Kwinkupho yasehlotyeni yowama-2011 yephephancwadi leAmerican Academy of Political Science, sifunda ukuba “ngumxholo ofanayo” owathi iUnited States, “kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo yanconywa ukuba iqhubele phambili ehlabathini njengentlabathi enamandla angenakulinganiswa nanto. kunye nesibheno esingenakuthelekiswa nanto - siyawohloka, sijongene nethemba lokubola okokugqibela. " Ngokwenene ngumxholo oqhelekileyo, okholelwa ngokubanzi, kwaye unesizathu esithile. Kodwa ukuvavanywa komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US kunye nempembelelo kumazwe angaphandle kunye namandla oqoqosho lwasekhaya kunye namaziko ezopolitiko ekhaya acebisa ukuba inani leziqinisekiso lilungile. Ukuqala, ukuhla bekuqhubeka ukusukela kwindawo ephezulu yamandla aseMelika kungekudala emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, kwaye intetho ebalaseleyo yeminyaka eliqela yoloyiso kwiminyaka yoo-1990 yayikukuzikhohlisa. Ngaphaya koko, ulandelelwano oluqhele ukuzotywa - loo mandla aya kutshintshela eTshayina naseIndiya - iyathandabuzeka kakhulu. Ngamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo aneengxaki ezinzulu zangaphakathi. Ihlabathi ngokuqinisekileyo liya lisiya lihluke ngakumbi, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhla kweMelika, kwikamva elibonakalayo akukho mntu ukhuphisana naye kumandla ehlabathi jikelele.
Ukuphonononga ngokufutshane ezinye zembali efanelekileyo: Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, abacwangcisi base-US baqaphela ukuba i-US iya kuvela emfazweni kwindawo yamandla amakhulu. Kucace gca kwirekhodi yokuba "uMongameli Roosevelt wayejolise kwi-United States hegemony kwilizwe lasemva kwemfazwe," ukucaphula uvavanyo lombhali-mbali wezozakuzo uGeoffrey Warner. Kwaphuhliswa izicwangciso zokulawula oko kwakubizwa ngokuba yiGrand Area, ummandla oquka iWestern Hemisphere, i-Far East, ubukhosi bangaphambili baseBritani-kubandakanywa noovimba obalulekileyo baseMbindi Mpuma-kunye ne-Eurasia eninzi kangangoko, okanye ubuncinci bayo. imimandla yemizi-mveliso engundoqo eNtshona Yurophu nakumazwe akumazantsi aseYurophu. Ezi zamva zathathwa njengeziyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo lwemithombo yamandla kuMbindi Mpuma. Ngaphakathi kwezi ndawo zandayo, i-US yayiza kugcina "amandla angathandabuzekiyo" kunye "nokuphakama komkhosi kunye noqoqosho," ngelixa iqinisekisa "umda walo naluphi na usetyenziso lolongamo" ngamaphondo anokuphazamisana noyilo lwehlabathi. Iimfundiso zisasebenza, nangona ukufikelela kwazo kuhlile.
Namhlanje, i-NATO iye yaba ngumkhosi wongenelelo wehlabathi jikelele phantsi komyalelo we-US, kunye nomsebenzi osemthethweni wokulawula inkqubo yamandla yamazwe ngamazwe, iindledlana zolwandle, iipayipi, kunye nantoni na enye into egqitywe yi-hegemonic.
Izicwangciso zexesha lemfazwe, kungekudala eziza kuphunyezwa ngocoselelo, zazingekho ngqiqweni. I-US kudala yaba lelona lizwe lityebileyo kwihlabathi. Imfazwe yaluphelisa uxinezeleko kunye namandla emizi-mveliso ase-US aphantse aphindaphindeka kane, ngoxa abo babekhuphisana nabo bancipha. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, i-US yayinesiqingatha sobutyebi behlabathi kunye nokhuseleko olungenakulinganiswa. Ummandla ngamnye woMmandla oMkhulu wabelwa 'umsebenzi' wawo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yehlabathi. 'IMfazwe Yomlomo' eyalandelayo ubukhulu becala yayiquka iinzame zamagunya amakhulu amabini zokunyanzelisa ucwangco kwiindawo zawo: kwiUSSR, eMpuma Yurophu; kwi-US, uninzi lwehlabathi.
