Kwesi sincoko sifutshane, inzame yam iya kuba kukucacisa ingcamango yomyalelo wehlabathi osekelwe kwi-geopolitics engenabundlobongela, kunye nokuqwalasela imiqobo ethile ekuphunyezweni kwayo. Ngokugxila kwi-interplay "yomthetho" kunye ne "geopolitics" injongo kukuqwalasela indima edlalwa zombini izithethe eziqhelekileyo zomthetho kunye nokuziphatha kunye ne-"geopolitical" orientation eqhubekayo ukukhokela abadlali bezopolitiko abalawulayo kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Indlela enjalo icel' umngeni imbono ephambili yenyani yokuba ukhuseleko, ubunkokeli, uzinzo, kunye nempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-21 ziqhubekeka ikakhulu kumandla omkhosi, okanye into ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba "ngamandla anzima".[1] Ngokombono onjalo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe udlala indima engabalulekanga, eluncedo ekucelโ umngeni indlela yokuziphatha yabachasi, kodwa engathembekanga ekubaleni iimfuno zesizwe zelizwe likabani. Ngaloo ndlela, igalelo eliphambili lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwawo ekuququzeleleni intsebenziswano kwiimeko apho iimfuno zesizwe zidibana khona, kukubonelela ngeentetho ezilungelelanisa amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle ophikisanayo owenziwe lilizwe lakho kunye nokubonakalisa idemoni ukuziphatha okufanayo ngumbuso wotshaba. Le ndima yengxoxo-mpikiswano ayimele incitshiswe, kodwa mayingabhidaniswa nokusebenzisa imigaqo yothintelo ngendlela engaguqukiyo nefanelekileyo.
Kwesi sahluko injongo yam kukwenza izinto ezintathu:
- ukubonisa iqondo apho abo baphumeleleyo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini baye baqulunqa nge-Charter ye-UN ngokusisiseko umyalelo wehlabathi, onokuthi ukuba uphunyezwe ngokuziphatha, unokuthi ujonge imfazwe, kwaye ufakwe ngekhowudi yenkqubo ye-geopolitics engenabundlobongela; ngamanye amazwi, iziseko zomgaqo-siseko neziko sele zikhona, kodwa imo engasebenziyo;
- [ukugxeka] [ukubonelela ngokugxeka] ingcamango yokwenene engazange iyeke ukubambelela kwayo phezu kwentelekelelo yabaphezulu bezopolitiko, kwaye indlela yokujonga ayizange ivume ukuphelelwa lixesha kunye nobungozi obunxulumene nenkqubo yemfazwe;
- kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ukuqwalasela ezinye iindlela zobomi bamazwe ngamazwe ezenza kube sengqiqweni ukusebenzela ukubonakaliswa kwe-geopolitics engenabundlobongela ekusebenzeni nakwinkolelo, kunye nakwimigaqo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
I. UMqulu we-UN kunye neNdlela esemthethweni kwi-Nonviolent Geopolitics
Kwangoko emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngakumbi ngenxa yeziqhushumbisi ezimanyumnyezi zeathom kwizixeko zaseJapan, kwanabo bakwimeko yokwenyani babenexhala elinzulu malunga nekamva, kwaye ngaphandle kokucingisisa nzulu bavuma ukuqulunqwa komgaqo-siseko wezopolitiko zehlabathi. equlathe uninzi lweziqendu ze-geopolitics engenabundlobongela. Ngandlelโ ithile, oku yayikukuqhubekeka komkhwa owaqala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngokusekwa koManyano Lwezizwe, okubonisa uluvo olusuka entliziyweni lukaWoodrow Wilson lokuba umlilo onjalo waba โyimfazwe yokuphelisa zonke iimfazwe. .' Nangona kunjalo oorhulumente baseYurophu bahlekisa ngoWilson, kwaye baqhubeka bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo yemfazwe yayisebenza kwaye ibalulekile ekugcineni i-Western hegemony, kwaye i-League of Nations yabonakala ingenamsebenzi ekuphepheni ukuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kodwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayahlukile kuba yanika iinkokeli zobupolitika isilumkiso esibuhlungu sento eyayiya kubangelwa yimfazwe yexesha elizayo phakathi kwamazwe aphambili yaye kwakubonakala ngathi ikamva laliphathisa umanyano lwamagunya awoyisileyo awayesebenzisana ngokuchasene nesoyikiso esasibangelwa bubuFasi. , kwaye ngokombono wenkokeli yaseMelika uFranklin Roosevelt, unokusebenzisana ngokufanayo ukugcina uxolo. Ngaphaya koku, iinkumbulo zokuDodobala okuKhulu kunye nokuqonda ukuba uxolo lwezohlwayo olubekwe eJamani kwiSivumelwano saseVersailles lwalukhuthaze ukunyuka kukaHitler, lwanika ubunkokeli behlabathi kwihlabathi ngelo xesha inkuthazo yokuququzelela intsebenziswano kurhwebo notyalo-mali. nokubona ukubaluleka kokubuyisela uqoqosho lweJamani, i-Itali neJapan ezoyisiweyo ukuze kuphetshwe ukuphinda kubekho olunye uxinezeleko oluyintlekele.
