Kwi-1947 I-Bulletin ye-Atomic Scientists isungule iClock yayo yoMhla weDoomsday. Uyazi, ukuba isandla somzuzu sasisondele kangakanani ezinzulwini zobusuku? Kwaye yaqala imizuzu esixhenxe ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku. Ngowe-1953 kwakusele kudlule imizuzu emibini ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku. Lowo yayingunyaka apho iUnited States neSoviet Union zadubula iibhombu zehydrogen. Kodwa kuyavela ukuba ngoku siyaqonda ukuba ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ihlabathi libuye langena kwixesha elitsha le-geological. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-Anthropocene, ixesha apho abantu banempembelelo embi, eneneni mhlawumbi impembelelo eyintlekele kokusingqongileyo. Iphinde yahamba kwakhona ngo-2015, kwakhona ngo-2016. Ngokukhawuleza emva konyulo lweTrump ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari kulo nyaka, iwotshi yaphinda yasuswa ukuya kwimizuzu emibini enesiqingatha ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku, eyona nto ikufutshane ukususela ngo-'53.
Ke kukho izoyikiso ezimbini ezikhoyo esizidalileyo-ezinokuthi kwimeko yemfazwe yenyukliya mhlawumbi zisitshabalalise; kwimeko yentlekele yokusingqongileyo, kudala impembelelo embiโkwaye emva koko abanye.
Kwenzeka into yesithathu. Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-'70s, ubukrelekrele bomntu buzinikele ekupheliseni, okanye ubuncinci buthathaka, owona mqobo uphambili ngokuchasene nezi zoyikiso. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-neoliberalism. Kwakukho inguqu ngelo xesha ukusuka kwixesha loko abanye abantu bakubiza ngokuba โyi-regimented capitalism,โ ii-'50s kunye nee'60s, ixesha lokukhula okukhulu, ukukhula ngokulinganayo, inkqubela phambili eninzi kubulungisa bentlalo njalo njaloโ
CL: Idemokhrasi yoluntu...
NC: Idemokhrasi yeNtlalo, ewe. Oko ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba โlixesha legolide lobukhapitali banamhlanje.โ Oko kwatshintsha ngo-'70s ngokuqala kwexesha le-neoliberal esiphila kulo ukususela ngoko. Kwaye ukuba uyazibuza ukuba yintoni eli xesha, umgaqo walo obalulekileyo ujongela phantsi iindlela zokubambisana kwezentlalo kunye nenkxaso efanayo kunye nokuzibandakanya okuthandwayo ekumiseleni umgaqo-nkqubo.
Ayibizwa njalo. Oko kubizwa ngokuba "yinkululeko," kodwa "inkululeko" ithetha ukuthotyelwa kwezigqibo zamandla agxininisiweyo, angenakuphendula, abucala. Yiloo nto ethetha ngayo. Amaziko olawuloโokanye olunye uhlobo lonxulumano olunokuvumela abantu ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ekuthathweni kwezigqiboโabo babuthathaka ngokwenkqubo. UMargaret Thatcher uyithethe kakuhle kwi-aphorism yakhe malunga "akukho luntu, kuphela abantu."
Ngokwenyani, engazi ngokungathandabuzekiyo, wayechaza uMarx, owathi xa wayegxeka ingcinezelo yaseFransi wathi, "Ucinezelo luguqula uluntu lube yingxowa yeetapile, abantu nje ngabanye, i-amorphous mass ayikwazi ukusebenzisana." Yayisisigwebo eso. Ku-Thatcher, yinto efanelekileyo-kwaye yi-neoliberalism leyo. Sitshabalalisa okanye sijongela phantsi iindlela zolawulo apho abantu ubuncinane ngokwemigaqo banokuthatha inxaxheba ukusa kumlinganiselo wedemokhrasi yoluntu. Ke ngoko, batyhafise, bajongele phantsi imanyano, ezinye iindlela zombutho, shiya ingxowa yeetapile kwaye okwangoku udlulisele izigqibo kumandla abucala angaphendulekiyo konke kwintetho yenkululeko.
Kulungile, yenza ntoni loo nto? Esona sithintelo kwisoyikiso sentshabalalo luluntu olubandakanyekayo, uluntu olunolwazi, olubandakanyekayo olusebenzisanayo ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokujongana nesisongelo nokusabela kuso. Oko kwenziwe buthathaka ngokwenkqubo, ngokuqonda. Ndiyathetha, emva phayaa ngeminyaka yee-1970 mhlawumbi sikhe sathetha ngale nto. Kwakukho iingxoxo ezininzi eziphakamileyo kuluhlu malunga nobungozi bedemokhrasi eninzi kunye nesidingo sokuba nento ebizwa ngokuba "yimodareyitha" kwidemokhrasi, ukuze abantu bangabi namdla kwaye bangaphazamisi izinto kakhulu, kwaye oko yintoni eyenziwa ziinkqubo zeniyoliberal. Ngoko ke yidibanise yonke kwaye yintoni onayo? Isaqhwithi esigqibeleleyo.
I-CL: Into ebonwa ngumntu wonke zizo zonke izinto eziphambili, kubandakanya uBrexit kunye noDonald Trump kunye nobuzwe bamaHindu kunye nobuzwe kuyo yonke indawo kunye noLe Pen bonke bekhaba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kunye kunye nokucebisa into ethile yokwenyani yehlabathi.
NC: icace gca, kwaye ibixelwe kwangaphambili. Ubungazi ukuba nini kanye kanye, kodwa xa ubeka imigaqo-nkqubo yentlalontle ekhokelela ekumeni okanye ekwehleni kuninzi lwabantu, ijongela phantsi idemokhrasi, susa ukwenza izigqibo kwizandla ezithandwayo, uya kuba nomsindo, ukungoneliseki, uloyiko. thatha zonke iintlobo zeefom. Kwaye yile nto ibizwa ngokuba yi "populism" ngokulahlekisayo.
CL: Andazi ukuba ucinga ntoni ngoPankaj Mishra, kodwa ndiyayonwabela incwadi yakhe Ubudala bomsindo, yaye uqalisa ngeleta engachaziyo eya kwiphephandaba evela komnye umntu othi, โSifanele sivume ukuba asothuki nje kuphela kodwa sibhidekile. Ukususela koloyiso lweeVandals eRoma nakuMntla Afrika eye yabonakala ingenakuqondwa ngequbuliso yaye kunzima ukuyijika.โ
NC: Ewe, yimpazamo yenkqubo yolwazi, kuba iyaqondakala kwaye icacile kwaye ilula kakhulu. Thatha, itsho iUnited States, eye yabandezeleka kancinci kule migaqo kunamanye amazwe amaninzi. Thatha unyaka wama-2007, unyaka obalulekileyo kanye phambi kwengozi.
Lwaluyintoni uqoqosho olumangalisayo olwalunconywa ngoko? Yayiyenye apho imivuzo, eyona mivuzo yabasebenzi baseMelika, yayingaphantsi kuneyayinjalo ngo-1979 xa kwaqala ixesha leniyoliberal. Leyo yinto engazange ibonwe ngaphambili ngaphandle kokwenzakala okanye imfazwe okanye into enjalo. Nali ixesha elide apho imivuzo yokwenyani yehlile ngokoqobo, ngelixa kukho ubutyebi obakhiwe kodwa kwiipokotho ezimbalwa kakhulu. Ikwalixesha apho amaziko amatsha aphuhliswayo, amaziko emali. Ubuyela kwi-'50s kunye ne-'60s, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Golden Age, iibhanki zazixhunywe kuqoqosho lokwenene. Yayingumsebenzi wabo lowo. Akukhange kubekho ntlitheko kuba bekukho imigaqo yoDili.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-70s kwabakho utshintsho olubukhali. Okokuqala, amaziko emali aqhushumbe kwinqanaba. Ngo-2007 babene 40 pesenti yeenzuzo zenkampani. Ngaphaya koko, bebengasadibanisi noqoqosho lokwenyani.
EYurophu indlela idemokhrasi ejongelwa ngayo ithe ngqo. Izigqibo zibekwe kwizandla zetroika engakhethwanga: iKhomishini yaseYurophu, engakhethwanga; I-IMF, ngokuqinisekileyo ayikhethwanga; kunye ne-European Central Bank. Benza izigqibo. Ke abantu banomsindo kakhulu, baphulukana nokulawula ubomi babo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho idla ngokubenzakalisa, kwaye umphumo uba ngumsindo, ukuphoxeka, njalo njalo.
Sisanda kuyibona kwiiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo kunyulo lokugqibela lwaseFransi. Aba baviwa babini bebengaphandle kwequmrhu. Amaqela ezopolitiko aphakathi awile. Sayibona kunyulo lwaseMelika ngoNovemba ophelileyo. Kwakukho abagqatswa ababini abahlanganisela isiseko: omnye wabo oyibhiliyoni ethiyiweyo kukusekwa, umgqatswa waseRiphabhlikhi ophumelele ukutyunjwa-kodwa qaphela ukuba xa sele esemandleni kukusekwa kwakudala okuqhuba izinto. Ungahlasela uGoldman Sachs kwindlela yephulo, kodwa uyaqinisekisa ukuba baqhuba uqoqosho xa sele ungenile.
CL: Umbuzo ngowokuba, ngeli xesha abantu sele bekulungele... xa sele bekulungele ukwenza okuthile kwaye sele bekulungele ukuqaphela ukuba lo mdlalo awusebenzi, le nkqubo yentlalontle, ingaba sinalo na isiphiwo somdlalo? kuyo, ukuya kulaa ndawo yokudida kwaye emva koko wenze okuthile?
NC: Ndicinga ukuba ikamva leentlobo lixhomekeke kuyo kuba, khumbula, ayikokungalingani nje, ukuzinza. Yintlekele yokugqibela. Sakhe isaqhwithi esigqibeleleyo. Ezo kufuneka zibe zizihloko ezikhalayo yonke imihla. Ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, senze iindlela ezimbini zokutshabalalisa. Ukusukela kwixesha leniyoliberal, siye sayichitha indlela yokuzisingatha. Nantso iintsinjana zethu. Nantso into esijongene nayo, kwaye ukuba loo ngxaki ayisonjululwanga, sigqibile ngayo.
CL: Ndifuna ukubuyela uPankaj Mishra kunye ne Ubudala bomsindo okomzuzwana-
NC: Asiyo Age yomsindo. LiXesha leNzondo ngokuchasene nemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho ethe yenzakalisa uninzi lwabantu kwisizukulwana yaza yajongela phantsi uthatho-nxaxheba lwedemokhrasi ngengqiqo nangomgaqo. Kutheni kungafanele kubekho umsindo?
CL: UPankaj Mishra uyibiza-ligama likaNietzschean-โukucaphuka,โ nto leyo ethetha ukugqajukelwa ngumsindo. Kodwa uthi, โLuphawu oluchazayo lwehlabathi apho isithembiso sanamhlanje sokulingana singqubana nokungafani okukhulu kwamandla, imfundo, iwonga kunyeโ
NC: Eyayilwa ngolo hlobo, eyayilwa ngolo hlobo. Buyela emva ngeminyaka yee-1970. Kuyo yonke i-spectrum, i-elite spectrum, kwakukho inkxalabo enzulu malunga ne-activism yee-'60s. Libizwa ngokuba โlixesha leembandezelo.โ Yaphucula ilizwe, nto leyo eyingozi. Okwenzekileyo kukuba uninzi lwabemiโababengakhathali, bengenamdla, bethobelaโbazame ukungena kwibala lezopolitiko ngandlela-thile ukuze bacinezele umdla wabo nezinto ezibaxhalabisayo. Babizwa ngokuba โyimidla ekhethekileyo.โ Oko kuthetha ukuba abancinci, abantu abatsha, abantu abadala, abalimi, abasebenzi, abafazi. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu. Abemi banomdla okhethekileyo, kwaye umsebenzi wabo kukubukela nje ngokuzolileyo. Kwaye oko kwakucacile.
Amaxwebhu amabini aphume kanye phakathi kwiminyaka yee-'70s, abaluleke kakhulu. Bavela kumacala ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko, bobabini abanempembelelo, kwaye bobabini bafikelela kwizigqibo ezifanayo. Enye yazo, kwicala lasekhohlo, yayiyiKomishoni yeTrilateralโi-liberal internationalists, amazwe amathathu amakhulu ezoshishino, ngokusisiseko ulawulo lweCarter, kulapho basuka khona. Yeyona inika umdla ngakumbi [Ingxaki yeDemokhrasi, ingxelo yeKomishoni eMathathu]. Umlobi waseMelika uSamuel Huntington waseHarvard, wajonga emva nge-nostalgia kwiintsuku apho, njengoko ebeka, uTruman wakwazi ukuqhuba ilizwe kunye nentsebenziswano yabameli abambalwa baseWall Street kunye nabaphathi. Emva koko yonke into yayilungile. Idemokhrasi yayigqibelele.
Kodwa ngo-'60s bonke bavuma ukuba yingxaki kuba umdla okhethekileyo waqala ukuzama ukungena kwisenzo, kwaye oko kubangela uxinzelelo oluninzi kwaye urhulumente akakwazi ukuyiphatha loo nto.
CL: Ndiyikhumbula kakuhle loo ncwadi.
NC: Kufuneka sibe nokumodareyitha ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi.
CL: Akaphelelanga apho, ujike umgca ka-Al Smith. UAl Smith uthe, "Unyango lwedemokhrasi luninzi lwedemokhrasi." Uthe, "Hayi, unyango lwale demokrasi luncinci idemokhrasi."
NC: Yayingenguye. Yayikusekwa kwenkululeko. Wayethetha ngenxa yabo. Lo ngumbono wemvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe akhululekileyo kunye needemokhrasi ezintathu zezoshishino. Bonaโngokuvumelana kwaboโbagqiba kwelokuba eyona ngxaki inkulu koko bakubiza ngokuthi, amazwi abo, โngamaziko anoxanduva lokufundisa abaselula.โ Izikolo, iiyunivesithi, iicawe, azenzi umsebenzi wazo. Abalufundi kakuhle ulutsha. Abancinci kufuneka babuyiselwe kwi-passivity kunye nokuthobela, kwaye idemokhrasi iya kulunga. Nantso isiphelo sasekhohlo.
Ngoku yintoni onayo ekupheleni? Uxwebhu olunempembelelo kakhulu, iMemorandam yasePowell, yaphuma ngaxeshanye. U-Lewis Powell, igqwetha elihlangeneyo, kamva ijaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, uye wakhupha imemorandam eyimfihlo ye-US Chamber of Commerce, ethe yanempembelelo enkulu. Ngokungakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwaqalisa into yanamhlanje ebizwa ngokuba โyintshukumo yolondolozo.โ I-rhetoric luhlobo oluphambeneyo. Asihambi ngayo, kodwa umfanekiso osisiseko kukuba oku kuphambana kwekhohlo kuthathe yonke into. Kufuneka sisebenzise izixhobo esinazo ukuze sibethe umva le Nxele litshatshazayo lijongela phantsi inkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi.
Ukudibanisa nale nto yayinye into. Ngenxa yobutshantliziyo beminyaka yee-'60s kunye ne-militancy yabasebenzi, bekukho izinga lokuhla lenzuzo. Akwamkelekanga oko. Ngoko ke kufuneka sibuyisele umva izinga lokuhla kwenzuzo, kufuneka sijongele phantsi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, yintoni ezayo? Neoliberalism, enezo ziphumo kanye.
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