Ngowe-1949, uMmandla oMkhulu wawusele uwohloka ngokunzulu “ngokulahlekelwa yiTshayina,” njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo ubizwa njalo. Eli binzana linika umdla: umntu 'unokulahlekelwa' kuphela koko anako. Kungekudala emva koko, i-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia yaqala ukuphuma kulawulo, ikhokelela kwiimfazwe ezimanyumnyezi zase-Indochina zaseWashington kunye nokubulawa kwabantu e-Indonesia ngo-1965 njengoko ulawulo lwase-US lwabuyiselwa. Ngeli xesha, ubhukuqo-mbuso kunye nobundlobongela obukhulu buqhubekile kwenye indawo kwiinzame zokugcina oko kubizwa ngokuba 'luzinzo,' okuthetha ukuhambelana neemfuno ze-US.
Kodwa ukuwohloka kwakungenakuphepheka, njengoko ihlabathi lezemveliso laliphinda liphinde libe nolwakhiwo lobukoloniyali liqhubela phambili nekhondo elibuhlungu. Ngo-1970, isabelo se-US sobutyebi behlabathi sehle saya kutsho malunga ne-25%, sisesikhulu kodwa sincitshiswe kabukhali. Ilizwe lemizi-mveliso lalisiya lisiba 'linxantathu,' linamaziko amakhulu e-US, iYurophu, ne-Asiya - ngoko eyayigxile eJapan-esele isingowona mmandla unamandla.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva i-USSR yawa. Indlela uWashington asabela ngayo isifundisa into entle ngobunyani beMfazwe Yomlomo. Ulawulo lukaBush I, olwaluse-ofisini, lwabhengeza ngoko nangoko ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iya kuhlala ingatshintshi, kodwa phantsi kwezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ibutho elikhulu lomkhosi liya kugcinwa, kodwa kungekhona ukukhusela amaRashiya; kunoko, ukuhlangabezana “nobugocigoci bobugcisa” bamagunya ehlabathi lesithathu. Ngokukwanjalo, baqiqa ngelithi, kuya kufuneka kugcinwe “isiseko semizi-mveliso yokhuselo,” intsingiselo yoshishino oluphambili, oluxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkxaso karhulumente nakwinyathelo lokuqala. Imikhosi yokungenelela kwakusafuneka ijoliswe kuMbindi Mpuma, apho iingxaki ezinzulu “zingazange zibekwe kumnyango weKremlin,” ngokuchasene nesiqingatha senkulungwane yenkohliso. Kwavunywa ngokuzolileyo ukuba iingxaki bezisoloko “zibubuhlanga obugqwesileyo,” oko kukuthi, iinzame zamazwe zokusukela ikhondo lokuzimela geqe ekwaphula imigaqo yoMmandla. Ezi ziseko zomgaqo-nkqubo azizange zitshintshwe. Ulawulo lukaClinton lubhengeze ukuba i-US inelungelo lokusebenzisa umkhosi unilaterally ukuqinisekisa “ufikelelo olungathintelwanga kwiimarike eziphambili, izibonelelo zamandla, kunye nezixhobo zobuchule.” Kwakhona lavakalisa ukuba imikhosi yomkhosi imele “ithunyelwe phambili” eYurophu naseAsia “ukuze iphembelele iimbono zabantu ngathi,” kungekhona ngokucenga ngobubele, yaye “iphembelele iziganeko eziya kuchaphazela indlela esiphila ngayo nonqabiseko lwethu.” Esikhundleni sokunciphisa okanye ukupheliswa, njengoko i-propaganda yayiza kubangela ukuba umntu alindele, i-NATO yandiswa ukuya eMpuma. Oku kwakuchasene nezithembiso zomlomo kuMikhail Gorbachev xa wavuma ukuvumela iJamani emanyeneyo ukuba ijoyine i-NATO.