Kwakukule meko apho iSigqeba seZizwe eziManyeneyo kwavunyelwana ngaso kunye nemigaqo-siseko yayo esisiseko esekwe koku kulandelayo: (1) uthintelo olungenamiqathango lokufuna ukunyanzeliswa kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokuzikhusela kuhlaselo oluxhobileyo lwangaphambili, nto leyo ethetha ulwaphulo-mthetho. imfazwe njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe; (2) ukuqiniswa kwesi sithintelo kunye nokuzinikela okuhlangeneyo kobulungu be-UN ukuxhasa naliphi na ilizwe elalijoliswe kumkhosi ongakhuselekanga, kubandakanywa nokusebenza ngenkani phantsi kwe-UN ukubuyisela ingqibelelo yomhlaba kunye nokuzimela kwezopolitiko kwelo lizwe laphulwa; phantsi kwemiqathango yayingavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba urhulumente afumane indawo ngokufuna ukunyanzelwa; (3) ukomelezwa ngakumbi kwesi simo sengqondo yimizekelo eyamiselwa eNuremberg naseTokyo eyayibambe iinkokeli ezineemfazwe ezimanyumnyezi zibekekโ ityala ngokolwaphulo-mthetho kumntu ngamnye, โnangesithembiso saseNurembergโ esenza isibhambathiso sokuba kwixesha elizayo. zonke iinkokeli zopolitiko ziya kuba noxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, hayi abo baphulukene neemfazwe ('abaphumeleleyo' ubulungisa); (4) ukuzinikela ekuhloneleni ulongamo lwangaphakathi lwawo onke amazwe nokuba makhulu okanye mancinci, ngokwamkela isibophelelo esingenamiqathango sokuyeka nakuphi na ukungenelela kwimibandela esisiseko ephantsi kolawulo lwasekhaya.
Eso sikhokelo somthetho, ukuba siphunyeziwe, beziya kuphelisa ngempumelelo imfazwe yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nongenelelo lomkhosi, sigcine ubume beenkcukacha-manani kucwangco lwehlabathi, kwaye sidale iseti eyomeleleyo yeendlela zokhuseleko ezihlangeneyo zokuthintela ubundlongondlongo kunye nokoyisa kunye nokohlwaya nawuphi na urhulumente kunye neenkokeli zakhe ezibandakanyekayo. imfazwe endlongondlongo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba oku ngokomthetho umbono wolungelelwaniso lwehlabathi wacinga ukuba kunjalo kwezopolitiko kunokwenzeka ukuseka ihlabathi elinjalo elingenamfazwe, kwaye oko ukuba nengqiqo iyakubakho kwixesha lenyukliya ukucacisa ngokutsha indlela ethathwa kukhuseleko 'ngabantu bokwenene.' Kukwafanelekile ukujonga ukuba i-geopolitics engenabugorha efakwe kwi-Charter ye-UN ayizange ibandakanye ukwamkelwa okupheleleyo kokungabikho kobugwenxa njengommiselo wobomi bezopolitiko. Yayiqondwa loo nto Ngaphakathi ithi ezopolitiko ezinobundlobongela kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemilo yamakhaya ziya kwenzeka, ngaphandle kokwaphulwa ngamazwe imimiselo. NgeSikimu seCharter iimfazwe zangaphakathi zazingaphaya kombhalo wesivumelwano sentlalontle esenziwe ngamazwe ukuba alahle ukungenelela ngamazwe ubundlobongela. Kule nkalo nkqu nemfazwe yangaphakathi, ngaphandle kokuba yachithakele imida ukuze ibe luhlobo lwemfazwe yamazwe ngamazwe, yayingafanelanga kuqwalaselwa yi-UN.
Nangaphakathi kule mbono yomthetho ye-geopolitics engenabundlobongela kukho ubunzima obukhulu. Okokuqala, ukunikezelwa kwelungelo le-veto kumalungu amahlanu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko, nto leyo ethetha ukuba akukho sigqibo esichasene neminqweno ebalulekileyo yabona bathathi-nxaxheba bezopolitiko abayingozi kakhulu ehlabathini ekunokufikelelwa kuso, kwaye oku kukhululwa ngokusemthethweni. ukusuka ekuzibopheleleni kwi-geopolitics engenabundlobongela ibeke esichengeni kakhulu ixabiso lokuqulunqwa kwezomthetho, okwenza ukucinga okuthembayo komanyano olungapheliyo loxolo kubaluleke kakhulu ekufezekiseni amabango okhuseleko abekwe yi-UN. Okwesibini, ukwamkelwa kolongamo lwangaphakathi njengolusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni kwakuthetha ukuba akusayi kubakho siseko sisemthethweni sokucela umngeni ngokuphinda-phindwa kwembubhiso, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqatha eluntwini kunye nezinye iimeko eziyintlekele ezijongene noluntu olubanjwe kungquzulwano lwasekuhlaleni lolo hlobo luthwaxa iSyria ngoku.
Kakade ke, ezi zomthetho iintsilelo zibonakala zingabalulekanga ngenxa yokunqongophala kwentando yezopolitiko ukuphumeza umbono weCharter of nonviolent geopolitics. Xa sijonga umva, kubonakala kucacile ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uMqulu ube uvunyiwe amagosa alawulayo eUnited States naseSoviet Union aphinde aqinisekisa ukuthembela kwawo kubuchule babo bomkhosi, umanyano lwezopolitiko, kunye neemfundiso ezithintelayo ukumisa ukhuseleko lwabo kwingqiqo yokumelana namandla anzima. Kwakhona, umanyano oluchasene ne-fascist olusebenzayo ngexesha lemfazwe, lwawa ngokukhawuleza xa lungekho utshaba oluqhelekileyo, kwaye iMfazwe ende yeCold yalandela, eyaqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokhuseleko edibeneyo yombono weCharter iya kuhlala iyileta efile, nangona oku kwakuthetha ukuba i-UN yayisilele ngokupheleleyo. Ngokwenyani, igalelo layo elincomekayo lalinxulunyaniswa nokuququzelela intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe nanini na xa kukho isivumelwano sezopolitiko kwaye sisebenza kwimida eqhelekileyo yembono yehlabathi yamandla anzima.
