UKUtyhilwa okufanayo kwe
Umdla ngeli phulo usenokungabiwa jikelele kodwa phantse wonke umntu unokuziva exhalabile ngenxa yokuvalwa kwesigidi samakhaya, kunye neenkxalabo malunga nemisebenzi, ukonga kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo olusemngciphekweni.
Izindululo zokuqala zikaBush zokujongana nale ngxaki ziye zaphinda zavuzwa ubuzwilakhe kangangokuba zalungiswa ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-lobbyist, baphinde baqulunqwa "njengoloyiso olucacileyo kumaziko amakhulu kwinkqubo. . . indlela yokulahla impahla ngaphandle kokusilela okanye ukuvala", njengoko kuchazwe nguJames Rickards, owathethathethana nebheyile ye-federal for the hedge. ingxowa-mali yoLawulo lweXesha elide leNkunzi ngo-1998, esikhumbuza ukuba sinyathela ingca eqhelekileyo.
Imvelaphi ekhawulezileyo yokudodobala kwangoku isekuwohlokeni kweqamza lezindlu eliphantsi kweliso likasihlalo weFederal Reserve uAlan Greenspan, nolugcine uqoqosho olutsala nzima kule minyaka kaBush ngenkcitho esekwe ematyaleni kubathengi kunye nokuboleka imali kumazwe angaphandle. Kodwa iingcambu zinzulu. Ngokuyinxenye balele kuloyiso lwenkululeko yezemali kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo โ oko kukuthi, ukukhulula iimarike kangangoko kunokwenzeka kulawulo lukarhulumente.
La manyathelo aqikelele ukuba andise ukuphindaphindeka kunye nobunzulu botshintsho oluqatha, ngoku olusongela ukuzisa eyona ngxaki imbi ukusukela kuDado olukhulu.
Kwakhona ngokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, amacandelo amxinwa athe afumana inzuzo enkulu kwinkululeko acela ungenelelo olukhulu lukarhulumente ukuhlangula amaziko emali adilikayo.
Ukungenelela okunjalo kuluphawu oluqhelekileyo lobukapitali borhulumente, nangona umlinganiselo namhlanje ungaqhelekanga. Uphononongo olwenziwe ngoosoqoqosho bamazwe ngamazwe uWinfried Ruigrok kunye noRob van Tulder kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo bafumanisa ukuba ubuncinci iinkampani ezingama-20 kwiFortune 100 bezingeke ziphile ukuba bezingazange zisindiswe ngoorhulumente bazo, kwaye uninzi lwabanye luzuze lukhulu ngokufuna ukuba oorhulumente "badibanisa ilahleko yabo," njengakwindlela yokubheyile yanamhlanje exhaswa ngabahlawuli berhafu. Ungenelelo olunjalo lukarhulumente โbelungumgaqo kunokuba lube ngumthetho kwezi nkulungwane zimbini zidlulileyoโ, baqukumbela ngelithi.
Kuluntu olusebenzayo lwedemokhrasi, iphulo lezopolitiko lingajongana nemiba engundoqo ngolo hlobo, lijonge oonobangela kunye nonyango, kwaye licebise ngeendlela abantu ababandezelekayo abanokuthi balawule ngokusebenzayo.
Imakethi yezemali "iyingozi engaphantsi kwamaxabiso" kwaye "ayisebenzi kakuhle", njengoko izazi ngezoqoqosho uJohn Eatwell kunye noLance Taylor babhala kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, belumkisa ngeengozi ezigqithisileyo zokukhulula imali kunye nokuphonononga iindleko ezinkulu esele zenziwe - kunye nokucebisa izisombululo, ezingahoywanga. . Enye into kukusilela ukubala iindleko kwabo bangathathi nxaxheba kwiintengiselwano. Ezi "zangaphandle" zinokuba zikhulu. Ukungahoyi umngcipheko wenkqubo kukhokelela ekuthatheni umngcipheko ngaphezulu kunokuba bekuya kwenzeka kuqoqosho olusebenzayo, nangawona manyathelo amxinwa.
Umsebenzi wamaziko emali kukubeka emngciphekweni kwaye, ukuba alawulwa kakuhle, aqinisekise ukuba ilahleko enokubakho kuwo ngokwawo iya kuhlawulwa. Ugxininiso ku "kubo ngokwabo". Phantsi kwemithetho yongxowankulu karhulumente, ayingomsebenzi wabo ukuqwalasela iindleko kwabanye - "izinto zangaphandle" zokusinda okundilisekileyo - ukuba izenzo zabo zikhokelela kubunzima bezemali, njengoko besenza rhoqo.
Ukukhululwa kwezemali kuneziphumo ezingaphaya koqoqosho. Kudala kuqondwa ukuba sisixhobo esinamandla esichasene nedemokhrasi. Intshukumo yasimahla yemali idala oko abanye bakubiza ngokuba "yipalamente ebonakalayo" yabatyali-mali kunye nababolekisi, abathi babeke iliso elibukhali iinkqubo zikarhulumente kwaye "bavote" ngokuchasene nabo ukuba zithathwa njengezingenangqondo: ukunceda abantu, kunokuba kugxininiswe amandla abucala.
Abatyalomali kunye nababolekisi banokuthi "bavote" ngenqwelomoya yenkunzi, ukuhlaselwa kweemali kunye nezinye izixhobo ezibonelelwa ngokukhulula imali. Eso sesinye sezizathu ezabangela ukuba inkqubo yeBretton Woods eyasekwa yiUnited States neBritani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesibini yamisela ulawulo lwemali eyinkunzi nelawula imali.
Uxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nemfazwe zivuse imisinga yedemokhrasi enamandla, ukusukela ekuchaselweni kobuFasi ukuya kumbutho wabasebenzi. Olu xinzelelo lwenza kube yimfuneko ukuvumela imigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi yezentlalo. Inkqubo yaseBretton Woods yayiyilwe ngokuyinxenye ukudala indawo yokusebenza kukarhulumente ekuphenduleni intando yoluntu - kumlinganiselo othile wedemokhrasi.
UJohn Maynard Keynes, umthetheli-thethwano waseBritani, wathatha eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo yeBretton Woods kukusekwa kwelungelo loorhulumente lokumisela umda kwintshukumo eyinkunzi.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwisigaba se-neoliberal emva kokuwohloka kwenkqubo yeBretton Woods ngeminyaka yee-1970, unondyebo wase-US ngoku ujonga ukuhamba kwemali eyinkunzi njengelungelo elisisiseko, ngokungafaniyo naloo โmalungeloโ atyholwayo njengalawo aqinisekiswa siSibhengezo seHlabathi soLuntu. Amalungelo: ezempilo, imfundo, ingqesho enesidima, ukhuseleko kunye namanye amalungelo athe abalawuli bakwaReagan noBush bawachithile โnjengeleta eziya kuSanta Clausโ, โziintsomiโ nje.
Kwiminyaka engaphambili, uluntu lwalungeyongxaki kangako. Izizathu zihlaziywa nguBarry Eichengreen kwimbali yakhe yemfundo esemgangathweni yenkqubo yemali yezizwe ngezizwe. Uchaza ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-19, oorhulumente โbabengekabikho kwezobupolitika ngokuchongwa kwamadoda ehlabathini lonke kunye nokwanda kwemibutho yabasebenzi nemibutho yabasebenzi basepalamenteโ. Ke ngoko, iindleko eziqatha ezibekwe yipalamente ebonakalayo zinokugqithiselwa kubemi ngokubanzi.
Kodwa nge-radicalization yoluntu ngokubanzi ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nemfazwe echasene ne-fascist, obo bumnandi babungasafumaneki kumandla abucala kunye nobutyebi. Yiyo loo nto kwinkqubo yeBretton Woods, "imida yokushukumiseka kwenkunzi endaweni yemida yedemokhrasi njengomthombo wokugquma kuxinzelelo lwemarike".
Imbali ecacileyo yeyokuba emva kokuchithwa kwenkqubo yasemva kwemfazwe, idemokhrasi iyathintelwa. Ke ngoko kuye kwaba yimfuneko ukulawula kunye nokujongelwa phantsi koluntu ngandlela ithile, iinkqubo ezibonakala ngakumbi kuluntu oluqhutywa ngamashishini angakumbi njenge-United States. Ulawulo lwemisebenzi eyongezelelekileyo yolonyulo lishishini lobudlelwane boluntu ngomnye umzekeliso.
โEzopolitiko sisithunzi esibekwe kuluntu ngamashishini amakhulu,โ uqukumbele ngelithi, isithandi sobulumko saseMelika senkulungwane yama-20 uJohn Dewey, kwaye iya kuhlala injalo logama nje amandla ehlala โkwishishini lengeniso yabucala ngolawulo lwabucala lwebhanki, umhlaba, ishishini, eliqiniswa Umyalelo weendaba, iiarhente zeendaba kunye nezinye iindlela zokusasaza kunye nepropaganda".
IUnited States ngokufanelekileyo inenkqubo yeqela elinye, iqela leshishini, elinamaqela amabini, amaRiphabhlikhi kunye neeDemocrats. Kukho umahluko phakathi kwabo. Kwisifundo sakhe Idemokhrasi engalinganiyo: uQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lweXesha eNtsha eliPhilisiweyo, ULarry Bartels ubonisa ukuba kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu edlulileyo "ingeniso yokwenyani yeentsapho ezikumgangatho ophakathi ziye zakhula ngokuphindwe kabini ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweeDemokhrasi njengoko zineeRiphabhlikhi, ngelixa ingeniso yokwenyani yeentsapho ezihluphekileyo ezisebenzayo ziye zakhula ngokuphindwe kathandathu ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweeDemokhrasi njengoko zinjalo. babe phantsi kwamaRiphabhlikhi".
Umahluko unokubonwa nakunyulo lwangoku. Abavoti kufuneka baziqwalasele, kodwa ngaphandle kokukhohlisa malunga namaqela ezopolitiko, kunye nokuqaphela ukuba ngokuqhubekayo kwiinkulungwane, uwiso-mthetho oluqhubekayo kunye nentlalontle yoluntu iye yaphunyezwa yimizabalazo ethandwayo, kungekhona izipho ezivela phezulu.
Loo mfazwe ilandela umjikelo wempumelelo kunye nokusilela. Kufuneka zirholwe yonke imihla, hayi kanye nje kwiminyaka emine, zisoloko zinenjongo yokudala uluntu lwedemokhrasi olusabela ngokwenene, ukusuka kwindawo yokuvota ukuya emsebenzini.
* Inkqubo ye-Bretton Woods yolawulo lwemali yehlabathi yadalwa ngabathunywa abangama-730 abaphuma kuzo zonke izizwe ezingama-44 eziManyeneyo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini ababezimase iNkomfa yezeMali neyezeMali ebibanjwe yi-UN eMount Washington Hotel eBretton Woods eNew Hampshire ngo-1944.
I-Bretton Woods, eyawa ngo-1971, yayiyinkqubo yemithetho, amaziko, kunye neenkqubo ezilawula inkqubo yemali yezizwe ngezizwe, phantsi kwayo kwasekwa i-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (ngoku enye yeziko ezintlanu kwi-World Bank. Group) kunye ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF), eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1945.
Olona phawu luphambili lweBretton Woods yayiluxanduva kwilizwe ngalinye ukuba lamkele umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali owawugcina izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yalo ngaphakathi kwexabiso elimiselweyo.
Inkqubo iye yawa xa i-US yanqumamisa ukuguquguquka ukusuka kwidola ukuya kwigolide. Oku kudale imeko eyodwa apho idola yaseMelika yaba "yimali yokugcina" kwamanye amazwe angaphakathi kweBretton Woods.
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