Namhlanje, i-NATO iye yaba ngumkhosi wongenelelo wehlabathi jikelele phantsi komyalelo we-US, kunye nomsebenzi osemthethweni wokulawula inkqubo yamandla yamazwe ngamazwe, iindledlana zolwandle, iipayipi, kunye nantoni na enye into egqitywe yi-hegemonic.
Kwakukho ixesha lokuvuya emva kokuwa kotshaba olunamandla amakhulu, kunye namabali avuyisayo malunga "nokuphela kwembali" kunye nodumo olumangalisayo ngomgaqo-nkqubo kaClinton wangaphandle. Iinkcuba-buchopho ezidumileyo zavakalisa ukuqalisa ‘kwenqanaba elizukileyo’ ‘elinokukhanya okungcwele,’ njengoko okwesihlandlo sokuqala embalini uhlanga lwalukhokelwa “kukucingela abanye abantu” nokuzinikela “kwimigaqo nemilinganiselo; yaye akukho nto yasithintelayo “iLizwe Elitsha elinombono lizimisele ukuphelisa ubungendawo,” obunokuthi ekugqibeleni buqhubele phambili ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa yinkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe yokungenelela koluntu.
Asingabo bonke ababechukumiseke ngolo hlobo. Amaxhoba emveli, iGlobal South, akugxeka kabukhali “oko kubizwa ngokuba ‘lilungelo’ lokungenelela ngoncedo loluntu,” eqonda ukuba “lilungelo” elidala lolawulo lobukhosi. Amazwi anengqondo ngakumbi ekhaya phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo anokuqonda ukuba kuninzi lwehlabathi, i-US "yayisiba ligunya elikhohlakeleyo," ithathwa "njengesona sisongelo sangaphandle esikhulu kuluntu lwabo," kwaye "ilizwe elikhohlakeleyo namhlanje Amazwe Amanyene." Emva kokuba uBush Omnci. ethabathe iintambo, uluvo lwehlabathi olunobutshaba olusandayo alunakungahoywa. Kwilizwe lama-Arabhu ngokukodwa, ukuvunywa kwemilinganiselo kaBush yehla. U-Obama ufezekise into encomekayo yokutshona usesezantsi, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5% e-Egypt kwaye hayi phezulu kakhulu kwenye indawo kulo mmandla.
Ngeli xesha, ukwehla kwaqhubeka. Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, uMzantsi Merika 'uye walahleka.' 'Umsongelo' wokuphulukana noMzantsi Merika wawuvele kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambili. Njengoko ulawulo lweNixon lwalucwangcisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwedemokhrasi yaseChile, kunye nokufakwa kwe-Pinochet yobuzwilakhe exhaswa yi-US - iBhunga lezoKhuseleko leSizwe lalumkisa ukuba ukuba i-US ayikwazi ukulawula iLatin America, ayinakulindela "ukuphumeza umyalelo ophumelelayo kwenye indawo. Umhlaba."
Kodwa eyona nto imbi kakhulu iya kuba ziintshukumo zokuzimela kuMbindi Mpuma. Ukucwangciswa kwe-Post WWII kwaqaphela ukuba ulawulo lwemithombo yamandla engenakuthelekiswa nanto kuMbindi Mpuma kuya kunika "ulawulo olukhulu lwehlabathi," ngamazwi omcebisi kaRoosevelt onempembelelo AA Berle.
Ngokuhambelanayo, loo lahleko yolawulo yayiza kusongela iprojekthi yolawulo lwehlabathi eyachazwa ngokucacileyo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaye iye yazinziswa phezu kotshintsho olukhulu kucwangco lwehlabathi ukususela ngoko.
