Chomsky
Isoyikiso se
ubunqolobi bezizwe ngezizwe buqatsele. Iziganeko ezimanyumnyezi ngoSeptemba 11
mhlawumbi yayinobona bhubhani boluntu buyingozi ngoko nangoko kwirekhodi, ngaphandle kwemfazwe.
Igama elithi “ngoko nangoko” alifanele lityeshelwe; Ngelishwa, ulwaphulo-mthetho lusekude
engaqhelekanga kwiingxelo zogonyamelo olusilela emfazweni. Inani lokufa linokuba
ngokulula ziphindwe kabini okanye ngaphezulu kwiiveki ezimbalwa, njengoko ii-Afghans ezilusizi zabaleka-ukuya
akukho ndawo—phantsi kwesisongelo seziqhushumbisi, yaye kwabakho ukutya okwakufuneka ngamandla
phazamisekile; kwaye kwakukho izilumkiso ezithembekileyo zento embi kakhulu ezayo.
Iindleko eziya
Abemi base-Afghan banokuqikelelwa kuphela, kodwa siyawazi uqikelelo apho
izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye namagqabantshintshi zazisekelwe, umbandela obaluleke kakhulu. Njengoko
umba wengqiqo elula, luqikelelo olunika imihlaba
naluphi na uvandlakanyo lokuziphatha locwangciso kunye namagqabantshintshi, okanye nasiphi na isigwebo sesibheno
iingxoxo “zemfazwe nje”; kwaye ngokubalulekileyo, kulo naluphi na uvavanyo olunengqiqo lwento enokuthi ixoke
ngaphambili.
Nangaphambili
NgoSeptemba 11, i-UN yaqikelela ukuba izigidi bezixhaswa, ngokulambisa, ngo
uncedo lokutya kumazwe ngamazwe. NgoSeptemba 16, iphephandaba lelizwe lanikela ingxelo yoko
IWashington "yayifuna [ePakistan] ukuba kupheliswe iilori ezijikelezayo
Ukubonelela ngokutya okuninzi kunye nezinye izinto kubantu base-Afghanistan
abantu.” Kwakungekho kusabela okubonakalayo e-US okanye eYurophu kule nto
imfuno yokubeka indlala enkulu; intsingiselo ecacileyo yamagama. Kwi
kwiiveki ezilandelayo, iphephandaba eliphambili ehlabathini lanikela ingxelo yokuba “Isisongelo se
ugwayimbo lwasemkhosini lunyanzelise ukususwa kwabasebenzi boncedo bamazwe ngamazwe, beqhwalela
iinkqubo zoncedo”; iimbacu ezifika ePakistan “emva kohambo olunzima ukusuka
I-Afghanistan ichaza imiboniso yokuphelelwa lithemba kunye noloyiko ekhaya njengesoyikiso
lohlaselo lomkhosi olukhokelwa yiMelika lujika usizi lwabo olunexesha elide lube a
intlekele enokwenzeka.” “Ilizwe lalikwindlela yokuphila,” omnye wakhutshwa uncedo
Umsebenzi uxele, "kwaye siwunqumle umgca." “Ingathi lingcwaba elikhulu
bembe emva kwezigidi zabantu,” igosa likaxakeka leChristian Aid elakhutshwa
yazisa oku kumaphephandaba: “Sinokubatsalela emva kuyo okanye sibatyhale bangene
ukujonga izigidi zabantu abafayo.”
Ukutya kwehlabathi kwe-UN
Inkqubo kunye nabanye bakwazile ukuqalisa kwakhona ukuthunyelwa kokutya ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha, kodwa
banyanzelwa ukuba banqumamise ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuhanjiswa xa uqhushumbo luqala
I-7 ka-Oktobha, iphinda iqalise kwakhona kamva ngesantya esiphantsi kakhulu. Isithethi se-UN
UMkomishinala oPhezulu weeMbacu walumkisa ngelithi “Sijongene nengxaki yoluntu
ye-epic proportions e-Afghanistan kunye ne-7.5 yezigidi ezinqongopheleyo zokutya kwaye zisengozini
indlala,” ngoxa imibutho yoncedo yayigxeka “inkohlakalo” yomoya waseU.S
amathontsi angafihlwanga "izixhobo zepropaganda" kwaye anokubangela ingozi enkulu kunoko
inzuzo, balumkisa.
