi izinto, bafuna ukuqonda izinto, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba oko kubethwe entlokweni yakho kuhlala kuwe ubomi bakho bonke. Ukuba unamathuba okuphumeza ezo zibophelelo neenkxalabo, yenye yezona zinto zanelisayo ebomini. Yinyaniso leyo ukuba uyingcali yefiziksi yophando, yinyani ukuba ungumchweli; uzama ukwenza into yexabiso kwaye ujongane nengxaki enzima kwaye uyisombulule. Ndicinga ukuba yiloo nto eyenza umsebenzi ube lolu hlobo lwento ofuna ukuyenza; uyayenza nokuba akuyomfuneko ukuba uyenze. Kwiyunivesithi esebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ufumana abantu besebenza ngalo lonke ixesha kuba beyithanda; nantso into abafuna ukuyenza; banikwe ithuba, banezixhobo, bakhuthazwa ukuba bakhululeke kwaye bazimele kwaye bayile - yintoni engcono? Yiloo nto abathanda ukuyenza. Kwaye oko, kwakhona, kunokwenziwa nakweliphi na inqanaba.
Kufanelekile ukucinga ngezinye iinkqubo zemfundo eziqikelelwayo neziyilayo eziphuhliswayo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ngoko, umzekelo, omnye umntu osandulโ ukundicacisela ngenye imini inkqubo abayisebenzisa kwizikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo, inkqubo yenzululwazi apho abafundi babuzwa umbuzo obangela umdla: โInokubhabha njani ingcongconi emvuleni?โ Ngumbuzo onzima lowo xa ucinga ngawo. Ukuba kukho into ebetha umntu ngamandla ethontsi lemvula ebetha ingcongconi ibiya kumcaba ngoko nangoko. Ke kwenzeka njani ukuba ingcongconi ingatyunyuzwa ngoko nangoko? Yaye ingcongconi inokuqhubeka njani ibhabha? Ukuba ulandela lo mbuzo-kwaye ngumbuzo onzima kakhulu-ungena kwimibuzo yezibalo, i-physics, kunye nebhayoloji, imibuzo ecela umngeni ngokwaneleyo ukuba ufune ukufumana impendulo kuyo.
Yiloo nto imfundo ekumele ibe yiyo kuwo onke amanqanaba, ukuya kutsho kwi-kindergarten, ngokoqobo. Kukho iinkqubo zesikolo sabantwana abancinane apho, masithi, mntwana ngamnye unikwa ingqokelela yezinto ezincinane: iingqalutye, amaqokobhe, iimbewu, nezinto ezinjalo. Emva koko iklasi inikwa umsebenzi wokukhangela ukuba zeziphi iimbewu. Iqala ngento abayibiza ngokuba "yinkomfa yesayensi": abantwana bayathetha omnye nomnye kwaye bazama ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iimbewu. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kukho isikhokelo sikatitshala, kodwa umbono kukuba abantwana bacinge kakuhle. Emva kwexesha, bazama imifuniselo eyahlukeneyo kwaye bafumanisa ukuba zeziphi iimbewu. Ngelo xesha, mntwana ngamnye unikwa iglasi yokukhulisa imbewu aze, ngoncedo lukatitshala, aqhekeze imbewu aze ajonge ngaphakathi aze afumane imveku eyenza imbewu ikhule. Aba bantwana bafunda okuthileโeneneni, kungekuphela nje okuthile ngembewu noko kwenza izinto zikhule; kodwa nangendlela yokufumanisa. Bafunda uvuyo lokufumanisa nokudala, kwaye yiloo nto ekuqhubayo ngokuzimeleyo, ngaphandle kweklasi, ngaphandle kwekhosi.
Okufanayo kuya kuyo yonke imfundo ukuya kutsho kwisikolo esiphumelele isidanga. Kwisemina yesidanga esifanelekileyo, awulindelanga ukuba abafundi bayikhuphele phantsi kwaye baphinde nantoni na oyithethayo; ulindele ukuba bakuxelele xa uphazama okanye beze nezimvo ezintsha, bacele umngeni, balandele ulwalathiso ekungazange kucingelwe ngalo ngaphambili. Yiloo nto imfundo yokwenyani ikuyo kuwo onke amanqanaba, kwaye yiloo nto efanele ukukhuthazwa. Ifanele ukuba yinjongo yemfundo leyo. Ayikokuthululela ulwazi entlokweni yomntu oluya kuthi emva koko luvuze kodwa lubavumela ukuba babe ngabantu abanobuchule, abazimeleyo abanokufumana imincili ekufumaniseni nasekuyileni nasekuyilweni kulo naliphi na inqanaba okanye nakweyiphi na indawo abanomdla kuyo.
Ekusebenziseni iintetho ezinxamnye noshishino
Oku kufana nokubuza ukuba kufuneka ugwebe njani umnini wekhoboka ukuba abantu bangabi ngamakhoboka. Ukwinqanaba lophando lokuziphatha apho mhlawumbi kunzima kakhulu ukufumana iimpendulo. Singabantu abanamalungelo oluntu. Ilungile kumntu ngamnye, ilungile kuluntu, ilungile nakwezoqoqosho, ngengqiqo emxinwa, ukuba abantu bayayila kwaye bazimele kwaye bakhululekile. Wonke umntu uyazuza ukuba abantu bayakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukulawula ikamva labo, ukusebenzisana omnye nomnye-okungenako ukwandisa inzuzo kunye nokulawula, kodwa kutheni sifanele sithathe ezo zixabiso ukuba sizixhalabise?
Ingcebiso kwifakhalthi eququzelela iimanyano
Uyazi ngcono kunam into ekufuneka yenziwe, uhlobo lweengxaki ojongene nazo. Yiya phambili kwaye wenze into ekufuneka yenziwe. Musa ukoyikiswa, ungoyiki, kwaye uqonde ukuba ikamva linokuba sezandleni zethu ukuba sikulungele ukuliqonda.
kaNoam Chomsky I-OCCUPY: Imfazwe yeKlasi, imvukelo kunye noBumbano is papashwa ngu Zuccotti Park Press.
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Nikela
2 izimvo
Ndinomdla wokubuyela esikolweni emva kweminyaka eyi-15 ndisebenza. Ndingenza njani ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi, ukuba ikho, iidyunivesithi ezisebenzisa imodeli efanelekileyo yoKhanyo yemfundo eUnited States?
Kasey
i-USA
Elinjani inqaku elinomdla. Intombi yethu inediploma yeKholeji kwiMfundo yaBantwana aBasaqalayo kunye nesidanga se-Undergraduate kwiYunivesithi yaseRyerson kwiMfundo yaBantwana. Ndiye ndazama ngokungaphumeleliyo umdla Katie kuJohn Dewey ECE ithiyori kunye neendlela kodwa akukho University ifundisa Dewey ithiyori ECE okanye iindlela Ontario. Ndithumele inqaku lakho kwiphephandaba iBrock University Press nakwiBrock University T/A's Union yasekuhlaleni http://4207.cupe.ca/. Ngethemba iyakudala ingxoxo malunga nalo mbono weModeli yokuKhanya eLungileyo yemfundo.
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