Enye ingozi kwi-US hegemony yayikukwenzeka kweentshukumo ezinentsingiselo ezisingise kwidemokhrasi. Umhleli olawulayo weNew York Times uBill Keller ubhala eshukumayo malunga neWashington "ndilangazelela ukwamkela abo bafuna idemokhrasi kuwo wonke uMntla Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma.” Kodwa uvoto lwamva nje lwezimvo zama-Arabhu lubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukusebenza kwedemokhrasi apho uluvo loluntu luphembelela umgaqo-nkqubo kuya kuba yintlekele eWashington. Akumangalisi ukuba amanyathelo okuqala ambalwa kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle waseYiputa emva kokugxotha u-Mubarak aye achaswa kakhulu yi-US kunye nomthengi wayo wase-Israel.
Ngelixa imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US ekudala izinzile, kunye nohlengahlengiso lobuchule, phantsi kuka-Obama kubekho utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Umhlalutyi wezomkhosi u-Yochi Dreazen uphawula kwi-Atlantiki ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo kaBush yayikukubamba (kunye nokungcungcuthekisa) abarhanelwa, ngelixa u-Obama ebabulala nje, ngokunyuka okukhawulezileyo kwezixhobo zokugrogrisa (i-drones) kunye nokusetyenziswa kweMikhosi eKhethekileyo, uninzi lwamaqela okubulala. Imikhosi ekhethekileyo icwangciselwe ukusebenza kumazwe angama-120. Ngoku inkulu njengomkhosi wonke waseCanada, le mikhosi, enyanisweni, ingumkhosi wabucala kamongameli, umcimbi oxoxwe ngokweenkcukacha yintatheli ephandayo yaseMelika uNick Turse kwiwebhusayithi iTomdispatch. Iqela elathunyelwa ngu-Obama ukuba libulale u-Osama bin Laden lalisele lenze imisebenzi efana neshumi elinesibini ePakistan.
Njengoko ezi kunye nolunye uphuhliso oluninzi lubonisa, nangona amandla eMelika ehlile, amabhongo ayo awenzanga.
Omnye umxholo oqhelekileyo, ubuncinci phakathi kwabo bangaboniyo ngabom, kukuba ukwehla kweMelika akukho nto incinci kuzenzakalise. I-comic opera eWashington kweli hlobo, elicekisekayo ilizwe (uninzi lwabantu lucinga ukuba iCongress kufuneka ichithwe) kwaye ibhide ihlabathi, ine-analogue ezimbalwa kwiingxelo zedemokhrasi yepalamente. Lo mboniso uyeza ukoyikisa abaxhasi be-charade. Amandla oshishino ngoku axhalabile ukuba abo bagqwethekileyo babancedise ekubekeni iofisi kwiCongress basenokukhetha ukuthoba isakhiwo apho ubutyebi babo kunye nelungelo labo lixhomekeke, ilizwe elinamandla elinomntwana obonelela ngeminqweno yabo.
Isithandi sobulumko esidumileyo saseMerika uJohn Dewey wakha wachaza ezobupolitika “njengesithunzi esithwalwa ngoosomashishini abakhulu kwibutho labantu,” elumkisa ngelokuba “ukuncipha kwesithunzi akusayi kuyitshintsha imeko.” Ukususela ngo-1970, isithunzi siye saba lifu elimnyama eligubungela uluntu kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko. Amandla oshishino, ngoku ubukhulu becala inkunzi yemali, ifikelele kwinqanaba lokuba yomibini imibutho yezopolitiko, ngoku ephantse yafana namaqela emveli, ingasekunene kwabemi kwimiba ephambili ekuxoxwa ngayo.
Iindleko zeemfazwe zaseBush-Obama e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ngoku ziqikelelwa ukuba ziqhube phezulu njenge-$ 4.4 yezigidigidi - uloyiso olukhulu luka-Osama bin Laden, onjongo yakhe ebhengeziweyo yayiyi-bankrupting America ngokuyitsalela kumgibe. eyona nkxalabo yasekhaya, ngokufanelekileyo, yingxaki enkulu yentswela-ngqesho. Phantsi kweemeko zangoku, loo ngxaki inzima inokoyiswa kuphela luvuselelo olubalulekileyo lukarhulumente, ngaphaya kwale yamva nje, engakhange ihambelane nokuhla kwenkcitho karhulumente neyengingqi, nangona elo nyathelo lilinganiselweyo mhlawumbi liye lasindisa izigidi zemisebenzi. Kumaziko emali eyona nto ixhalabisayo yintsilelo. Ngoko ke, yintsilelo kuphela ekuxoxwa ngayo. Uninzi lwabemi lukhetha ukulungisa le ntsilelo ngokurhafisa abantu abazizityebi kakhulu (ama-72% ama-21% abachasayo). Ukusika iinkqubo zempilo kuchaswa ngobuninzi obukhulu (69% Medicaid, 79% Medicare). Isiphumo esinokubakho ke ngoko sichaseneyo.
Enika ingxelo ngeziphumo zophononongo lwendlela uluntu oluya kuyiphelisa ngayo intsilelo, umlawuli wayo, uSteven Kull, ubhala ukuba "ngokucacileyo zombini ulawulo kunye neNdlu ekhokelwa yiRiphabhlikhi azihambisani nemilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nezinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka malunga nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ... Owona mahluko mkhulu kwinkcitho ngowokuba uluntu luthanda ukucuthwa okunzulu kwenkcitho yokhuselo, ngelixa abalawuli kunye neNdlu bacebisa ukonyuswa okungephi…Uluntu kwakhona luthande inkcitho ethe kratya ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi, imfundo, kunye nolawulo longcoliseko kunokuba bekunjalo kulawulo okanye kwiNdlu. ”
Iindleko zeemfazwe zaseBush-Obama e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan ngoku ziqikelelwa ukuba ziqhube phezulu njenge-$ 4.4 yezigidigidi - uloyiso olukhulu luka-Osama bin Laden, onjongo yakhe ebhengeziweyo yayiyi-banking America ngokuyitsalela emgibeni. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi ka-2011 - oluphantse lungqamane nelo lonke ihlabathi lidityanisiwe - liphezulu ngokwemiqathango yokwenyani kunanini na ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kwaye imiselwe ukuya phezulu nangaphezulu.
Ingxaki yokusilela iveliswa ikakhulu njengesixhobo sokutshabalalisa iinkqubo zentlalo ezithiyekileyo apho uninzi lwabemi luxhomekeke kuzo. Umnxibelelanisi wezoQoqosho uMartin Wolf weLondon Financial Times ubhala ukuba “ayikuko ukuba kungxamisekile ukujongana nemeko yemali yase-US…. I-US iyakwazi ukuboleka ngeendlela ezilula, kunye nezivuno kwiibhondi ze-10-year kufuphi ne-3 ekhulwini, njengoko i-non-hysterics embalwa iqikelele. Umceli mngeni kwezemali ngowexesha elide, awukho ngoko nangoko.” Okubaluleke kakhulu, wongezelela esithi: “Inkalo eyothusayo yemeko yemali karhulumente kukuba ingeniso kuqikelelwa ukuba iya kuba yi-14.4 ekhulwini kuphela le-GDP ngowama-2011, ngaphantsi kakhulu komndilili wayo wasemva kwemfazwe ophantse ube yi-18 ekhulwini. Irhafu yengeniso yomntu ngamnye iqikelelwa ukuba ibe yipesenti ezi-6.3 kuphela ze-GDP ngo-2011. Lo ungengowaseMelika akanako ukuqonda ukuba yintoni ingxaki: ngo-1988, ekupheleni kwexesha likaRonald Reagan, iirisithi zaziyi-18.2 yepesenti ye-GDP. Ingeniso yerhafu kufuneka inyuke kakhulu ukuba intsilelo iza kuvaleka.” Iyamangalisa ngokwenene, kodwa yimfuno yamaziko ezezimali kunye nezityebi kakhulu, kwaye kwidemokhrasi ehla ngokukhawuleza, yiloo nto ebalulekileyo.
Nangona imeko yentsilelo yenziwa ngenxa yezizathu zemfazwe ekhohlakeleyo, ingxaki yexesha elide yamatyala inzulu, kwaye ukusukela oko uRonald Reagan uxanduva lokungakhathali kwezemali lwajika i-US yasuka kwelona tyala liphambili lehlabathi yaba kolona tyalwayo ohamba phambili emhlabeni, amatyala elizwe aphinda-phinda kathathu kunye nokunyusa amatyala elizwe. izisongelo kuqoqosho ezathi zanda ngokukhawuleza nguGeorge W. Bush. Kodwa okwangoku, yingxaki yentswela-ngqesho eyona nto ixhalabisayo.
'Ukuthobela' okokugqibela kwintlekele - ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, ukubambezela ngasekunene - kuchasene noko kufunwa luluntu kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kukhokelela ekukhuleni okucothayo kunye nokwenzakala kwexesha elide kubo bonke ngaphandle kwezityebi kunye namaqumrhu. , abanandipha iingeniso ezirekhodiweyo. Bambalwa oosoqoqosho abanzulu abanokungavumelani nengcali yezoqoqosho yaseHarvard uLawrence Summers ukuba "ingxaki yaseMelika yangoku yimisebenzi kunye nentsilelo yokukhula kunentsilelo egqithisileyo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali," kwaye isivumelwano esifikelelwe eWashington ngo-Agasti, nangona sikhethelwa ukusilela okungalindelekanga. ukubangela umonakalo ongakumbi kuqoqosho oluwohlokayo.
Akuzange kuxoxwe nokuba ukusilela kuya kupheliswa ukuba inkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo yabucala engasebenziyo e-US ithathelwe indawo enye efana nolunye ushishino lwemizi-mveliso, enesiqingatha seendleko zomntu ngamnye kunye neziphumo zempilo ezifaniswayo. Amaziko emali kunye neshishini loxubo-mayeza zinamandla kakhulu ukuba ukhetho olunjalo lunokuqwalaselwa, nangona ingcinga ibonakala inzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-ajenda yezizathu ezifanayo ezinye iinketho ezinengqondo ngokwezoqoqosho, ezifana nerhafu encinci yezemali.
Ngeli xesha, izipho ezitsha zibonwa rhoqo kwiWall Street. IKomidi yoLwabiwo lweNdlu yanciphisa isicelo sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweKomishoni yoKhuseleko kunye noTshintshiselwano, umqobo oyintloko ngokuchasene nobuqhetseba bezemali. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko loMthengi akunakwenzeka ukuba iphile injalo. Kwaye iCongress isebenzisa ezinye izixhobo kumlo wayo wokulwa nezizukulwana ezizayo. Phambi kwenkcaso yeRiphabhlikhi kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, "Eyona nto iphambili yaseMelika ivala eyona nzame yesizwe yokubamba ikharbon diokside kwisikhululo samandla esitshisa amalahle esele sikhona, sijongana nomonakalo onzima kwiinzame zokuthintela ukukhutshwa kobushushu behlabathi,” Ingxelo yeNew York Times.
Izithonga zokuzibetha, ngelixa zinamandla, azikho into entsha yamva nje. Baqala emva phayaa ngeminyaka yee-1970, xa uqoqosho lwelizwe lobupolitika lwenziwa iinguqulelo ezinkulu, lufikelela esiphelweni oko ngokuqhelekileyo kubizwa ngokuba “yiGolden Age” yobukapitali (yelizwe). Imiba emibini ephambili ibikukwenza imali kunye nokuthengiswa ngaphandle kwemveliso, zombini ezinxulumene nokuhla kwezinga lengeniso kwimveliso, kunye nokuchithwa kwenkqubo yasemva kwemfazwe yeBretton Woods yolawulo lwenkunzi kunye neemali ezilawulwayo. Uloyiso lweengcamango “lweemfundiso zentengiso yasimahla,” ezikhethe kakhulu njengesiqhelo, zilawule imivumbo eyongezelelekileyo, njengoko zaguqulelwa ekubeni kuthotyelwe umthetho, imithetho yolawulo lweshishini edibanisa imivuzo emikhulu ye-CEO kwinzuzo yexesha elifutshane, kunye nezinye izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Isiphumo sokuqokelelwa kobutyebi savelisa amandla amakhulu ezopolitiko, kukhawulezisa umjikelo okhohlakeleyo okhokelele kubutyebi obungaqhelekanga kwisiqingatha sepesenti enye yabemi, ingakumbi ii-CEO zamaqumrhu amakhulu, abaphathi beengxowa-mali zehedge, njalo njalo, ngelixa uninzi lwabantu luyinyani. ingeniso iphantse yama.
Kwiminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo, "iinkosi zoluntu," njengoko uSmith wayebabiza njalo, ziye zayishiya nayiphi na inkxalabo yentlalontle yoluntu lwazo, zigxile kwinzuzo yexesha elifutshane kunye neebhonasi ezinkulu, ilizwe liya kugwetywa - ukuba nje I-nanny state inamandla ihleli yomelele ukuze isebenzele iimfuno zabo. Ngaxeshanye, iindleko zonyulo ziye zantinga, nto leyo eyawaqhubela omabini la maqela angena nzulu kwiipokotho zamaqumrhu. Okushiyekileyo kwidemokhrasi yezopolitiko kujongelwe phantsi ngakumbi njengoko omabini amaqela ebhenele kwifandesi yezikhundla zobunkokeli zenkongolo. Ingcali ngezoqoqosho kwezopolitiko uThomas Ferguson uthi “ngokukodwa phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho kumazwe aphuhlileyo, amaqela enkongolo yase-US ngoku athumela amaxabiso kwiindawo zokubeka ezingundoqo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho.” Abaqulunqi bowiso-mthetho abaxhasa umbutho ngezimali bafumana izikhundla, bebanyanzela ukuba babe ngabasebenzi bongxowankulu babucala nangaphaya kwesiqhelo. Iziphumo, uFerguson uyaqhubeka, kukuba iingxoxo "bathembele kakhulu kuphindaphindo olungapheliyo lwesiqubulo esinesandla esivavanyiweyo ngenxa yesibheno saso kwiiblocs zesizwe zabatyali-zimali kunye namaqela anomdla ubunkokeli obuthembele kuwo ngezibonelelo."
Uqoqosho lwasemva kweGolden Age lumisela iphupha elibi elicetywa ziingcali zezoqoqosho zakudala, uAdam Smith noDavid Ricardo. Bobabini baqonda ukuba ukuba abarhwebi baseBrithani kunye nabavelisi batyala imali kumazwe angaphandle kwaye baxhomekeke ekuthengeni ngaphandle, baya kwenza inzuzo, kodwa iNgilani iya kubandezeleka. Bobabini babenethemba lokuba ezi ziphumo ziyakuthintelwa kukuthambekela kwekhaya, ukukhetha ukwenza ushishino kwilizwe lasekhaya nokulibona likhula kwaye liphuhla. URicardo wayenethemba lokuba ngenxa yokungakhethi cala ekhaya, inkoliso yamadoda anomhlaba yayiya “kwaneliseka ngumlinganiselo ophantsi wengeniso kwilizwe lawo, kunokuba ifune umsebenzi onengenelo ngakumbi ngenxa yobutyebi bawo kumazwe asemzini.
Kwiminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo, "iinkosi zoluntu," njengoko uSmith wayebabiza njalo, ziye zayishiya nayiphi na inkxalabo yentlalontle yoluntu lwazo, zigxile kwinzuzo yexesha elifutshane kunye neebhonasi ezinkulu, ilizwe liya kugwetywa - ukuba nje i-nanny state enamandla ihlala injalo ukuze isebenze iimfuno zabo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wavela kwiphepha elingaphambili leNew York Times ngoAgasti 4. Amabali amabini aphambili avela ecaleni. Omnye uxoxa ngendlela amaRiphabhlikhi achasa ngayo nasiphi na isivumelwano "oko kubandakanya ingeniso eyandisiweyo” – intetha yeerhafu kwizityebi. Omnye unomxholo othi “Nokuba Ziphawulwe phezulu, IiMpahla eziNtofontofo Zibhabha ziphuma ezishelufini.” Isizathu sokucuthwa kwerhafu kwizityebi kunye neenkampani kwiimali eziphantsi ezihlekisayo kukuba baya kutyala imali ekudaleni imisebenzi - nto leyo abangenako ukuyenza ngoku njengoko iipokotho zabo zigcwele inzuzo erekhodiweyo.
Umfanekiso okhulayo uchazwe ngokufanelekileyo kwincwadana enemifanekiso yabatyali-mali eveliswe sisigebenga sasebhankini iCitigroup. Abahlalutyi bale bhanki bachaza uluntu lwehlabathi olwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziibloko ezimbini: i-plutonomy kunye nezinye. Kwihlabathi elinjalo, ukukhula kuxhaswa zizityebi ezimbalwa, yaye ubukhulu becala zityiwa zizo. Kuphinde kubekho 'abangatyebanga,' uninzi lwabo, ngoku olubizwa ngokuba yi-global precariat, abasebenzi abaphila ubomi obungenabungozi. E-US, baxhomekeke "ukungakhuseleki kwabasebenzi abakhulayo," isiseko soqoqosho olunempilo, njengoko usihlalo we-Federal Reserve u-Alan Greenspan wachazela iCongress ngelixa encoma ukusebenza kwakhe kulawulo lwezoqoqosho. Olu lolona tshintsho lwamandla kuluntu lwehlabathi.
Abahlalutyi beCitigroup bacebisa abatyali-mali ukuba bagxininise kwizityebi kakhulu, apho isenzo. I-“Plutonomy Stock Basket” yabo, njengoko beyibiza njalo, iye yagqwesa kakhulu kwisalathiso seemarike eziphuhlileyo zehlabathi ukususela ngowe-1985, xa iinkqubo zezoqoqosho zeReagan-Thatcher zokutyebisa abo bazizityebi kakhulu zaziqalisa.
Phambi kwengozi ka-2007 apho amaziko ezimali amatsha asemva kweGolden Age ayenoxanduva ikakhulu, la maziko aye afumana amandla oqoqosho awothusayo, ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu isabelo sawo sengeniso yenkampani. Emva kokuphazamiseka, iqela leengcali zoqoqosho laqalisa ukubuza ngomsebenzi walo ngokwezoqoqosho kuphela. Owawongwa ngembasa yeNobel kwezoqoqosho uRobert Solow uqukumbela ngelithi impembelelo yabo ngokubanzi isenokuba mibi: “impumelelo mhlawumbi yongezelela kancinane okanye ayithi thi tu kwimpumelelo yoqoqosho lokwenene, ngoxa iintlekele zidlulisela ubutyebi busuka kubahlawuli berhafu bubuse koosozimali.”
Ngokukrazula iintsalela zedemokhrasi yezopolitiko, babeka isiseko sokuqhubela phambili inkqubo ebulalayo - ukuba nje amaxhoba abo ekulungele ukubandezeleka ethule.
UChomsky ngunjingalwazi ophumayo kwizifundo zeelwimi kunye nefilosofi kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology eCambridge, Mass.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela