Inxalenye yesizathu sokuba ndibhale ngamajelo eendaba kukuba ndinomdla kuyo yonke inkcubeko yengqondo, kwaye inxalenye yayo elula ukufunda ngamajelo. Iphuma yonke imihla. Unokwenza uphando olucwangcisiweyo. Ungathelekisa inguqulelo yayizolo kwinguqulelo yanamhlanje. Kukho ubungqina obuninzi malunga nokuba yintoni edlalwayo kunye nengekho kunye nendlela izinto ezakhiwe ngayo.
Uluvo lwam kukuba amajelo eendaba awohlukanga kangako kukufunda okanye, masithi, kwiijenali zoluvo lwengqondoโkukho imiqobo eyongezelelweyoโkodwa ayahlukanga kwaphela. Bayasebenzisana, yiyo loo nto abantu benyuka kwaye babuye ngokulula phakathi kwabo.
Ujonga kumajelo eendaba, okanye nakweliphi na iziko ofuna ukuliqonda. Ubuza imibuzo malunga nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lweziko. Ufuna ukwazi okuthile malunga nokumisa kwabo kuluntu ngokubanzi. Zinxulumana njani nezinye iinkqubo zamandla negunya? Ukuba unethamsanqa, kukho ingxelo yangaphakathi evela kubantu abakhokelayo kwinkqubo yolwazi ekuxelela into abaphezu kwayo (luhlobo lwenkqubo yemfundiso). Loo nto ayithethi ukuba iincwadana zobudlelwane boluntu kodwa zithetha ntoni omnye komnye malunga nokuba baphezu kwantoni na. Maninzi kakhulu amaxwebhu anomdla.
Leyo yimithombo emithathu ebalulekileyo yolwazi malunga nobume beendaba. Ufuna ukufunda ngazo ngendlela, masithi, isazinzulu siya kufunda ngemolekyuli entsonkothileyo okanye enye into. Uthatha ujongo kwisakhiwo kwaye wenze i-hypothesis ethile esekelwe kwisakhiwo malunga nokuba imveliso yeendaba inokubukeka njani. Emva koko uphanda imveliso yeendaba kwaye ubone indlela ehambelana ngayo neengcamango. Phantse wonke umsebenzi kuhlalutyo lweendaba yile nxalenye yokugqibela-ezama ukufunda ngenyameko kanye ukuba yintoni imveliso yeendaba kunye nokuba iyahambelana neengcinga ezicacileyo malunga nobume kunye nokwakhiwa kweendaba.
Ewe, ufumana ntoni? Okokuqala, ufumanisa ukuba kukho amajelo osasazo awohlukeneyo enza izinto ezahlukeneyo, njengolonwabo/iHollywood, amaqonga eesepha, njalo njalo, okanye amaphephandaba amaninzi kweli lizwe (uninzi lwawo). Baqondisa abaphulaphuli abaninzi.
Kukho elinye icandelo leendaba, amajelo aphakamileyo, ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba yi-agenda-setting media kuba ngabona banemithombo emikhulu, babeka isikhokelo apho wonke umntu esebenza khona. I New York Times kunye ne-CBS, olo hlobo lwento. Abaphulaphuli babo ubukhulu becala ngabantu abanelungelo. Abantu abafunda i New York Timesโabantu abazizityebi okanye abayinxalenye yoko maxa wambi kubizwa ngokuba ludidi lwezobupolitikaโeneneni babandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezobupolitika ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokusisiseko bangabaphathi bolunye uhlobo okanye olunye. Basenokuba ngabaphathi bezopolitiko, abaphathi bamashishini (njengabaphathi bequmrhu okanye olo hlobo lwento), abaphathi bobugqirha (njengoonjingalwazi baseyunivesithi), okanye ezinye iintatheli ezibandakanyekayo ekulungelelaniseni indlela abantu abacinga ngayo nabajonga ngayo izinto.
Amajelo osasazo aphezulu amisela isakhelo apho abanye basebenza khona. Ukuba ubukele i-Associated Press, egawula njalo ukuhamba kweendaba, emini emaqanda kuyaqhawuka kwaye kukho into ehamba yonke imihla ethi โIsaziso kubahleli: Ngomso ENew York Times izakuba nala mabali alandelayo kwiphepha lokuqala.โ Inqaku apho kukuba, ukuba ungumhleli wephephandaba e-Dayton, eOhio kwaye awunazo izixhobo zokujonga ukuba zithini na iindaba, okanye awufuni kucinga ngayo, oku kuyakuxelela. zithini iindaba. La ngamabali ephepha lekota oza kuzinikela kwenye into ngaphandle kwemicimbi yasekhaya okanye uphambukise abaphulaphuli bakho. La ngamabali owabeka apho kuba yiloo nto i ENew York Times isixelela into ofanele ukukhathalela ngomso. Ukuba ungumhleli e-Dayton, e-Ohio, kuya kufuneka wenze loo nto, kuba awunayo enye into endleleni yezibonelelo. Ukuba uphuma emgceni, ukuba uvelisa amabali angawathandiyo umshicileli omkhulu, uya kuva ngawo kungekudala. Enyanisweni, yintoni esanda kwenzeka Iindaba zeSan Jose Mercury ngumzekelo omangalisayo woku. Zininzi ke iindlela imidlalo yamandla enokukuqhuba ngayo ubuyele emgceni ukuba uyaphuma. Ukuba uzama ukwaphula isikhunta, awuzukuhlala ixesha elide. Eso sikhokelo sisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye kuyaqondakala ukuba yimbonakaliso yezakhiwo zamandla ezicacileyo.
Amajelo osasazo okwenene azama ukuphambukisa abantu. Mabenze enye into, kodwa ungasikhathazi (thina singabantu abaqhuba umboniso). Mababe nomdla kwimidlalo yobungcali, umzekelo. Wonke umntu makaphangelwe yimidlalo yobungcali okanye amahlazo ngesondo okanye ubuntu kunye neengxaki zabo okanye into enjalo. Nantoni na, ukuba nje ingekho serious. Kakade ke, izinto ezinzulu zezabantu abakhulu. "Thina" siyayikhathalela loo nto.
Ngawaphi amajelo eendaba akumgangatho ophezulu, ezona ziseta-ajenda? I ENew York Times kunye ne-CBS, umzekelo. Ewe, okokuqala kuzo zonke, zinkulu, zinengeniso kakhulu, iinkampani. Ngaphaya koko, uninzi lwazo lunxulunyaniswa, okanye lungabanini bamaqumrhu amakhulu kakhulu, njengoMbane Jikelele, iWestinghouse, njalo njalo. Baye phezulu phezulu kwesakhiwo samandla kuqoqosho lwabucala olusisakhiwo esinobuzwilakhe kakhulu. Amaqumrhu angoozwilakhe ngokwesiseko, ngokwemigangatho, alawulwa ukusuka phezulu. Ukuba awuyithandi le nto bayenzayo uyaphuma. Amajelo amakhulu eendaba ayinxalenye yaloo nkqubo.
Kuthekani ngemeko yabo yeziko? Kulungile, ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi efanayo. Into abanxibelelana nayo nabanxibelelana nayo ngamanye amaziko amakhulu amagunyaโurhulumente, amanye amaqumrhu, okanye iiyunivesithi. Kuba amajelo eendaba yinkqubo yeemfundiso anxibelelana ngokusondeleyo neeyunivesithi. Masithi uyintatheli ebhala ibali eMzantsi-mpuma Asia okanye eAfrika, okanye into enjalo. Kuya kufuneka uye kwidyunivesithi enkulu kwaye ufumane ingcali eya kukuxelela into omawuyibhale, okanye uye kwesinye seziseko, njengeBrookings Institute okanye iAmerican Enterprise Institute kwaye baya kukunika amagama oza kuwathetha. La maziko angaphandle afana kakhulu namajelo eendaba.
Iiyunivesithi, umzekelo, ayingomaziko azimeleyo. Kusenokubakho abantu abazimeleyo abathe saa kuzo kodwa kunjalo nakumajelo eendaba. Kwaye kuyinyani ngokubanzi kumaqumrhu. Kuyinyaniso ngezizwe zobuFasi, ngaloo nto. Kodwa iziko ngokwalo liyi-parasitic. Ixhomekeke kwimithombo yangaphandle yenkxaso kunye naloo mithombo yenkxaso, efana nobutyebi babucala, iinkampani ezinkulu ezinezibonelelo, kunye norhulumente (onxibelelene ngokusondeleyo namandla equmrhu awukwazi ukwahlulahlula), eyona nto ikhoyo ziiyunivesithi. embindini we. Abantu abangaphakathi kwabo, abangalungiseleli kweso sakhiwo, abangawamkeliyo kwaye bawufake ngaphakathi (awukwazi ukusebenzisana ngokwenene ngaphandle kokuba uyifake ngaphakathi, kwaye uyikholelwe); abantu abangayenziyo loo nto kunokwenzeka ukuba bakhutshelwe ngaphandle endleleni, ukuqala kwi-kindergarten, yonke indlela ukuya phezulu. Kukho zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zokucoca ukulahla abantu abanentlungu entanyeni kwaye bacinge ngokuzimeleyo. Abo kuni baye badlula ekholejini bayazi ukuba inkqubo yemfundo ixhotyiswe kakhulu ekuthotyelweni okuvuzayo kunye nokuthobela; ukuba awuyenzi loo nto, ungumphazamisi. Ke, luhlobo lwesixhobo sokucoca esiphela ngabantu abanyaniseke ngokwenene (abangaxoki) bafake isakhelo senkolelo kunye nezimo zengqondo zenkqubo yamandla engqongileyo eluntwini. Amaziko aphakamileyo afana, athi, iHarvard kunye nePrinceton kunye neekholeji ezincinci eziphakamileyo, umzekelo, zilungele kakhulu ukuhlalisana. Ukuba uhamba kwindawo efana neHarvard, uninzi lwezinto eziqhubekayo kukufundisa ukuziphatha; indlela yokuziphatha njengelungu leeklasi eziphezulu, indlela yokucinga iingcamango ezifanelekileyo, njalo njalo.
Ukuba ufunde uGeorge Orwell Ifama yezilwanyana leyo wabhala phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1940, yayisisigculelo kwiSoviet Union, ilizwe elinobuzwilakhe. Yaba yintlitheko enkulu. Wonke umntu wayeyithanda. Kuvela ukuba wabhala intshayelelo ku Ifama yezilwanyana eyayicinezelwe. Yavela kuphela kwiminyaka engama-30 kamva. Umntu wayeyifumene emaphepheni akhe. Intshayelelo ku Ifama yezilwanyana yayimalunga ne "Literary Censorship in England" kwaye into eyithethayo kukuba ngokucacileyo le ncwadi ihlekisa ngeSoviet Union kunye nesakhiwo sayo sobuzwilakhe. Kodwa uthe iNgilane ayihlukanga kwaphela. Asinayo i-KGB entanyeni yethu, kodwa umphumo uphuma ngokufanayo. Abantu abaneengcamango ezizimeleyo okanye abacinga uhlobo olungalunganga lweengcinga bayasikwa.
Uthetha kancinci, izivakalisi ezibini kuphela, malunga nobume beziko. Uyabuza, kutheni le nto isenzeka? Ewe, enye, kuba ushicilelo luphethwe ngabantu abazizityebi abafuna kuphela izinto ezithile ukufikelela eluntwini. Enye into ayithethayo kukuba xa udlula kwinkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo, xa udlula kwizikolo ezifanelekileyo eOxford, uye ufunde ukuba kukho izinto ezithile ekungafanelekanga ukuba uzithethe kwaye kukho iingcamango ezithile ezingafanelekanga ukuba ube nazo. Leyo yindima yentlalontle yamaziko aphakamileyo kwaye ukuba awuziqhelani naloo nto, udla ngokuphuma. Ezo zivakalisi zibini ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi zibalisa ibali.
Xa ugxeka amajelo eendaba kwaye uthi, jonga, nantsi into ebhalwa ngu-Anthony Lewis okanye omnye umntu, baba nomsindo kakhulu. Bathi, ngokuchanekileyo,
โAkukho mntu ukhe andixelele ukuba mandibhale ntoni. Ndibhala nantoni na endiyithandayo. Lonke eli shishini limalunga noxinzelelo kunye nemiqobo libuvuvu kuba andikho phantsi koxinzelelo.โ
Okuyinyani ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ingongoma kukuba bebengayi kuba khona ngaphandle kokuba sele bebonisile
ukuba kungabikho mntu ubaxelela ukuba babhale ntoni na kuba baya kuthetha into elungileyo. Ukuba babeqale kwidesika yeMetro, okanye enye into, baze balandele uhlobo olungalunganga lwamabali, ngebengazange bafikelele kwizikhundla apho ngoku babenokuthetha nantoni na abayithandayo. Kukwanjalo ikakhulu kwifakhalthi yedyunivesiti kwiinkalo zeengcamango ezingaphezulu. Baye badlula kwinkqubo yentlalontle.
Kulungile, ujonge kwisakhiwo sayo yonke inkqubo. Ulindele ukuba zibe njani iindaba? Ewe, icacile. Thatha i ENew York Times. Yinkampani kwaye ithengisa imveliso. Imveliso ngabaphulaphuli. Ayenzi mali xa uthenga iphephandaba. Bayavuya ukuyibeka kwiwebhu yehlabathi simahla. Ngokwenene balahlekelwa yimali xa uthenga iphephandaba. Kodwa abaphulaphuli yimveliso. Imveliso ngabantu abanelungelo, njengabantu ababhala amaphephandaba, uyazi, abantu abathatha izigqibo eziphezulu kuluntu. Kufuneka uthengise imveliso kwimarike, kwaye imarike, ngokuqinisekileyo, abathengisi (oko kukuthi, amanye amashishini). Enoba ngumabonwakude okanye amaphephandaba, okanye nantoni na, athengisa abaphulaphuli. Iinkampani zithengisa abaphulaphuli kwamanye amaqumrhu. Kwimeko yemidiya ye-elite, ngamashishini amakhulu.
Ewe, ulindele ukuba kwenzeke ntoni? Ungaqikelela ntoni malunga nobume bemveliso yemidiya, xa kujongwa iseti yeemeko? Inokuba yintoni i-null
I-hypothesis, uhlobo lwentelekelelo onokuthi ucinge ukuba akukho nto ingaphaya. Ingqikelelo ecacileyo yeyokuba imveliso yamajelo eendaba, into ebonakalayo, into engabonakaliyo, indlela ethambe ngayo, iya kubonisa umdla wabathengi nabathengisi, amaziko neenkqubo zamandla eziwangqongileyo. Ukuba oko bekungayi kwenzeka, bekuya kuba luhlobo oluthile lommangaliso.
Kulungile, emva koko kuza umsebenzi onzima. Uyabuza, ngaba isebenza ngendlela oqikelela ngayo? Ewe, ninako ukuzigweba ngokwenu. Zininzi izinto ezikule ngqikelelo icacileyo, eye yaphantsi kolona vavanyo lunzima nabani na anokucinga ngalo, kwaye isame kakuhle ngokumangalisayo. Awusoze ufumane nantoni na kwisayensi yezentlalo exhasa kakhulu nasiphi na isigqibo, esingengommangaliso omkhulu, kuba bekuya kuba ngummangaliso ukuba awuzange ubambelele kwindlela esebenza ngayo amandla.
Into elandelayo oyifumanayo kukuba esi sihloko siphela siyinto engafanelekanga. Ukuba uya kwisikolo saseKennedy sikaRhulumente okanye eStanford, okanye kwenye indawo, kwaye
ufunda ubuntatheli kunye nonxibelelwano okanye isayensi yezopolitiko yezemfundo, njalo njalo, le mibuzo ayinakuvela. Oko kukuthi, i-hypothesis yokuba nabani na uya kufika engazi nokuba nantoni na ekungavumelekanga ukuba ichazwe, kwaye ubungqina obukhoyo abunakuxoxwa. Ewe, nawe uyiqikelela loo nto. Ukuba ujonga ulwakhiwo lweziko, unokuthi, ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo, imelwe ukwenzeka loo nto kuba kutheni aba bafana kufuneka bafune ukuvezwa? Kutheni le nto befanele bavumele ukuhlalutywa okugxekayo koko bakucebayo ukuba kwenzeke? Impendulo kukuba, akukho sizathu sokuba bavumele oko kwaye, enyanisweni, abavumi. Kwakhona, asikokuhlolwa ngenjongo. Kuphela nje ukuba awungeni kwezo zikhundla. Oko kuquka ekhohlo (oko kubizwa ngokuba kukwakhohlo), kwakunye nasekunene. Ngaphandle kokuba uhlaziywe ngokwaneleyo kwaye uqeqeshelwe ukuba kukho ezinye iingcinga ongenazo, kuba ukuba ubunazo, ngewungekho. Ngoko unomyalelo wesibini wokuxela kwangaphambili ukuba umyalelo wokuqala wokubikezela awuvumelekanga kwingxoxo.
Into yokugqibela ekufuneka ijongwe sisikhokelo semfundiso apho oku kuqhubeka khona. Ngaba abantu abakwinqanaba eliphezulu kwinkqubo yolwazi, kubandakanywa amajelo eendaba kunye neentengiso kunye nenzululwazi yezopolitiko yezemfundo njalo njalo, ngaba aba bantu banomfanekiso wento emele yenzeke xa bebhalelana (hayi xa besenza iintetho zothweso-zidanga) ? Xa usenza intetho yokuqala, ngamagama amahle kunye nezinto. Kodwa xa bebhalelana, bathini abantu ngayo?
Kukho imisinga emithathu yokujonga. Enye imboni yobudlelwane boluntu, uyazi, imboniselo yepropaganda yeshishini eliphambili. Ke zithini iinkokeli
ishishini PR esithi? Indawo yesibini ekufuneka ijongwe koko kubizwa ngokuba ziinkcuba-buchopho zikawonke-wonke, iinkcuba-buchopho ezinkulu, abantu ababhala โii-op edsโ kunye nolo hlobo lwento. Bathini? Abantu ababhala iincwadi ezichukumisayo malunga nobume bedemokhrasi kunye nolo hlobo lweshishini. Into yesithathu oyijongayo ngumsinga wezemfundo, ngakumbi loo nxalenye yenzululwazi yezopolitiko ejongene nonxibelelwano kunye nolwazi kunye nezinto eziye zalisebe lesayensi yezopolitiko kwiminyaka engama-70 okanye engama-80 edlulileyo.
Ngoko ke, jonga ezo zinto zintathu uze ubone ukuba zithini na, uze ujonge amanani aphambili abhale ngale nto. Bonke bathi (ndicaphula ngokuyinxenye), uluntu ngokubanzi โalunalwazi kwaye luxabene nabangaphandle.โ Kufuneka sibakhuphele ngaphandle kweqonga loluntu kuba banyabile kakhulu kwaye ukuba bathe babandakanyeka bazovele benze inkathazo. Umsebenzi wabo kukuba โngababukeli,โ hayi โabathathi-nxaxheba.โ
Bavunyelwe ukuba bavote rhoqo emva kwexesha elithile, bakhethe omnye wethu amadoda ahlakaniphile. Kodwa ke kufuneka bagoduke baye kwenza enye into efana nokubukela ibhola
nokuba yintoni na. Kodwa โabangaphandle bangazi nto nabanoburheletyoโ bafanele babe ngabakhi-mkhanya bangabi ngabathathi-nxaxheba. Abathathi-nxaxheba babizwa ngokuba "ngamadoda anoxanduva" kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, umbhali uhlala engomnye wabo. Awusoze ubuze umbuzo, kutheni ndiyindoda "enoxanduva" kwaye omnye umntu usentolongweni? Impendulo icacile. Kungenxa yokuba uyathobela kwaye ungaphantsi kwegunya kwaye omnye umntu unokuzimela, njalo njalo. Kodwa awubuzi, kunjalo. Ke kukho abafana abakrelekrele ekumele baqhube umboniso kwaye bonke abanye bafanele ukuba baphumile, kwaye akufuneki sinikezele (ndicaphula kwinqaku lezemfundo) "iimfundiso zedemokhrasi malunga namadoda ukuba ngabagwebi ababalaseleyo kwinqaku lemfundo. iimfuno zabo.โ Abekho. Bangabagwebi abakhohlakeleyo ngokweminqweno yabo ngoko sibenzele bona ukuze kulungelwe bona.
Enyanisweni, ifana kakhulu neLeninism. Sikwenzela izinto kwaye sikwenzela umdla womntu wonke, njalo njalo. Ndiyarhana ukuba yinxalenye yesizathu sokuba kube lula kangaka ngokwembali ukuba abantu batshintshe babuye ekubeni babe, uhlobo lwamaStalin azimiseleyo ukuba ngabaxhasi abakhulu bamandla ase-US. Abantu batshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwesinye isikhundla ukuya kwesinye, kwaye ukukrokra kwam kukuba kungenxa yokuba ngokusisiseko sikwindawo enye. Awutshintshi kakhulu. Wenza nje uqikelelo olwahlukileyo lokuba amandla alele phi. Enye inqaku ucinga ukuba ilapha, enye inqaku ucinga ukuba ikhona. Uthatha indawo efanayo.
Kwabakho njani konke oku? Inembali enomdla. Uninzi lwalo luphuma kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuqala, eyona nguqu enkulu. Yatshintsha kakhulu imeko ye-United States emhlabeni. Ngenkulungwane ye-18 i-US yayisele iyindawo ecebileyo emhlabeni. Umgangatho wobomi, impilo, nokuphila ixesha elide akuzange kuphunyezwe ngamaqela aphezulu eBritani de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kungasathethwa ke ngaye nabani na ongomnye ehlabathini. I-US yayisisityebi ngokungaqhelekanga, ineenzuzo ezinkulu, kwaye, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, yayinoqoqosho olukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa yayingengomdlali omkhulu kwihlabathi. Amandla ase-US andiselwe kwiZiqithi zeCaribbean, iinxalenye zePasifiki, kodwa hayi kude kakhulu.
Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, ubudlelwane batshintsha. Kwaye batshintsha kakhulu ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi i-US
ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi wathatha ihlabathi. Kodwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala sele kukho utshintsho kwaye i-US yasuka ekubeni ngumtyali kwisizwe esibolekayo. Yayingenkulu, njengeBritane, kodwa yaba ngumdlali obalaseleyo kwihlabathi okokuqala. Olo yayilutshintsho olunye, kodwa kwabakho olunye utshintsho.
Imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala yaba sisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba kubekho ipropaganda yorhulumente elungelelaniswe kakhulu. AmaBritani ayeneSebe Lenkcazelo, yaye ayeyifuna ngokwenene ngenxa yokuba
kwafuneka bangenise i-US emfazweni okanye mhlawumbi babesengxakini embi. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weNgcaciso yayilungiselelwe ukuthumela ubuxoki, kuquka ubuxoki obukhulu malunga nenkohlakalo "kaHun", njalo njalo. Babejolise kwiinkcuba-buchopho zaseMelika kwingqikelelo enengqiqo yokuba aba ngabona bantu bakholelwa kakhulu kwaye banokukholelwa kubuxoki. Ikwangabo abalusasaza ngenkqubo yabo. Ngoko ubukhulu becala yayilungiselelwe iinkcuba-buchopho zaseMelika kwaye yayisebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Amaxwebhu oMphathiswa weNgcaciso waseBrithani (aninzi akhululwe) abonisa injongo yabo, njengoko beyibeka, ukulawula ingcinga yehlabathi lonke, injongo encinci, kodwa ngokukodwa i-US Abazange bakhathalele kakhulu oko abantu bacinga ngako. Indiya. Eli Sebe lezoLwazi libe nempumelelo egqithileyo ekukhohliseni iinkcuba-buchopho zaseMelika ukuba zamkele ubuxoki bobuxoki baseBritani. Babenebhongo kakhulu ngaloo nto. Ngokufanelekileyo, yabusindisa ubomi babo. Bebeya kulahlekelwa yiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala ngenye indlela.
E-US, kwakukho umlingane. UWoodrow Wilson wonyulwa kwi-1916 kwiqonga lokulwa nemfazwe. I-US yayililizwe eline-pacifist kakhulu. Bekusoloko kunjalo.
Abantu abafuni ukuya kulwa iimfazwe zasemzini. Ilizwe lalichasene kakhulu neMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kwaye uWilson, enyanisweni, wanyulwa kwindawo yokulwa nemfazwe. โUxolo olungenalo uloyisoโ yayisisilogeni. Kodwa wayezimisele ukuya emfazweni. Ke umbuzo wawungowokuba, ubafumana njani abantu be-pacifist ukuba babe ziintshaba ezichasene namaJamani ukuze zifune ukuya kubulala onke amaJamani? Oko kufuna ipropaganda. Ke baseka eyona arhente yosasazo yokuqala kwaye eyona nto iphambili kwimbali yase-US. IKomiti yoLwazi loLuntu yayibizwa ngokuba (isihloko esihle se-Orwellian), ebizwa ngokuba yiKomishoni yaseCreel. Umfo owayibalekayo kwathiwa nguCreel. Umsebenzi wale komishoni yayikukusasaza uluntu kwi-jingoist hysteria. Isebenze kakuhle kakhulu. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kwakukho i-hysteria yemfazwe eyingozi kwaye i-US yakwazi ukuya emfazweni.
Abantu abaninzi baye bachukunyiswa zezi mpumelelo. Omnye umntu owayechukumisekile, yaye oku kwakunentsingiselo ethile kwikamva, yayinguHitler. Ukuba uyafunda Mein Kampf, uqukumbela, ngokuthetheleleka okuthile, ukuba iJamani yaphulukana neMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala ngenxa yokuba yaphulukana nedabi lobuxoki. Abazange baqalise ukukhuphisana neepropaganda zaseBritani nezaseMelika ezaboyisa ngokupheleleyo. Uthembisa ukuba kwixesha elizayo bazakuba nenkqubo yabo yokusasaza, abayenzileyo ngeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kuthi, amashishini aseMelika nawo achukumiseke kakhulu ngumzamo wobuxoki. Babenengxaki ngelo xesha. Ilizwe lalisiya lisiba nedemokhrasi ngokusesikweni. Uninzi lwabantu lukwazile ukuvota kunye nolo hlobo lwento. Ilizwe liya lisiba nobutyebi kwaye abantu abaninzi banokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye uninzi lwabafuduki abatsha babengena, njalo njalo.
Ke ngoku wenzantoni? Kuya kuba nzima ukuqhuba izinto njengeklabhu yabucala. Ngoko ke, ngokucacileyo, kufuneka ulawule oko abantu bakucingayo. Bekukho iingcali zobudlelwane boluntu kodwa akuzange kubekho ishishini lobudlelwane boluntu. Kwakukho umfana oqeshwe ukuba enze umfanekiso kaRockefeller ubonakale umhle kwaye lolo hlobo lwento. Kodwa eli shishini likhulu lobudlelwane boluntu, eliyimveliso yase-US kunye neshishini elibi kakhulu, laphuma kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuqala. Amanani aphambili yayingabantu kwiKomishoni yaseCreel. Ngapha koko, oyena uphambili, u-Edward Bernays, uphuma kanye kwiKhomishini yaseCreel. Unencwadi ephume kanye emva koko ebizwa I propaganda. Igama elithi โpropagandaโ lalingenantsingiselo imbi ngaloo mihla. Kwakusebudeni beMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi elathi eli gama lathiywa ngokuba linxulunyaniswe neJamani, nazo zonke ezo zinto zimbi. Kodwa ngeli xesha, igama elithi propaganda lithetha nje ulwazi okanye into enjalo. Ngoko wabhala incwadi ethi I propaganda malunga no-1925, kwaye iqala ngokuthi usebenzisa izifundo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Inkqubo yobuxoki yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kunye nale komishoni wayeyinxalenye yayo yabonisa, uthi, kunokwenzeka "ukulawula ingqondo kawonkewonke kangangoko umkhosi ulawula imizimba yawo." Ezi ndlela zintsha zokulawulwa kweengqondo, wathi, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngabantu abancinci abakrelekrele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ama-slobs ahlala kwindlela elungileyo. Singayenza ngoku kuba sinabo obu buchule butsha.
Le yeyona ncwadana yemigaqo yoshishino lobudlelwane boluntu. UBernays luhlobo lweguru. Wayeyinyani uRoosevelt/Kennedy okhululekileyo. Ukwayile inzame zobudlelwane noluntu emva kobhukuqo-mbuso oluxhaswa yi-US olwabhukuqa urhulumente wedemokhrasi waseGuatemala.
Ubhukuqo lwakhe olukhulu, olona lwamenza waduma ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1920, yayikukuba abasetyhini batshaye. Abasetyhini babengatshayi ngezo mini kwaye wayeqhuba amaphulo amakhulu eChesterfield. Uyazi zonke iindlela-iimodeli kunye neenkwenkwezi ze-movie kunye nogwayi ophuma emlonyeni kunye nolo hlobo lwento. Wafumana udumo olukhulu ngaloo nto. Ngoko waba ngumntu ohamba phambili kwishishini, kwaye incwadi yakhe yayiyeyona ncwadana yokwenene.
Elinye ilungu leKhomishoni yaseCreel yayinguWalter Lippmann, oyena mntu uhlonitshwayo kubuntatheli baseMelika malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane (ndithetha ubuntatheli obunzulu baseMelika, iingcinga ezinzulu). Ukwabhale nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zizincoko ezinenkqubela-phambili ngedemokhrasi, ezithathwa njengenkqubela phambili phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1920. Kwakhona, wayesebenzisa izifundo zomsebenzi kwipropaganda ngokucacileyo. Uthi kukho ubugcisa obutsha kwidemokhrasi obubizwa ngokuba yimveliso yemvume. Lilizwi lakhe elo. U-Edward Herman kunye nam samboleka ngencwadi yethu, kodwa ivela kuLippmann. Ke, uthi, kukho obu bugcisa butsha kwindlela yedemokhrasi, โukwenza
yemvume.โ Ngemvume yokuvelisa, ungayoyisa into yokuba ngokusesikweni abantu abaninzi banelungelo lokuvota. Singayenza ingabinamsebenzi kuba sinako ukwenza imvume kwaye siqinisekise ukuba ukhetho lwabo kunye neengcinga zabo ziya kucwangciswa ngendlela yokuba baya kuhlala besenza esibaxelela kona, nokuba banendlela esesikweni yokuthatha inxaxheba. Ngoko ke siya kuba nedemokhrasi yokwenene. Iya kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Oko kukusebenzisa izifundo zearhente yepropaganda.
Inzululwazi yezentlalo yezemfundo kunye nenzululwazi yezopolitiko iphuma kwinto enye. Umseki wento ebizwa ngokuba lunxibelelwano kunye nenzululwazi yezopolitiko yezemfundo nguHarold Glasswell. Eyona nto ayiphumezayo yayiyincwadi, isifundo sobuxoki. Uthi, ngokuphandle, izinto ebendizicaphula ngaphambiliโezo zinto zimalunga nokunganikezeli kwimfundiso yedemokhrasi, evela kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko yezemfundo (Lasswell nabanye). Kwakhona, efumana izifundo kumava exesha lemfazwe, amaqela ezopolitiko afundisa into efanayo, ngakumbi iqela eligcina isithethe eNgilani. Amaxwebhu abo angaphambili, asandulโ ukukhululwa, abonisa ukuba aye akuqonda oko kwaphunyezwa liSebe Lezolwazi laseBritani. Baye baqaphela ukuba ilizwe liya lifumana ulawulo lwentando yesininzi ngakumbi kwaye yayingayi kuba ngumbutho wabucala wamadoda. Ngoko ke isiphelo yaba, njengoko beyibeka, ezopolitiko kufuneka zibe yimfazwe yezopolitiko, zisebenzisa iindlela zepropaganda ezasebenza ngokugqwesileyo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala ekulawuleni iingcamango zabantu.
Lelo cala lemfundiso kwaye lihambelana nolwakhiwo lweziko. Yomeleza uqikelelo malunga nendlela into emayisebenze ngayo. Kwaye uqikelelo luqinisekiswa kakuhle. Kodwa ezi zigqibo, nazo, azivumelekanga ukuba zixoxwe. Konke oku ngoku kuyinxalenye yoncwadi oluqhelekileyo kodwa lolwabantu abangaphakathi kuphela. Xa usiya ekholejini, awufundi iiklasiki malunga nendlela yokulawula iingqondo zabantu.
Kanye njengokuba awuyifundi into eyathethwa nguJames Madison ngexesha lengqungquthela yomgaqo-siseko malunga nokuba eyona njongo iphambili yenkqubo entsha kufuneka ibe โkukukhusela iqaqobana labantu abaziingwanyalala kuninzi,โ kwaye kufuneka iyilwe ukuze ifezekise oko. isiphelo. Oku kukusekwa kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, ngoko ke akukho mntu ufunda ngayo. Awunakuyifumana nakwi-scholarship yezemfundo ngaphandle kokuba ukhangeleka nzima.
Lowo ngumfanekiso, njengoko ndiwubona, wendlela inkqubo ekhoyo ngokweziko, iimfundiso ezilele emva kwayo, indlela ephuma ngayo. Kukho enye inxalenye ejoliswe โkubantu abangenalwaziโ abangaphandle. Oko ikakhulu kukusebenzisa ukuphambukisa kolunye uhlobo okanye olunye. Ukusuka kuloo nto, ndicinga ukuba, unokuqikelela oko unokulindela ukukufumana.