Ezi zikhewu zisemthethweni bezinokoyiswa ukuba umbono wehlabathi wabadlali bezopolitiko abaphambili bamkele ngokwenyani i-geopolitics engenabundlobongela njengento engaphezu kohlobo lokuyila ukhuseleko olungacacanga olungasoze luvunyelwe ukuba luphazamise ukholo lwenyani ekuthinteleni kunye namandla omkhosi kanye nje ngomothuko wokuqala. kokufika kwexesha lenyukliya ladamba. Kwakukho into yembali eyayisebenza ngokuchasene nayo nayiphi na inzame enzulu yokunciphisa le ndlela yokwenene yokhuseleko: into ebizwa ngokuba 'yisifundo saseMunich' kwinto yokuba uhlaselo lwaseJamani lwakhuthazwa yimigaqo-nkqubo yokuzonwabisa yedemokhrasi yenkululeko yaseYurophu, eyathi kamva yabonakalisa. ubuthathaka bomkhosi ngenxa yokuthotywa kwezixhobo ezininzi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Imbono enjalo yexesha elidlulileyo yakutshanje yaguqulelwa kwingxoxo ephantse ibe yinto engenakuphikiswa exhasa indlela yomkhosi kucwangco lwehlabathi, eyathi yaqiniswa ngumceli mngeni wembono kunye nezopolitiko ezibalelwa kwiSoviet Union.
Oku kuthetha ukuthini ngokunxulumene nesikhundla esibhengezwayo apha kukuba i-geopolitics enobundlobongela okanye imfazwe yabuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenziwa yonke indawo, kwaye yathintelwa kuphela kumgangatho wophuculo. oqiqayo ngokunxulumene nongquzulwano olukhulu lwamandla, njengangexesha leengxabano ezahlukeneyo zaseBerlin kunye neCuban Missile Crisis ka-1962. Ubulumko bebusoloko buyinto ephambili yezopolitiko yendlela yenyani yenyani, kodwa ayizange iphakanyiselwe kwindima esembindini yokulungelelanisa ukufunwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo. ngokuchasene nemingcipheko yemfazwe eyintlekele. (I-Aron 1966 ichaza kakuhle le ndlela yokwenene).
II. Ingxoxo yezoPolitiko/yokuziphatha yee-Nonviolent Geopolitcs
Ingxoxo echaseneyo ethiwe thaca apha yeyokuba iziphumo zezopolitiko ukusukela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini zibunjwe ikakhulu bubulumko bamandla obuthambileyo obuthe gqolo ukoyisa imeko yokungabi naphantsi kwezomkhosi ukuphumeza iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo zezopolitiko. I-United States yayilawula ngokupheleleyo umhlaba, umoya, kunye nolwandle kuyo yonke imfazwe yaseVietnam, iphumelela kwidabi ngalinye, kwaye ekugqibeleni yaphulukana nemfazwe, yabulala abantu abazizigidi ezi-5 zaseVietnam endleleni eya ekungaphumeleli kokungenelela emkhosini. Okumangalisayo kukuba, urhulumente wase-US uye waqhubeka nokuzibandakanya norhulumente ophumeleleyo wase-Vietnam, kwaye ngoku wonwabela ubudlelwane obunobuhlobo kunye nemveliso kunye nobudlelwane bezoqoqosho. Ngale ndlela, umahluko phakathi koloyiso noloyiso uphantse ungabonakali, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abantu abangxwelerhekileyo ngexesha lemfazwe kunye nentshabalalo ibe yintlekele ngakumbi, njengento engenamsebenzi kuyo yonke imbono.
Nangona kunjalo, amajoni ase-US ala ukufunda kwisiphumo, ephatha impembelelo yolu loyiso njengohlobo lwesifo se-geopolitical, "Vietnam Syndrome," endaweni yokubonisa indlela yembali exhasa amabango asemthethweni okuzimisela nangona ukuba sesichengeni kwezomkhosi kwezo ntshukumo zobuzwe. Iinyani eziqhelekileyo zenza isifundo esingalunganga, zigxininisa ukuba isiphumo sasihlukile kunomgaqo, ityala lokudambisa inkxaso yasekhaya yemfazwe, kungekhona ukulahlekelwa ngumchasi onamandla.[2] Enyanisweni, ukoyisa i-Vietnam Syndrome kwakuthetha ukubuyisela ukuzithemba kwi-geopolitics yamandla anzima kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintele inkcaso yasekhaya ekwenzeni imfazwe. Lo mkhosi wavuselela ulawulo lokubunjwa komgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseMelika wabhengezwa njengempumelelo yeMfazwe yaseGulf ngo-1991, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba umongameli waseMelika ngelo xesha uGeorge HW Bush athethe la mazwi angalibalekiyo emva kolu loyiso lomkhosi entlango. Indawo yedabi laseKuwait: โEkugqibeleni sayikhaba iVietnam Syndrome.โ Ithetha ukuba i-United States ibonakalisile ukuba inokuphumelela kwaye iphumelele iimfazwe ngeendleko ezamkelekileyo, inganqumami ukuqaphela ukuba olo loyiso lufunyenwe kuphela apho umhlaba wawulungele ukudibana komkhosi okanye amandla kunye nentando yotshaba yokuchasa yayincinci. okanye engekhoyo. Asikuko ukuba amandla anzima aphelelwe lixesha, kodwa endaweni yoko akakwazi ukubumba iziphumo kwezona ngquzulwano zibalaseleyo zexesha ukusukela ngo-1945, oko kukuthi, umzabalazo wezopolitiko wokugxotha imikhosi ecinezelayo emele amandla obukhosi bangaphandle okanye ukuchasana nomkhosi. ungenelelo. Amandla anzima asathatha isigqibo ekudibaneni namandla anzima, okanye kwiimeko apho icala elibuthathaka lingenakuzikhusela, kwaye icala elinamandla lilungele ukuthwala ubukhosi balo bomkhosi ukuya kwi-genocidal.
Ayimangalisi into yokuba ukuthembela ngokugqithisileyo kunye ne-anachronistic kwizisombululo zamandla anzima kwiimeko zongquzulwano kukhokelele kuthotho lweentsilelo, zombini ezivunyiweyo (iMfazwe yase-Iraq) kwaye zingavunywanga (iMfazwe yase-Afghanistan; iMfazwe yaseLibya). Logama nje i-United States ityala imali eninzi kakhulu kumandla omkhosi kunalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe ibopheleleke ekuphenduleni izoyikiso okanye ilandele umdla wayo kwindlela yamandla enzima, ngaloo ndlela isala ukubala ngokwembali ecacileyo ethanda ukongamela amandla athambileyo kwiimeko zongquzulwano. .
U-Israel naye uye wasebenzisa indlela efanayo, ethembele kumkhosi wakhe ophakamileyo ukuba atshabalalise kwaye abulale, kodwa engakwazi ukulawula iziphumo zezopolitiko zeemfazwe eziqala kuzo (umz. Imfazwe yaseLebanon yowama-2006, iGaza Attacks ka-2008-09). Enye indleko yamandla anzima okanye i-geopolitics enobundlobongela kukujongela phantsi intlonipho yomthetho wezopolitiko zehlabathi kunye negunya leZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Umboniso wesibini wokuthembela kwe-anachronistic kwinkqubo yokhuseleko olusekelwe kubundlobongela yayanyaniswa nempendulo yokuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 kwi-Twin Towers kunye ne-Pentagon, iimpawu ezimbini ze-imperium yase-US. Uphawu lwesi siganeko yayikukuvezwa kobuthathaka obugqithisileyo belona lizwe liphethe umkhosi kwimbali yoluntu yonke ukuba lihlaselwe ngumdlali ongengowakwarhulumente ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezibalulekileyo kunye nokunqongophala kwezixhobo ezinkulu. Emva koko kuye kwacaca ukuba utyalo-mali olukhulu lwase-US ekuphumezeni โulawulo olupheleleyoโ alukhange luzise ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo, kodwa eyona mvakalelo imbi yokungakhuseleki kwimbali yelizwe. Kwaphinda kwatsalwa isifundo esingalunganga, oko kukuthi, indlela yokubuyisela ukhuseleko yayikukulwa imfazwe kungakhathaliseki uhlobo olwahlukileyo lolo hlobo lutsha lwesoyikiso, ukusebenzisa ngokungenangqondo umatshini womkhosi phesheya kunye nokuncitshiswa kwenkululeko ekhaya nangona kukho umngcipheko. ukungabikho komchasi wommandla okanye nayiphi na indlela evakalayo/ukuphelisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokubhenela emfazweni kunye nokunciphisa isoyikiso.[3] Isifundo esifanelekileyo, esibonakaliswa ngamava, sesokuba eso sisongelo sokhuseleko sinokulungiswa ngcono ngendibaniselwano yonyanzeliso lomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nangokujongana nemeko yokhuseleko. esemthethweni izikhalazo zabavukeli bezopolitiko abathe baqalisa uhlaselo. Impendulo yaseSpain kuhlaselo lwaseMadrid ngoMatshi 11, 2004 yabonakala inovelwano kwezi zinto zintsha: ukurhoxa ekubandakanyekeni kwimfazwe yase-Iraq ngelixa uphucula iinzame zamapolisa zokuchonga nokubamba oontamo-lukhuni abanobundlobongela, kunye nokuzibandakanya kwiinzame zengxoxo zokunciphisa ukungavisisani phakathi kweSilamsi kunye ne-Iraq. eNtshona.[4] Kwelinye icala, owayesakuba yinkulumbuso yaseBritani, uJohn Major, waphawula ukuba waqalisa ukwenza inkqubela ekupheliseni ugonyamelo kuMntla Ireland xa wayeka ukucinga ngeIRA njengombutho wabanqolobi waza waqalisa ukuyiphatha njengomdlali wezobupolitika ngezikhalazo zokwenene. inkuthazo zayo ekufikeleleni kwindawo yokuhlala noxolo.
Isifundo esifanelekileyo kukuqonda ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo kwamandla omkhosi kwiimeko zongquzulwano phakathi kwelizwe lasemva kobukoloniyali, ukuqonda indlela umzabalazo odumileyo oye wasebenzisa ngayo i-arhente yembali kule minyaka ingama-60 idlulileyo. Imise iziphumo ezininzi zongquzulwano ezingenakuqondwa ukuba zivavanywa kuphela ngelensi yamandla enzima etolika imbali njengoko isoloko igqitywe ziimfazwe eziphunyezwayo licala lomkhosi elomeleleyo elize libumbe uxolo.[5] Imfazwe nganye echasene nobukoloniyali kwisiqingatha sokugqibela senkulungwane yama-20 yaphunyezwa liqela elibuthathaka kwezomkhosi, elathi laphumelela ekugqibeleni nangona libandezeleke ngokungenamlinganiselo lilahleko lisendleleni eya empumelelweni. Yaphumelela ngenxa yokuba abantu bahlanganiswa egameni lenkululeko ngokuchasene nemikhosi yamakholoniyali yangaphandle, kwaye ukuxhathisa kwabo kwakuquka ukuzuza ulawulo olupheleleyo lomhlaba ophezulu wokuziphatha. Iphumelele ngenxa yenyaniso yezopolitiko equlethwe kwintetho yase-Afghan: "Unazo iiwotshi, sinexesha." Ukufumana umgangatho ophezulu wokuziphatha kunye nolawulo lobukoloniyali olugunyazisiweyo kunye nomzabalazo osemthethweni wokuchasa ubukoloniyali; ekugqibeleni kwane-UN ephakathi kwelizwe kunye ne-empire-friendly ekuqaleni i-UN yakhuthazwa ukuba ivumele imizabalazo ye-anticolonial ngokubhekisele kwilungelo lokuzikhethela, elabhengezwa njengelungelo elingenakohluthwa kubo bonke abantu.
Oku kunyuswa kwamandla athambileyo kwimizabalazo yezopolitiko kwakungasoloko kunjalo. Ngalo lonke ixesha lobukoloniyali, kwaye kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, amandla anzima ayesebenza kwaye esebenza kakuhle, njengoko kubonakaliswa luloyiso lobukholoniyali kwihemisphere yaseNtshona ngamanani amancinane amajoni axhobe kakuhle, ulawulo lwaseBritane eIndiya ngamajoni angamawaka ambalwa impumelelo ye "gunboat diplomacy" ekuxhaseni impiriyali yezoqoqosho yase-US kuMbindi Merika kunye neCaribbean. Into eyajika inguqu yembali ngokuchasene nemfazwe yayikukunyuka kokuzicingela kwesizwe kunye nenkcubeko kumazwe aseMzantsi, kakhulu eIndiya phantsi kobunkokeli obuphefumlelweyo bukaGandhi, apho iindlela zokunyanzelwa ezingenabugorha zamandla athambileyo zaqala zatyhila amandla abo. Kutshanje, ixhaswe yinguqu yonxibelelwano, ukuxhathisa oorhulumente bengcinezelo abasekwe kumalungelo oluntu kuye kwabonakalisa imida yolawulo lwamandla obunzima kwihlabathi lehlabathi. Iphulo lokuchasa ucalucalulo lawandisa umzabalazo ochasene norhulumente wocalucalulo owawulawula uMzantsi Afrika ukuya kutsho kwithafa ledabi lehlabathi lomfuziselo apho izixhobo zazixhomekeke ngokungenabundlobongela ekukwayweni, ukuqhawula umtshato kunye nezohlwayo. Ukuwa kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika kwaphunyezwa ubukhulu becala ngophuhliso olungaphandle kommandla ozimeleyo, umkhwa ophindwayo ngoku โkwimfazwe yomthethoโ yasePalestina eyayiliwa noSirayeli. Isiphumo asiqinisekiswanga, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba imfazwe esemthethweni iphumelele, kwaye kunjalo iimeko ezicinezelayo zigcinwe, njengoko kubonakala ngathi kunjalo ngoku ngokubhekiselele kwiTibet.
Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, kuyaphawuleka, kwaye kuyakhwankqisa, ukuba i-geopolitics iyaqhubeka nokuqhutywa yimvisiswano yokwenene ekholelwa ngokwembali ukuba imbali iyaqhubeka nokumiselwa sisicwangciso esikhulu sabadlali belizwe abanamandla amakhulu.[6] Enyanisweni, abantu abakholelwa kwizinto zokwenyani baye baphulukana nenyaniso. Kubonakala kuchanekile ukuvuma ukuba kusekho indima enengqiqo kumandla anzima, njengothango olukhuselayo ngokuchasene ne-residual statist militarism, kodwa nalapha ukuzuza kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko zokuchithwa komkhosi kuya kubonakala kungaphezu kweenzuzo zokuxhomekeka kwe-anachronistic kwiifom zamandla anzima. ukuzikhusela, ngakumbi abo basengozini yeemfazwe eziliwa ngezixhobo ezitshabalalisayo. Ngokubhekiselele kubundlobongela bezopolitiko obungengoburhulumente, amandla anzima awabalulekanga kangako okanye awabalulekanga kwaphela, kwaye ukhuseleko lungaphunyezwa ngcono ngokufumana indawo yokuhlala, ubukrelekrele kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Indlela yase-US yokulwa imfazwe ekujonganeni nesongelo se-Al Qaeda, njengase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, ibonakalise ukuba yindleko, kwaye iphosakele. [7] Kanye njengoko ukoyiswa kwe-US eVietnam kwaphinda kwaphinda ukoyiswa kwamaFrentshi kwiimfazwe zabo zobukoloniyali ezaziqhutywa e-Indochina nase-Algeria, umjikelo wokusilela uyahlaziywa kwimeko yasemva kwe-9/11 yehlabathi. Kutheni le nto ezo zifundo zinento yokwenza nokutshintsha kolungelelwaniso phakathi kokuqina kunye namandla athambileyo zihlala zingafundiwe kwiziko lobukhosi lobuchule belizwe?
