Nangona iye yabekelwa ecaleni lihlazo leNkonzo Yemfihlo, iNgqungquthela yamazwe aseMerika eyayikwinyanga ephelileyo eCartagena, eColombia, yaba sisiganeko esibaluleke gqitha. Kukho izizathu ezithathu eziphambili: ICuba, imfazwe yeziyobisi kunye nokuba yedwa kwe-United States.
Isihloko kwi Umjongi weJamaica funda, "Ingqungquthela ibonisa ukuba ingakanani impembelelo yaseYanqui eyehlileyo." Ibali linikela ingxelo yokuba โizinto ezinkulu ezazikwi-ajenda yayilurhwebo lweziyobisi olunengeniso nolonakalisayo nendlela amazwe alo mmandla wonke anokudibana ngayo ngoxa kungabandakanywa ilizwe elinyeโiCuba.โ
Iintlanganiso zaphela kungekho sivumelwano ngenxa yenkcaso yase-US kwezo zinto-umgaqo-nkqubo wokupheliswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuvalwa kweCuba. Ukuqhubekeka kothintelo lwase-US kunokukhokelela ekugxothweni koMbutho waMazwe aseMelika nguMbutho osandula ukusekwa weLatin America kunye neCaribbean States, apho iUnited States neCanada zingabandakanywanga.
ICuba yayivumile ukuba ingayi kule ngqungquthela kuba ngenye indlela iWashington yayiza kuyigatya. Kodwa iintlanganiso zakwenza kwacaca ukuba ukungathobeli kwe-US akusayi kunyanyezelwa ixesha elide. I-US kunye neKhanada zazibodwa ekuthinteleni ukuthatha inxaxheba kweCuba, ngenxa yezizathu zokuphulwa kwemithetho-siseko yedemokhrasi yaseCuba kunye namalungelo oluntu.
Abantu baseLatin America banokuzivavanya ezi ntlawulo kumava aneleyo. Baqhelene nerekhodi lase-US ngamalungelo oluntu. I-Cuba ngokukodwa iye yabandezeleka ngenxa yohlaselo lwabanqolobi base-US kunye nokukrwitshwa kwezoqoqosho njengesohlwayo sokuzimela kwayo- "impumelelo yokuchasa" imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US ebuyela emva kwiMfundiso kaMonroe.
Abantu baseLatin America akufuneki bafunde izifundiswa zase-US ukuze baqonde ukuba iWashington iyayixhasa idemokhrasi ukuba, kwaye kuphela, iyahambelana neenjongo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nezoqoqosho, kwaye nokuba isenza njalo, ithanda โiindlela ezilinganiselweyo, eziphezulu-phantsi zotshintsho lwedemokhrasi olungazange lubekho. emngciphekweni wokuphazamisa iziseko zolawulo ekudala i-United States isebenzisana nayo-[ku]ibutho labantu abangenademokhrasi,โ njengoko umphengululi we-neo-Reaganite uThomas Carothers esitsho.
Kwingqungquthela yaseCartagena, imfazwe yeziyobisi yaba ngumba ophambili kwinyathelo likaMongameli waseGuatemala osanda kunyulwa u-Gen. Perez Molina, ekungekho mntu unokuphazama ngenkululeko enentliziyo ethambileyo. Uye wajoyinwa ngumamkeli wengqungquthela, uMongameli waseColombia uJuan Manuel Santos, kunye nabanye.
Inkxalabo ayonto intsha. Kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo iKomishoni yaseLatin America yeZiyobisi kunye neDemokhrasi yapapasha ingxelo ngemfazwe yeziyobisi ngoobesakuba nguMongameli uFernando Henrique Cardoso waseBrazil, u-Ernesto Zedillo waseMexico, noCesar Gaviria waseColombia behlaba ikhwelo lokuba intsangu ingabi lulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuphatha ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi njengoluntu- ingxaki yempilo.
Uphando oluninzi, kuqukwa nophononongo olucatshulwe ngokubanzi lweRand Corporation luka-1994, lubonise ukuba uthintelo kunye nonyango luyonga kakhulu kunemilinganiselo yokunyanzeliswa efumana isixa-mali senkxaso-mali. Amanyathelo anjalo angohlwayiyo nawo abonakalisa ubuntu ngakumbi.
Amava ahambelana nezi zigqibo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eyona nto iyingozi kakhulu licuba, elikwabulala nabantu abangasebenzisiyo ngomlinganiselo ophezulu (ukutshaya nje ungenzi nto). Ukusetyenziswa kwehle kakhulu phakathi kwamacandelo abafundileyo, hayi ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa ngenxa yokutshintsha kwendlela yokuphila.
Ilizwe elinye, iPortugal, layekisa zonke iziyobisi ngo-2001-ithetha ukuba zihlala zingekho semthethweni ngokobuchwephesha kodwa zithathwa njengokwaphulwa komthetho, zisusiwe kulwaphulo-mthetho. Uphononongo lweCato Institute olwenziwa nguGlenn Greenwald lufumanise iziphumo โziyimpumelelo engathethekiyo. Kule mpumelelo kukho izifundo ezizicaceleyo ezifanele zikhokele iingxoxo-mpikiswano ngomgaqo-nkqubo weziyobisi ehlabathini lonke.โ
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo ezinyanzeliswayo zemfazwe yeziyobisi yase-US yeminyaka engama-40 azikhange zibe nampembelelo ekusetyenzisweni okanye kwixabiso leziyobisi eUnited States, ngelixa zidala uqhushululu kwilizwekazi lonke. Ingxaki ikakhulu iseUnited States: zombini imfuno (yamachiza) kunye nokubonelela (kwezixhobo). Abantu baseLatin America bangamaxhoba angoko, babandezeleka ngamanqanaba amabi obundlobongela kunye norhwaphilizo, kunye nokukhotyokiswa okusasazeka kwiindlela zokuhamba.
Xa imigaqo-nkqubo ilandelwa iminyaka emininzi ngokuzinikela okungagungqiyo nangona isaziwa ukuba iyasilela ngokweenjongo ezibhengeziweyo, kwaye ezinye iindlela ezinokuthi zisebenze ngakumbi azihoywa ngocwangco, imibuzo iyavela ngokwendalo malunga neenjongo. Enye inkqubo enengqiqo kukuphonononga iziphumo ezinokuqikelelwa. Ezi azizange zingabonakali.
EKholombiya, imfazwe yeziyobisi ibe sisigqubuthelo esincinci sokulwa nokuvukela. IFumigation-uhlobo lwemfazwe yeekhemikhali-lutshabalalise izityalo kunye nobutyebi bezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo, kwaye lunegalelo ekuqhubeni izigidi zabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo kwiindawo zamatyotyombe, ukuvula imimandla emikhulu yemigodi, ushishino lwezolimo, iifama kunye nezinye izibonelelo kwabanamandla.
Abanye abaxhamli kwimfazwe yeziyobisi ziibhanki ezirhwaphiliza intywenka yemali. EMexico, amashishini amakhulu athengisa amachiza abandakanyeka kuma-80 eepesenti amacandelo emveliso yezoqoqosho, ngokutsho kwabaphandi bezemfundo. Iziganeko ezifanayo ziyenzeka kwezinye iindawo.
E-US, awona maxhoba aphambili ibingamadoda ase-Afrika-aseMelika, eyanda abasetyhini kunye ne-Hispanics-ngamafutshane, abo benziwa ngokugqithisileyo lutshintsho lwezoqoqosho olwaqalwa ngoo-1970s, lutshintshela uqoqosho kwimali kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso.
Enkosi kakhulu kwimfazwe yeziyobisi ekhetheke kakhulu, abantu abambalwa bathunyelwa entolongweni - eyona nto iphambili ekunyukeni okukhulu kokuvalelwa ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980s ethe yaba lihlazo lamazwe ngamazwe. Inkqubo ifana "nokucocwa kwezentlalo" kumazwe abaxhasi baseMelika eLatin America, esusa "okungafunekiyo."
Ukwahlukaniswa kwe-US e-Cartagena kuqhubela phambili ezinye izinto eziguqukayo kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, njengoko iLatin America ekugqibeleni iqalisile ukuzikhupha kulawulo lwamandla amakhulu, kunye nokulungisa iingxaki zayo zangaphakathi ezothusayo.
ILatin America kudala inesithethe somthetho wenkululeko kunye nokuvukela igunya elimiselweyo. ISivumelwano Esitsha saphuma kweso siko. Abantu baseLatin America basenokuphinda bakhuthaze inkqubela kumalungelo oluntu eUnited States.
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