A ngenyameko kakhulu
umfundi wephephandaba lesizwe unokufumanisa uqikelelo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lokuba “7.5
Abantu base-Afghan abazizigidi baya kufuna ukutya ebusika—izigidi ezisisi-2.5 ngaphezulu kunoko
ngoSeptemba 11,” ulwando lwama-50 ekhulwini ngenxa yesisongelo sokuqhushumba, ngoko
ubunyani. Ngamanye amazwi, impucuko yaseNtshona yayisekela izicwangciso zayo kwi
kucingelwa ukuba banokukhokelela ekufeni kwezigidi eziliqela ezimsulwa
abahlali-hayi iTaliban, nokuba yintoni na ecinga ukuba semthethweni kokuxhela
AbakwaTaliban baqesha kunye nabaxhasi, kodwa amaxhoba abo. Ngeli xesha inkokeli yayo, kwi
kwangosuku olunye, waphinda wachithwa ngokudelela ukunikezwa kothethathethwano
ukukhutshwa komrhanelwa kunye nesicelo sobungqina obuthembekileyo
ukungqinisisa iimfuno zolawulo. I-UN Special Reporter kwi
I-Right to Food yacenga i-US ukuba iphelise uqhushumbo olwalubeka "i
ubomi bezigidi zabemi abasengozini,” sihlaziya isibongozo seUN High
UMkomishinala Wamalungelo Abantu uMary Robinson, owalumkisa ngendlela yaseRwanda
intlekele. Zombini izibheno zakhatywa, njengoko zezo zoncedo olukhulu kunye
amaziko oncedo. Kwaye phantse akuxelwanga.
Ethubeni
NgoSeptemba, i-UN Food and Agricultural Organization yalumkisa ukuba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7
abantu babejongene nengxaki eyayinokukhokelela kwindlala enkulu ukuba ngaba basemkhosini
kwaqaliswa isenzo, ngentlekele ekunokwenzeka ukuba ibe “yintlekele eluntwini” ngaphandle kokuba uncedo lwalukho
zaphinda zaqalisa ngoko nangoko yaye isisongelo sokuya emkhosini sapheliswa. Emva kokuqhushumba
yaqala, i-FAO yacebisa ukuba iphazamise ukutyala ebonelela ngama-80 ekhulwini
yelizwe ukutya okuziinkozo, ukuze iziphumo kunyaka ozayo kulindeleke ukuba
kuba nzima ngakumbi. Zonke azihoywanga.
Ezi azixelwanga
izibheno zenzekile ukuba zihambelane noSuku lokuTya lweHlabathi, olungazange luhoywe, kunye
ngentlawulo yi-UN Special Reporteur ukuba izityebi nabanamandla ngokulula
babe neendlela, nangona zingenakunqwenela, ukoyisa “imbubhiso ethe cwaka” yenkitha yabantu
indlala kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi.
Makhe sibuyele ngokufutshane
Inqaku lengqiqo: izigwebo zokuziphatha kunye novavanyo olunengqiqo lwento enokuthi ixoke
Okuphambili kusekelwe kuqikelelo locwangciso kunye namagqabantshintshi. An
Umba owahluke ngokupheleleyo, ongenanxaxheba kwizigwebo ezinjalo, kukuchaneka kwe
uqikelelo olusekelwe phezu kwalo ucwangciso namagqabantshintshi. Ekupheleni konyaka,
bekukho ithemba lokuba ukuhanjiswa kokutya okungazange kubonwe ngoDisemba
“ngokumangalisayo” kuhlaziywe okulindelweyo ngexesha lokucwangciswa
kwaze kwaphunyezwa, kwavavanywa ngokomhlomlo: ukuba ezi zenzo bezinokwenzeka
qhuba izigidi phezu komphetho wendlala. Ngokuqinisekileyo, izibakala azinakuze zibekho
eyaziwayo, ngenxa yomgaqo okhokelayo wenkcubeko yengqondo: Kufuneka sizinikele
amandla amakhulu ekuvezeni ulwaphulo-mthetho lweentshaba ezisemthethweni, ukubalwa ngokufanelekileyo
ingekuphela nje abo babulawa ngokoqobo kodwa kwanabo bafa ngenxa yoko
ukhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo; kodwa kufuneka silumke ukuze siwuphephe lo mkhuba
amatyala ethu, ngamaxesha anqabileyo xa ephandwa ngawo konke.
Ukuthotyelwa kwalo mgaqo kubhalwe kakuhle kakhulu. Iya kwamkeleka
ukothuka ukuba imeko yangoku ijika ngokwahlukileyo.
enye
ingongoma esisiseko nayo ingakhankanywa. Ukuphumelela kogonyamelo kucacile
akukho mpembelelo kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokuphathelele usukelo lwayo. Kwimeko yangoku, oko
kwabonakala kucace kwasekuqaleni ukuba amandla amakhulu alawulayo anokudiliza ngokulula
nayiphi na inkcaso yase-Afghan. Eyam imbono, malunga noko kufanelekile, yayikukuba iU.S.
amaphulo akufuneki abe yinto eqhelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nohlaselo lwaseRussia olungaphumelelanga lwe
ngeminyaka yee-1980. AmaRashiya ayejongene nomkhosi omkhulu owawunokuba ngabantu abali-100,000 XNUMX okanye
ngaphezulu, iququzelelwe, iqeqeshwe, kwaye ixhobe kakhulu yiCIA kunye nabalingane bayo. I
I-US ijongene ne-ragtag force kwilizwe esele likhona
itshatyalaliswe yiminyaka engama-20 yoloyiko, esingenasabelo sincinane ngayo
uxanduva. Imikhosi yeTaliban, njengoko injalo, inokuwa ngokukhawuleza
ngaphandle kombindi omncinci oqinileyo.
Ndothuka,
olona gwebo lubalaseleyo—kwanasemva kweeveki zokuqhushumba kwekhaphethi nokubhenela kuyo
zonke izixhobo ezifumanekayo ezimfutshane kwizixhobo zenyukliya (“ii-daisy cutters,” iibhombu zamaqela,
njl.)
ukuba i-airstrikes ayinakusebenza, kwaye uhlaselo lwasemhlabeni luya kuba
Kuyimfuneko ukufezekisa iinjongo zemfazwe zase-US zokuphelisa u-bin Laden kunye ne-al-Qaeda.
Ukususa ulawulo lweTaliban kwakuyinto ecingelwayo. Khange kubekho mdla kuyo
oku ngaphambi koSeptemba 11, okanye kwanakwinyanga elandelayo. Emva kweveki
kwaqalisa ukuqhushumba, umongameli waphinda wathi imikhosi yase-US “yayiza kuhlasela
I-Afghanistan ‘kangangokuba ithatha’ ukutshabalalisa inethiwekhi yabanqolobi baseQaeda
U-Osama bin Laden, kodwa wacela ukuphinda aqwalasele uhlaselo lwasemkhosini
I-Afghanistan ukuba iTaliban elawulayo yelizwe inganikezela uMnu bin Laden”; “Ukuba
uyamkhohlela kunye nabantu bakhe namhlanje, emva koko siza kuphinda siqwalasele le nto siyenzayo
kwilizwe lakho,” umongameli wathi: “Usenalo ithuba lesibini.”
Xa iTaliban
amandla ekugqibeleni anikezela, emva kokunyamezela okumangalisayo, iimbono zatshintshela
izibhengezo zoloyiso kunye nokugcoba ngenxa yobulungisa benjongo yethu, ngoku
ibonakaliswe yimpumelelo yomkhosi omkhulu ngokuchasene nabachasi abangenakuzikhusela.
Ngaphandle kokuphanda ngesihloko, ndicinga ukuba amagqabantshintshi aseJapan kunye nesiJamani
efanayo emva koloyiso lwangaphambili ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, naphezu kwako nje okucacileyo
I-dis-analogies, isiphelo esinye esibalulekileyo siqhubela phambili kwimeko yangoku: i
uloyiso lwezixhobo luyishiya imiba apho yayikhona, nangona kukhala lowo woloyiso
lokuthethelelwa kufanele kube sisilumkiso kwabo balikhathaleleyo ikamva.
Ukubuyela emfazweni, i
I-airstrikes yajika ngokukhawuleza izixeko zaba "ziidolophu zesiporho," iphephandaba labika, nge
amandla ombane kunye nezibonelelo zamanzi zitshatyalalisiwe, uhlobo lwemfazwe yebhayoloji. I
I-UN ibike ukuba i-70 pesenti yabantu babalekile eKandahar naseHerat ngaphakathi
iiveki ezimbini, ikakhulu emaphandleni, apho ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo 10-20 abantu, abaninzi
kubo abantwana, babulawa okanye benza imilwelwe mihla le zizigcayiseli. Loo miqathango
yaba mandundu ngakumbi ngenxa yoqhushumbo. Imisebenzi yokucoca imigodi ye-UN yayi
yamiswa, kwaye ingaqhushumba imikhosi yase-US, ngakumbi iibhombu ezibulalayo ezisasaziweyo
ngamabhombu eqela, yongeza kwintuthumbo, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuyisusa.
Ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha,
Amagosa oncedo aqikelela ukuba ngaphezu kwesigidi baye babaleka amakhaya abo, kuquka nama-80
Ipesenti yabemi baseJalalabad, kuphela "iqhezu elincinci" elikwazi ukuwela
umda, uninzi lwasasazeka kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni apho kwakukho ukutya okuncinane okanye
ikhusi okanye ithuba lokuhambisa uncedo; izibheno ezivela kwii-arhente zoncedo ukuba zinqunyanyiswe
uhlaselo lokuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zaphinda zakhatywa nguBlair, zingahoywa
iUS
Kwiinyanga kamva,
amakhulu amawaka kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba alambileyo “kwiinkampu ezilityelweyo” njenge
IMaslakh ekuMntla, ibaleke “kwiindawo ezineentaba elathi kuzo iHlabathi
Inkqubo yokutya yayinika uncedo lokutya kodwa yayeka ngenxa yoqhushumbisi nangoku
ayinakufikelelwa ngenxa yokuba amapasi anqunyulwe”—yaye ngubani owaziyo ukuba bangaphi na abangena
iindawo ezingafunyanwanga ziintatheli—nangona izinto zazifumaneka ngelo xesha yaye
eyona nto yayiqhwalelisa ukuhanjiswa kweenkonzo ibe kukunqongophala komdla kunye nentando.
Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari,
inani lokufa elixeliweyo eMaslakh kuphela-kufutshane neHerat, ngoko ke iyafikeleleka
Iintatheli-ziye zanyuka zaya kwi-100 ngosuku, kwaye amagosa oncedo alumkisa ukuba inkampu injalo
"kwicala lentlekele yobuntu yase-Ethiopia" njengenqwelomoya
iimbacu enkampini iyaqhubeka ukwanda, kuqikelelwa kwisithathu-kwesine yayo
abantu ukusukela ngoSeptemba.
Intshabalalo
ubomi buthule kwaye ubukhulu becala bungabonakali, ngokuzikhethela; kwaye kulula ukuhlala
ulityelwe, nangokhetho. Umbono obuhlungu kakhulu kukukhanyela-okanye kubi nakakhulu
intlekisa—yemigudu yokuzisa ezi ntlekele ukuze ingcinezelo ibe nako
zixhonywe ukuze zihlangulwe, nto leyo ekufuneka ibekwe phambili kakhulu nokuba yeyiphi na
ucinga ngento eyenzekileyo.
Ngokuhamba konyaka
ekupheleni, ixesha elide emva kokuphela komlo, ingxelo ngamaxesha athile yaphawula ukuba “ukuhanjiswa
ukutya kuhlala kuvaliwe okanye kunganelanga ngendlela elusizi,” “inkqubo yokusasaza ukutya
ayikabikho,” kwanendlela enkulu eya eUzbekistan “isekho
zivaliwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiilori zokutya” kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini emva kokuba zivulwe ngokusemthethweni
ngomdla omkhulu; kwakunjalo nangomthambo obalulekileyo osuka ePakistan ukuya
Kandahar, nabanye baxhatshazwa kakhulu ngamajoni axhobileyo kangangokuba iWorld Food
Inkqubo, ngoku enezixhobo ezifumanekayo, ayikakwazanga ukuzisa izinto, kwaye ibenayo
akukho ndawo yokugcina kuba “inkoliso yeendawo zokugcina impahla yona yatshatyalaliswa okanye yaphangwa ngexesha
uqhushumbo lwase-US.”
Inkcukacha
Uphononongo lokuphela konyaka lufumanise ukuba imfazwe yase-US “ibuyele emandleni phantse yonke into
kwanye nabaphathi bemfazwe ababeliphethe kakubi ilizwe ngemihla yangaphambi kweTaliban”; abanye
Abantu base-Afghan babona le meko “imbi kakhulu kunangaphambili
UTaliban wangena emandleni. ” Ukuthathwa kweTaliban kuninzi lwelizwe, kuncinci
ukulwa, kwafikelela esiphelweni ixesha elichazwe yi-Afghan kunye nabantu bamazwe ngamazwe
abalweli bamalungelo "njengabamnyama kwimbali yase-Afghanistan," "eyona nto imbi
ixesha kwimbali yase-Afghanistan,” ngentshabalalo enkulu, ukudlwengulwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokunye
izenzo zenkohlakalo, kwaza kwabulawa amashumi amawaka. Le yayiyiminyaka yolawulo ngo
abaphathi bemfazwe yoMbizo waseMntla kunye nezinye iintandokazi zaseNtshona, ezifana ne
umbulali uGulbuddin Hekmatyar, omnye wabambalwa ongekabufumani ubukhosi bakhe.
Kukho imiqondiso yokuba izifundo zifundiwe e-Afghanistan nakwi
kwihlabathi elingaphaya, kwaye okona kubi kakhulu akusayi kuphinda kwenzeke, njengoko wonke umntu enethemba.
Iimpawu zazixutywe,
ekupheleni konyaka. Njengoko bekulindelwe, uninzi lwabemi lwakhululeka kakhulu
bona isiphelo seTaliban, enye yezona ndawo zilawulayo emhlabeni; kwaye
ndakhululeka kuba kwakungekho ukubuyela ngokukhawuleza kwizenzo zenkohlakalo zeshumi leminyaka ngaphambili,
njengoko bekusoyikwa. Urhulumente omtsha eKabul ubonise isithembiso esingaphezulu
kunokuba uninzi belulindele. Ukubuya kwe-warlordism luphawu oluyingozi, njengoko kwakunjalo
isibhengezo somphathiswa omtsha wezobulungisa ukuba ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lomthetho we-sharia
njengoko yasungulwa yiTaliban iya kuhlala isebenza, nangona "kuya kubakho
utshintsho ukusuka kwixesha leTaliban. Ngokomzekelo, iTaliban yayidla ngokuxhoma
umzimba wexhoba esidlangalaleni iintsuku ezine. Siza kuxhoma umzimba ixesha elifutshane
ixesha, yithi imizuzu eli-15.” Umgwebi u-Ahamat Ullha Zarif wongeze ukuba indawo entsha
yayiza kufunyanwa ukuze kubulawe abantu rhoqo, kungekhona iBala Lemidlalo.
“Abakrexezi, amadoda nabafazi, basaxulutywa ngamatye bafe, uZarif wathi,
‘kodwa siya kusebenzisa amatye amancinane kuphela’,” ukuze abo bavumayo babe nako
ukubaleka; abanye baya “kuxulutywa ngamatye bafe,” njengangaphambili. Izizwe ngezizwe
Ukusabela ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwibhalansi yongquzulwano
imikhosi.
Njengonyaka
yaphela, abalimi ababephelelwe lithemba, ingakumbi abafazi, babebuyela emsebenzini olusizi
yokukhula kwe-opium poppies ukuze iintsapho zabo ziphile, ukubuyisela umva
Ukuvalwa kweTaliban. I-UN yayixele ngo-Oktobha ukuba imveliso yepoppy yayisele
“lwande ngokuphindwe kathathu kwimimandla elawulwa yiManyano yaseMantla,” egama layo
abalawuli bemfazwe “kudala besaziwa ukuba balawula ukusetyenzwa nokuthutyeleziswa
yeopium” eRashiya naseNtshona, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-75 ekhulwini eheroin yehlabathi.
Umphumo womsebenzi obuhlungu womfazi othile olihlwempu kukuba “abanye abaninzi
amawaka eekhilomitha kude nekhaya lakhe empuma Afghanistan uya kubandezeleka kwaye
ukufa.”
ezo
iziphumo, kunye nelifa elitshabalalisayo leminyaka engama-20 yemfazwe ekhohlakeleyo kunye
inkohlakalo, inokupheliswa bubukho obufanelekileyo bamazwe ngamazwe kunye
iinkqubo eziyilwe kakuhle zoncedo kunye nokwakha ngokutsha; babenyanisekile ukoyisa, bona
iya kubizwa ngokuba “yimbuyekezo,” ubuncinci evela eRashiya naseU.S., ababelana ngayo
uxanduva oluphambili kwintlekele. Lo mba washukuxwa kwinkomfa
yeNkqubo yoPhuhliso ye-UN, iBhanki yeHlabathi, kunye neBhanki yoPhuhliso yaseAsia kwi
Islamabad ekupheleni kukaNovemba. Ezinye izikhokelo zanikwa kuphononongo lweBhanki yeHlabathi
egxile kwindima enokwenzeka ye-Afghanistan kuphuhliso lwamandla
izibonelelo zommandla. Uphononongo lugqibe kwelokuba i-Afghanistan ine-positive
imbali yaphambi kwemfazwe yokubuyisela iindleko zeenkonzo eziphambili zeziseko ezingundoqo ezifana nombane
amandla, kunye "nendawo eluhlaza" amathuba otyalo-mali kumacandelo afana
uthungelwano ngocingo, amandla, kunye nemibhobho yeoli/yegesi. Ibaluleke kakhulu
ukuba ezo nkonzo ziqale ngendlela efanelekileyo ngexesha lolwakhiwo ngokutsha. Iinketho
utyalo-mali lwabucala kwiziseko ezingundoqo kufuneka lulandelwe ngokubonakalayo.
Omnye anga
ngokufanelekileyo buza ukuba iimfuno zikabani ezibonelelwa zezi zinto zibalulekileyo, kwaye sithini isimo
kufuneka babe nolwakhiwo ngokutsha ukusuka kumanyundululu amashumi amabini eminyaka edlulileyo.
I-US kunye neBritane
Uluvo lobungqondi, kuwo wonke ummandla wezopolitiko, basiqinisekisa oko kuphela
abantu abaneembono ezibaxiweyo banokuthandabuza ukuba "le yimfazwe yobulungisa." Abo bathe
Ukungavumelani ke ngoko kunokugxothwa, phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, i-1,000 Afghan
iinkokeli ezidibene ePeshawar ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthobha kwiinzame ezixhaswa yi-U.S
Isiseko solawulo lwe-post-Taliban olukhokelwa nguKumkani oselubhacweni. Bakrakra
wayigxeka imfazwe yaseU.S., “ebetha idonki kunomkhweli wayo,” enye
Isithethi satsho kwisivumelwano ngamxhelo mnye.
Ubungakanani boku
Imbono ye-anti-Taliban Afghan engahoywayo iyamangalisa-kwaye akunjalo kwaphela
engaqhelekanga; ngexesha lemfazwe yeGulf, umzekelo, abaphikisi baseIraq babengabandakanywa
amajelo osasazo neejenali, ngaphandle “kwezinye iindlela zosasazo,” nangona zazilula
iyafikeleleka. Ngaphandle kokucela izimvo, iWashington yagcina ixesha layo elide
ukwala ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzelana nenkcaso yase-Iraq nasemva koko
yaphela imfazwe. Kwimeko yangoku, uluvo lwase-Afghan aluvavanywa ngokulula,
kodwa lo msebenzi ngewungazange ube nokwenzeka, yaye umbandela ubonakala unjalo
Ukubaluleka kokuba ifanele amagqabantshintshi ambalwa.
Singaqala nge
indibano yeenkokeli zase-Afghan ePeshawar, abanye ababethinjiwe, abanye banqumla
Umda osuka ngaphakathi kwe-Afghanistan, bonke bazibophelele ekubhukuqeni iTaliban
ulawulo. “Yayiyimbonakaliso enqabileyo yomanyano phakathi kwabadala bezizwe, abaphengululi abangamaSilamsi,
abezopolitiko abakhohlakeleyo, kunye nabo babesakuba ngabaphathi bemibutho,” utshilo ENew York Times
ingxelo. Ngamxhelomnye “babongoza i-US ukuba iyeke uhlaselo lomoya,” babhenela
amajelo eendaba ezizwe ngezizwe acele ukuba kupheliswe “ukudubula kwabantu abamsulwa,”
kwaye "yafuna ukuba kupheliswe ibhombu yase-US e-Afghanistan." Bambongoza ukuba omnye
kuthetha ukwamkelwa ukubhukuqa ulawulo oluthiyekileyo lweTaliban, injongo ababekholelwa kuyo
kunokwenziwa ngaphandle kokuxhela nokutshabalalisa.
Ixelwe, kodwa
Uchithiwe ngaphandle kokuchaza okunye.
Umyalezo ofanayo
ihanjiswe yinkokeli yenkcaso yase-Afghan Abdul Haq, owagweba umoya
uhlaselo “njengempazamo enkulu.” Ujongwe kakhulu eWashington, uAbdul Haq waye
igqalwa “njengeyona nkokeli ibalulekileyo yenkcaso echasene neTaliban
phakathi kwama-Afghan asePashtun ahlala ePakistan. Ingcebiso yakhe yayikukuba
“kuphephe ukuphalazwa kwegazi kangangoko kunokwenzeka”; endaweni yokuqhushumba, “kufuneka sijongele phantsi
ubunkokeli obusembindini, liqela elincinane kakhulu nelivaliweyo nelikwanjalo
kuphela kwento ebadibanisayo bonke. Ukuba ziyatshatyalaliswa, zonke
Umlo waseTaliban uya kuthatha umpu wakhe kunye nengubo yakhe kwaye anyamalale ekhaya,
kwaye iya kuba sisiphelo seTaliban, ”uvavanyo olubonakala ngathi lungcono
ekholelekayo ekukhanyeni kweziganeko ezilandelayo.
Iiveki ezininzi
kamva, Abdul Haq wangena Afghanistan, kubonakala ngaphandle U.S. inkxaso, kwaye kwaba
wabanjwa wabulawa. Njengoko wayesenza lo msebenzi “wokudala imvukelo
ngaphakathi kweTaliban, ”wagxeka i-US ngokwala ukumnceda yena nabanye
kwimizamo enjalo, waza wakugxeka oko kudubula “njengesithintelo esikhulu kwaba
iinzame.” Wachaza unxibelelwano kunye nabaphathi beTaliban benqanaba lesibini kunye
owayesakuba ngabadala besizwe samaMujahidin, kwaye baxoxa ngendlela enokuqhubeka ngayo imizamo,
ukubiza i-US ukuba ibancede ngenkxaso-mali kunye nenye inkxaso endaweni yokuba
ukuwajongela phantsi ngeebhombu.
U.S., uAbdul
UHaq uthe, "izama ukubonisa isihlunu sayo, iphumelele impumelelo kwaye yoyikise wonke umntu
Umhlaba. Abakhathali malunga nokubandezeleka kwabantu base-Afghan okanye bangaphi abantu
siya kulahlekelwa. Kwaye asiyithandi loo nto. Ngenxa yokuba ama-Afghan ngoku ayenziwa
ukubandezeleka ngenxa yala ma-Arabhu anenzondelelo yempambano, kodwa sonke siyazi ukuba ngubani owazisa la ma-Arabhu
I-Afghanistan ngeminyaka yoo-1980, yabaxhobisa yaza yabanika isiseko. YayingamaMerika
kunye neCIA. Kwaye abantu baseMelika abenze oku bonke bafumana iimbasa kunye nemisebenzi elungileyo,
ngelixa yonke le minyaka abantu base-Afghan bebandezeleka kula ma-Arabhu kunye namahlakani awo. Ngoku,
xa iMelika ihlaselwa, endaweni yokohlwaya abantu baseMelika abenze oku, oko
wohlwaya ama-Afghans.”
Sinokujonga kwakhona
kwenye indawo ukukhanyiselwa malunga nezimvo zase-Afghan. Isiphumo esiluncedo se
Imfazwe yamva nje yase-Afghan kukuba ibangele inkxalabo ethile malunga nekamva le
abafazi e Afghanistan, bade bafikelele kwinenekazi lokuqala. Mhlawumbi iya kulandelwa
ngenye imini ngokuxhalabela ingxaki yamabhinqa kwezinye iindawo kuMbindi noMzantsi Asia,
leyo, ngelishwa, ihlala ingahlukanga kakhulu kubomi obuphantsi kweTaliban,
kuquka ezona demokrasi zidlamkileyo. Kakade ke, akakho umntu onengqondo ephilileyo othethelelayo
ungenelelo lomkhosi wamazwe angaphandle ukulungisa ezi kunye nezinye izinto ezingalunganga. I
iingxaki zinzima, kodwa kufuneka kujongwane nazo ngaphakathi, ngoncedo oluvela
abangaphandle ukuba iyakha kwaye ithembekile.
Ekubeni ngqwabalala
Ukuphathwa kwabasetyhini e-Afghanistan ekugqibeleni kuzuze okufanelekileyo
ingqalelo, umntu unokulindela ukuba izimo zengqondo abafazi Afghan kumgaqo-nkqubo
iinketho kufuneka ibe yinkxalabo ephambili. Isiqalo sendalo sokubuza si
Umbutho "owona mdala wezopolitiko kunye noluntu" wase-Afghanistan, iRAWA
(Umbutho weRevolutionary of the Women of Afghanistan), oye waba
“ophambili kumzabalazo” wamalungelo abantu basetyhini ukusukela ekusekweni kwawo ngo-1977.
Inkokeli ye-RAWA yabulawa ngabalingane base-Afghan kunye namaRussia
Ngo-1987, kodwa baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo e-Afghanistan besengozini yokufa, kwaye
elubhacweni kufutshane.
I-RAWA iye yaba
uthetha ngokuphandle. Ngaloo ndlela, iveki emva kokuqalisa kwebhombu, i-RAWA yakhupha uluntu
enomxholo othi: “ITaliban ifanele ibhukuqwe yimvukelo yase-Afghan
isizwe.” Yahlabela mgama isithi: “Kwakhona, ngenxa yobungcatshi bobufundamentali
mxhondini, abantu bakuthi babanjiswe ngamazipho egongqongqo lemfazwe enkulu
kunye nentshabalalo. eMelika, ngokwenza umdibaniso wamazwe ngamazwe ngokuchasene no-Osama
kunye nabalingane bakhe beTaliban kunye nokuziphindezela ngoSeptemba we-11
uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, luqalise uhlaselo olukhulu kwilizwe lethu… into esinayo
ubungqina beentsuku ezisixhenxe ezidlulileyo kushiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba olu hlaselo luza kuphelisa
igazi labafazi abaninzi, amadoda, abantwana, abaselula nabadala belizwe lethu.”
Ingxelo
wabiza "ukupheliswa kwesibetho seTaliban kunye ne-Al Qaeda" ngu "an
imvukelo iyonke” yabantu base-Afghan ngokwabo, leyo kuphela “enokuthintela
ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuphinda kwenzeke intlekele eyehlele ilizwe lethu…. "
Kwesinye
isibhengezo ngoNovemba 25, kumboniso wemibutho yabasetyhini kwi
Islamabad ngoSuku lweHlabathi lokupheliswa koBundlobongela
Abasetyhini, i-RAWA yagxeka i-US/Russian-backed Northern Alliance "ngengxelo
ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kubi njengaleyo yeTaliban, ”kwaye wacela i-UN
"ukunceda i-Afghanistan, hayi i-Northern Alliance." I-RAWA ikhuphe izilumkiso ezifanayo
kwinkomfa yesizwe yeAll India Democratic Women’s Association ngo
iintsuku ezifanayo.
Kananjalo ingahoywa.
Omnye unokuphawula
ukuba ayiloxesha lokuqala ukuba iinkxalabo zabameli babasetyhini
amalungelo e-Afghanistan agxothiwe. Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1988 umcebisi omkhulu we-UNDP
kumalungelo abasetyhini e-Afghanistan yalumkisa ukuba "inkqubela phambili enkulu" kwabasetyhini
amalungelo awawabonayo apho ayefakwa emngciphekweni “ngulowo unyukileyo
ubufundamentali” bamaSilamsi anenzondelelo axhaswa yiU.S. Ingxelo yakhe yafakwa
kwi ENew York Times kwaye Washington Post, kodwa ayipapashwanga; kwaye
ingxelo yakhe yendlela i-US “ebenegalelo ngayo ekubandezelekeni kwe-Afghan
abafazi” abakakaziwa.
Mhlawumbi kunjalo
ilungelo lokungahoyi ama-Afghan ebesilwela inkululeko kunye namalungelo abasetyhini
iminyaka emininzi, kunye nokwabela uxanduva ngekamva lelizwe labo
abasemzini abarekhodi zabo kulo mba zingaphantsi kokwahlulwa. Mhlawumbi, kodwa
ayibonakali ngokucacileyo.
Umcimbi we
"imfazwe nje" akufuneki ibhidaniswe nombuzo owahluke ngokupheleleyo: Ngaba
abenzi bezenzo zenkohlakalo ngoSeptemba 11 bohlwaywe ngenxa yabo
ulwaphulo-mthetho—“ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu,” njengoko lwalubizwa njalo nguRobert Fisk, uMary
Robinson, nabanye. Kule nto kukho isivumelwano esivumelanayo-nangona,
ngokuphawulekayo, imigaqo ayinwenweli kubameli bolwaphulo-mthetho olubi kakhulu
abakhuselwe ngamandla kunye nobutyebi. Umbuzo kukuba ungaqhubeka njani.
Indlela ethandwa ngu
Abantu base-Afghan ababengahoywa babenenkxaso enkulu kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Abaninzi kwi
uMzantsi ngokuqinisekileyo ubuya kuzivuma izindululo ze-UN
ummeli weArab Women’s Solidarity Association: “ukubonelela nge
I-Taliban enobungqina (njengoko icelile) edibanisa u-bin Laden kwi
NgoSeptemba 11 uhlasela, esebenzisa uxinzelelo lwezozakuzo ukuba amkhuphele ngaphandle, kwaye
ukutshutshisa abanqolobi ngokusebenzisa iinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe,” yaye ngokuqhelekileyo kubambelela
kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngokulandela imizekelo ekhoyo nokuba kuqatha kakhulu
iimeko zobunqolobi bamazwe ngamazwe. Ukubambelela kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kuye kwasasazeka
inkxaso eNtshona ngokunjalo, kuquka nomkhosi obalaseleyo wamaNgesi namaMerika
Umbhali-mbali uMichael Howard, owanikela “uhlaselo oloyikekayo” kuqhushumbo,
endaweni yokubiza “umsebenzi wamapolisa” wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenkundla yamazwe ngamazwe
endaweni "yokuzama ukuphelisa iiseli zomhlaza ngetotshi yokuvuthela."
EWashington
ukwala ukubiza ukubuyiselwa kwabo barhanelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukubonelela
ubungqina obabuceliwe, buvuleleke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye bamkelwa ngokubanzi. Eyayo
ukwala ukuthumela abaphuli-mthetho kuhlala kuyimfihlelo, nangona kunjalo. Kukho uye
Ibe yingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokuba imikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan igunyazisiwe
phantsi kwezigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko ezingacacanga, kodwa iyawunqanda umba ongundoqo:
IWashington ngokucacileyo yayingafuni ugunyaziso lweBhunga lezoKhuseleko, ngokuqinisekileyo
yayinokufunyanwa, ngokucacileyo nangokungathandabuzekiyo. Ekubeni ilahlekelwe yinyani yayo
I-monopoly phezu kwezigqibo ze-UN, i-US iye yahamba phambili kwi-vetoes, iBritane
okwesibini, iFransi isithathu esikude, kodwa akukho nalinye kula magunya elalinokuchasa a
Isisombululo esixhaswe yiU.S. Okanye iRussia okanye iTshayina, inomdla wokufumana i-US
ukugunyaziswa kwezenzo zabo zenkohlakalo kunye nengcinezelo (e-Chechnya nasentshona
eTshayina, ngakumbi). Kodwa iWashington yanyanzelisa ukuba ingalifumani iBhunga lezoKhuseleko
ugunyaziso, oluya kubandakanya ukuba kukho igunya elithile eliphezulu eliya kuthi kulo
ifanele ilibazise. Iinkqubo zamandla ziyawuchasa lo mgaqo ukuba zomelele
ngokwaneleyo ukwenza njalo. Kukho negama lelo nqanaba kuncwadi lwe
idiplomacy kunye nokufundiswa kwemicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe: ukuseka "ukuthembeka," a
Izizathu ezixhaphakileyo zokoyikisa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezigalo. Ngelixa
iyaqondakala, kwaye iqhelekile, eso simo sinezifundo malunga ne
ikamva elilindelekileyo, nangakumbi ngenxa yenkxaso ephezulu eliyifumanayo,
ngokuphandle okanye ngokungathanga ngqo. Z
le
Inqaku licatshulwe kwintetho kaLakdawala eNew Delhi. Inguqulelo esemazantsi
iyafumaneka kwi-intanethi kwi-ZNet (www.zmag.org).