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubuza lo mbuzo nokuba akukho mpendulo iqinisekileyo inokufumaneka ngeli xesha. Kukho ezinye izikhokelo ezicebisayo ezinxibelelene nezinto zombini kunye neenkcazo zengqondo. Kwicala lezinto eziphathekayo, kukho iziseko ezinzulu zikarhulumente nezentlalo ezizinzeleyo kunye nokuzicingela okumxinwa okubotshelelwe kukholo oluphezulu kunye noqikelelo lwamandla anzima. Ezi zakhiwo ziye zachongwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwi-US setting: "ilizwe lokhuseleko lesizwe", "i-military-industrial complex", "i-Military Keynesianism", kunye "nenkqubo yemfazwe". Yayingu-Dwight Eisenhower owathi kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 eyadlulayo walumkisa ngesakhiwo somkhosi-kwimizi-mveliso kwintetho yakhe yokuba ndlela-ntle, ngakumbi esenza uqwalaselo emva kokuba engasakwazi ukuba nempembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.[8] Ngo-2010 kubonakala ngathi kukho ulwakhiwo olunengcambu ezinzulu ngakumbi lwenkxaso yomkhosi olunabela kumajelo osasazo aqhelekileyo, iitanki zokucinga ezilondolozayo, umkhosi wabaxhasi ababhatalwa kakhulu, kunye neNkongolo ephantsi ebeka esichengeni uninzi lwamalungu ayo atshintshe imali ngenxa yesazela. Le paradigm emiliselweyo yezopolitiko edibanisa ubunyani kunye nemfazwe yenza ukuba kube nzima ukucela umngeni kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi nangexesha lokusilela kwemali okwamkelwa ngabakhi-mkhanyo abalondolozayo ukubeka emngciphekweni ukusebenza kobukumkani base-US (Ferguson 2010). Umlinganiselo wohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi, udityaniswe neenqanawa kulo lonke ulwandle, ngaphezu kwe-700 iziseko zomkhosi wamazwe angaphandle, kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu kumkhosi wendawo ubonisa ukungakwazi ukuzizalisekisa ukuvuma ukungasebenzi kobume behlabathi.[9] I-US ichitha phantse kangangoko ihlabathi liphela lidityaniswe kumatshini walo wasemkhosini, kwaye ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini okuchithwe ngamazwe aphambili ali-10. Kwaye ngeyiphi inzuzo kumdla wesizwe okanye wehlabathi?
Eyona nto inokulindelwa ngendlela yokulungelelaniswa kwemvumelwano yokwenene phantsi kwezi meko kukuthamba okuthile kogxininiso lwamandla anzima. Ngokubhekiselele koku, omnye uqaphela ukuba abalandeli abaninzi abanempembelelo kwimvumelwano yokwenyani kutshanje baye batsalela ingqalelo ekunyukeni kokubaluleka kwezinto ezingezozamkhosi zamandla kusukelo olunengqiqo lwesicwangciso-qhinga esikhulu esiqhubeka nokuqulunqa i-geopolitics ngokubhekisele kumandla aqikelelwayo โokwenyani. โ, kodwa ngaxeshanye zigxeka i-arch militarism kubalelwa kwi-neoconservatives (bona iNye 1990; Gelb 2009; Walt 2005).[10] Kwale toni inye ivakala kwintetho kaBarack Obama kumsitho weBhaso loXolo lweNobel ngo-2009. Oku kwala kwenyani ukuqonda a ngokubanzi Isimo sehlabathi sasemva komkhosi siyingozi ngokugqithisileyo xa kujongwa ubukho obuqhubekayo benyani ekubunjweni komgaqo-nkqubo ngurhulumente kunye norhwebo/imikhosi yezemali.[11] Loo nyaniso iphelelwe lixesha ayibandakanyeki kuphela kwizenzo zomkhosi ezingenangqondo; ithande ukujongela phantsi uluhlu lwemiba enzulu enento yokwenza nokhuseleko, ukuphila kunye nempilo yabantu, kubandakanywa utshintsho lwemozulu, i-oyile ephezulu, ukunqongophala kwamanzi, ubuthathaka bemali kunye nokungabinamali kweemarike. Ngaloo ndlela, olu hlobo loqhelaniso lomgaqo-nkqubo alukwazi ukuqulunqa izinto eziphambili ezihambelana neendlela ezizinzileyo kunye nenceba zolawulo lwehlabathi.
Ukongeza, kubulukhuni besakhiwo obuvela kwi-paradigm ye-militarist eyomeleleyo, kukho ukukhubazeka kokufunda okucwangcisiweyo okungakwaziyo ukuhlalutya izizathu eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwexesha elidlulileyo. Njengomcimbi osebenzayo, oku kukhokelela kwiinketho zomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba zisoloko zibunjwa kukucinga okungenangqondo okubanjelwe ngaphakathi kwibhokisi yomkhosi. Kumava omgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe ngamazwe wamva nje, ukucinga ikakhulu kuvalelwe kwibhokisi yezomkhosi kukhokelele ukuba ulawulo luka-Obama lunyuke ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kumzabalazo wangaphakathi wekamva le-Afghanistan kwaye bashiye into ebizwa ngokuba yimikhosi yomkhosi etafileni yokujongana nethemba le-Iran. ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Enye indlela enomtsalane yomgaqo-nkqubo e-Afghanistan iya kusekwa ekwazini ukuba iTaliban ngumbutho ofuna iinjongo zobuzwe phakathi kongquzulwano lobuzwe. Ngenxa yoko iya kuthambekela kwisigqibo sokuba umdla wokhuseleko wase-US uya kuxhamla ekupheleni kwemisebenzi yokulwa, kulandelwa ukurhoxiswa ngezigaba kwemikhosi ye-NATO, ukonyuka okukhulu koncedo lophuhliso oluthintela ukuhambisa imali ngorhulumente owonakeleyo waseKabul, kunye utshintsho lokwenyani kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US ekuhlonipheni ipolitiki yokuzikhethela. Ngokufanayo, ngokunxulumene ne-Iran, endaweni yokoyikisa ugwayimbo lomkhosi kunye nokukhuthaza imilinganiselo yokohlwaya, ikhwelo le-denuclearization yengingqi, eyagxininisa ukubandakanywa kwe-Israel, yayiza kubonakalisa zombini ukucinga ngaphandle kwebhokisi yomkhosi, kunye nobukho bethemba elingaphezulu. -impendulo zomkhosi kwiinkxalabo zokhuseleko ezivunyiweyo.
III. Ukuqukumbela iMkhanya: Amathuba, imingeni, imikhwa
Ukuqukumbela, uhlobo oluthile lwe-geopolitics luphantse lwenzeka, ngenxa yokungalingani okukhulu kwamazwe kunye nobuthathaka beZizwe eziManyeneyo njengembonakalo yeziko yolawulo olumanyeneyo lweplanethi. Ingakumbi ukusukela ekuweni kweSoviet Union ubungangamsha be-United States bube nesiphumo esingenakuthintelwa ekunyukeni kwayo ngokwelizwe. Ngelishwa, esi sikhundla sibekwe phezu kokuzithemba okungalungiswanga kwi-paradigm yamandla anzima, edibanisa impi kunye nenyani, ukuvelisa i-geopolitics enobundlobongela ngokumalunga neengxabano ezinzima ezingasonjululwanga. Amava ale minyaka ingama-60 idlulileyo abonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba le paradigm ayinakwenzeka kuzo zombini iimbono zepragmatic nemigaqo-siseko. Iyasilela ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo kwiindleko ezamkelekileyo, ukuba kunjalo. Ixhomekeke kuqheliselo lokuziphatha okubi olubandakanya ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi abamsulwa nokumosha izinto ezininzi.
Mhlawumbi olona vavanyo luphambili lwethisisi yesi sincoko ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuzilawula kwabantu basePalestine, nokuba kukwimo yelizwe elinye lehlabathi elibandakanya yonke iPalestine eyimbali okanye ilizwe elizimeleyo nelisebenzayo elikhoyo ecaleni kwelizwe labo. Ilizwe lakwaSirayeli. Njengoko imiba ngoku imile, emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuhlala, umzabalazo wasePalestine uxhomekeke ikakhulu kwimfazwe esemthethweni exhomekeke kuluhlu lwezixhobo zamandla athambileyo, kubandakanya idiplomacy kunye nomthetho, iphulo lokunganyanzeli lokunyanzelwa kunye nokuqhawula, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. amalinge acela umngeni kwimigaqo-nkqubo yakwaSirayeli. Ukungaqiniseki kukho malunga nesiphumo sexesha elizayo. Lonke uqhelaniso lwamandla athambileyo luthathe umtsi omkhulu ukuya phambili ngenxa 'yentwasahlobo yaseArabhi' apho iintshukumo ezithandwayo ezingaxhobanga zacel' umngeni oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe nabacinezelayo ngempumelelo ethile ephawulekayo, ngakumbi iJiphutha neTunisia, kodwa kwenye indawo okungenani ifezekisa izithembiso zohlaziyo olubanzi. Ukwandisa, ndicinga ukuba amandla okwakha umyalelo wehlabathi ngesiseko semigaqo yamandla athambileyo afumana inkxaso, ukuhambisa ingcamango ye-geopolitics engekho emthethweni kwi-domain ye-utopianism ukuba ibe yiprojekthi yezopolitiko yokwenene. Ewe kunjalo, kukho ukuxhathisa, ngakumbi kumandla anzima akhokelwa yi-United States kunye ne-Israel.
Loo mikhosi yezopolitiko exhomekeke kwezinye iindlela zokuziphatha kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo, ngokuchaseneyo, ibonise amandla okufezekisa iinjongo zezopolitiko kunye nokuzimisela ukuphishekela iinjongo zabo ngeendlela zokuziphatha, ngamanye amaxesha kumngcipheko omkhulu womntu. Umbutho kaGandhi owaphumela kwinkululeko yamaNdiya, inguqu ekhokelwa nguMandela yocalucalulo loMzantsi Afrika, amandla abantu ePhilippine kunye neenguqu ezithambileyo zaseMpuma Yurophu ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 ziyimizekelo yeenguqu zasekhaya ezisekelwe kumzabalazo ongenabundlobongela owawubandakanya iingozi kubavukeli kunye. kubangele amadini anegazi eliphezulu. Akukho nalunye kolu loyiso lwamandla athambileyo oluye lwavelisa uluntu ngokugqibeleleyo okanye lwajongana nayo yonke i-ajenda yeenkxalabo zentlalo nezopolitiko, amaxesha amaninzi beshiya ubudlelwane obungachukunyiswanga bokuxhaphaza kunye noxinzelelo olukrakra ekuhlaleni, kodwa bakwazile ukoyisa iimeko ezikhawulezileyo zengcinezelo yelizwe / ubudlelwane boluntu ngaphandle kokuthembela okubalulekileyo. ngobundlobongela.
Ukuguqukela kubume behlabathi, kukho amathuba afanayo okusetyenziswa kwe-geopolitics engenabundlobongela. Kukho ukuqondwa ngokubanzi ukuba imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu ayisiyiyo inketho enengqondo njengoko iphantse ibandakanye iindleko ezinkulu kwigazi kunye nobutyebi, kunye nokufikelela kwiziphumo ezitshabalalisayo ezifanayo kunokuba kumaxesha angaphambili okuphumelela kunye nolahlekileyo. Amathuba e-geopolitics engenabundlobongela nawo asekelwe ekuzimiseleni kukarhulumente ukwamkela uqeqesho oluqhubekayo lokuzibamba lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengoko uqiniswa yimigaqo yokuziphatha evunywe ngokubanzi kwiinkonzo ezinkulu kunye nempucuko yehlabathi. Inyathelo elongezelelekileyo kweli cala liya kuba kukuchaswa ngamazwe alithoba ezixhobo zenyukliya ezitshabalalisa abantu abaninzi, ukuqala ngesibhengezo sokungasetyenziswa kokuqala kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye siqhubele phambili kuthethathethwano olukhawulezileyo nolungxamisekileyo lwesivumelwano sokuchithwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. izikhundla njenge non-utopian injongo "ihlabathi elingenazo izixhobo zenyukliya" (Krieger 2009). Inyathelo lesibini elibalulekileyo kukukhulula iingcinga zokuziphatha nezopolitiko kwimiqobo yomkhosi, kunye nokucinga okulandelayo ngaphakathi kwebhokisi engasebenziyo esele iyinxalenye yengqondo yokwenyani phakathi kwamazwe aphambili eNtshona, ngakumbi iMelika. Lo mceli mngeni wengqondo wezopolitiko wokuyeka ukuthembela kwizakhono zokwenza imfazwe njengoko ilitye lembombo lokhuseleko lenziwa nzima ngakumbi licandelo labucala kunye necandelo labucala elimiliselwe umdla kumgaqo-nkqubo womkhosi wokhuseleko.
* Ezinye zeengcamango ezikumacandelo II kunye ne-III zenqaku ziye zaphuhliswa ngaphambili "Ukulahla iiMfazwe zokuKhetha: Ukujonga i-Geopolitics of Nonviolence" eGriffin kunye nabanye, i-2006, i-69-85 kunye ne "Geopolitics engekho," uJohansen & Jones, ed., 2010, 33-40.
[1] Imeko eqhelekileyo yiRosecrance 2002.
[2] Ngokuphawulekayo, yonke inkokeli yase-US emva kokuba u-Nixon enze konke okusemandleni akhe ukuphelisa i-syndrome ye-Vietnam, eyabonwa yi-Pentagon njenge-inhibitor engafunekiyo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla anobundlongo kwezopolitiko zehlabathi. Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yeGulf ngo-2001, amazwi okuqala kaMongameli uGeorge HW Bush ayesithi โEkugqibeleni siye sakhaba isifo saseVietnam,โ okuthetha ukuba, ewe, iUnited States yaphinda yakwazi ukulwa 'iimfazwe zokuzikhethela'.
[3] Iboniswe kakuhle kwi-Cole kunye ne-Lobel 2007; bona kwakhona umzamo wam, Falk 2003.
[4] Olu thelekiso luhlalutywa ngendlela efanayo nguGaltung 2008.
[5] Ibhalwe ngokubalulekileyo kwiSchell 2003.
[6] Kuyaphawuleka ukuba utshintsho kwi-geopolitical landscape ehambelana nokukhula kwe-China, i-Indiya, i-Brazil kunye neRashiya ubukhulu becala inxulumene nokunyuka kwezoqoqosho, kwaye kungekhona konke okusemandleni abo omkhosi, ahlala engabalulekanga xa kuthelekiswa nezo ze-United. States.
[7] Njengoko imizabalazo yongenelelo iqhubeka unyaka nonyaka ngeziphumo ezingagqibekanga, kodwa iindleko ezinyukayo kubomi nakwimithombo yobutyebi, amacala angenelelayo aphikisana nengqiqo yawo yemfazwe, efuna ukuyekelela, kwaye ade ameme ukuthatha inxaxheba kotshaba.
kwinkqubo yolawulo. Oku kuzanywe kuzo zombini i-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan, kodwa
kuphela emva kokwenza umonakalo omkhulu, kunye nokunyamezela ilahleko enkulu yobomi phakathi kwemikhosi yabo kunye nokufumana iindleko ezinkulu.
[8] Phakathi kwezifundo ezixabisekileyo yiBarnet 1972 kunye neLewin 1968.
[9] Uninzi lwabonakaliswa kuthotho lweencwadi zikaChalmers Johnson. Bona ngokukodwa incwadi yakhe yokuqala kwiincwadi ezintathu kumxholo (2004).
[10] Ukufumana ugxeko oluqhubekayo lomkhosi wasebukhosini waseMelika bona iKolko 2006.
[11] Abaphengululi abaliqela abaphambili kudala benovelwano kuqhawuko lokwahlula iinyani ezinengqondo ngokwenyani. Ngomnye umsebenzi ongundoqo osanxulumeneyo jonga i-Galtung 1980. Ngolunye uphononongo lwamva nje lwengqiqo ngale migca jonga i-Booth 2007, ngakumbi icandelo 'lenyani yokukhululwa', iphepha 87-91; Camilleri kunye neFalk 2009; Mittelman 2010.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela