BU-arack Obama wamkelwa njengomntu okrelekrele, isifundiswa sezomthetho, ngononophelo ngokhetho lwakhe lwamagama. Ufanele athatyathwe nzulu—kokubini oko akuthethayo noko akutyeshelayo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi yingxelo yakhe yokuqala ebambekayo kwimicimbi yangaphandle, nge-22 kaJanuwari, kwiSebe likaRhulumente, xa wayesazisa uGeorge Mitchell ukuba asebenze njengommeli wakhe okhethekileyo kuxolo loMbindi Mpuma.
UMitchell kufuneka agxininise ingqalelo yakhe kwi-Israel-Palestine "ingxaki" emva kohlaselo lwakutsha nje lwe-US-Israel eGaza. Ngexesha lohlaselo lokubulala, u-Obama wahlala ethe cwaka ngaphandle kweentetho ezimbalwa, kuba, wathi, mnye kuphela umongameli-inyaniso engazange imthulise kweminye imiba emininzi. Noko ke, iphulo lakhe laphinda lathi, “Ukuba imijukujelwa ibiwela apho iintombi zam ezimbini zilele khona, bendinokwenza konke ukuyinqanda loo nto.” Wayebhekisa kubantwana bakwa-Israeli, hayi amakhulukhulu abantwana basePalestina ababulawa ngeengalo zase-US, awayengakwazi ukuthetha ngaye kuba kwakukho umongameli omnye kuphela.
NgoJanuwari 22, nangona kunjalo, umongameli omnye yayinguBarack Obama, ngoko wayenokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo malunga nale miba, ethintela, nangona kunjalo, uhlaselo lwaseGaza, oluthe, ngokufanelekileyo, lwarhoxiswa ngaphambi nje kokumiselwa.
Intetho ka-Obama igxininise ukuzibophelela kwakhe ekuzinziseni uxolo. Ushiye iikhonto zayo zingacacanga, ngaphandle kwesindululo esinye: “Inyathelo loxolo lama-Arabhu,” utshilo u-Obama, “liqulathe izinto ezakhayo ezinokunceda ukuqhubela phambili ezi nzame. Ngoku lixesha lokuba amazwe ama-Arabhu enze isithembiso ngokuxhasa urhulumente wasePalestine phantsi koMongameli u-Abbas kunye neNkulumbuso uFayyad, athathe amanyathelo okulungisa ubudlelwane noSirayeli, nangokumelana nembono egabadeleyo esongela thina sonke.” U-Obama wayengasiqhathi ngokuthe ngqo isindululo se-Arab League, kodwa ubuqhetseba obucwangciswe ngononophelo babufundisa.
Isindululo soxolo se-Arab League ngokwenene sibiza ukulungelelaniswa kobudlelwane kunye noSirayeli kumxholo-uphinda-phinda, kwimeko-yokuhlaliswa kwezizwe-mbini ngokwemvumelwano yexesha elide, apho i-US kunye no-Israyeli beyivalile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-30, ukwahlulwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye kusenjalo. Undoqo wesindululo se-Arab League, njengoko u-Obama kunye nabacebisi bakhe baseMideast besazi kakuhle, lubizo lwayo lokuzinziswa kwezopolitiko ngoxolo ngale miqathango, eyaziwayo, kwaye yamkelwa njengekuphela kwesiseko sokuzinza ngoxolo apho u-Obama. uxela ukuba uzinikele. Ukungashiyi loo nyaniso ibalulekileyo akunakufane kwenzeke ngengozi kwaye kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba u-Obama ubona ngathi akukho kumka kukwaliwa kwe-US. Ikhwelo lakhe lokuba amazwe ama-Arabhu asebenze ngokuhambelana nesindululo sawo, ngelixa i-US ingabuhoyi nokubakho komxholo wayo osembindini, osisiqalelo somqathango, yodlula ukugxeka.
Ezona zenzo zibalulekileyo zokujongela phantsi ukuhlaliswa koxolo ziintshukumo zemihla ngemihla ezixhaswa yi-US kwiindawo ezithinjiweyo, zonke ezamkelwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho: ukuthatha umhlaba oxabisekileyo kunye nezibonelelo kunye nokwakha oko umyili ophambili wesicwangciso, uAriel Sharon, awabiza ngokuba “yiBantustans” kubantu basePalestine-uthelekiso olungafanelekanga ngenxa yokuba iBantustans yayinamandla ngakumbi kunamaqhekeza ashiywe kumaPalestina phantsi kokuqulunqwa kukaSharon, ngoku ayenzekayo. Kodwa i-US kunye no-Israyeli baqhubeka bechasa ukuhlaliswa kwezopolitiko ngamagama, ngoku kutshanje ngoDisemba 2008, xa i-US kunye ne-Israel (kunye neziqithi ezimbalwa zasePacific) ivotele ngokuchasene nesigqibo se-UN esixhasa "ilungelo labantu basePalestina lokuzikhethela" (idlulile i-173 ukuya kwi-5, i-US-Israel ichasa, kunye nezizathu ezicacileyo).
U-Obama wayengenalo nelinye igama lokuthetha malunga nokuhlala kunye nophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kwi-West Bank kunye nemilinganiselo enzima yokulawula ubukho basePalestina, eyenzelwe ukujongela phantsi ithemba lokuhlala ngokuthula kwamazwe amabini. Ukuthula kwakhe kukuchasa okubuhlungu kwentetho yakhe echulumancisayo malunga nendlela “endiza kulugcina ngayo uzibophelele ekufuneni amazwe amabini ahlala ecaleni koxolo nokhuseleko.”
Okunye okungakhankanywanga kukusebenzisa kukaSirayeli izixhobo zase-US eGaza, ngokungathobeli umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kuphela, kodwa nomthetho wase-US. Okanye ukuthunyelwa kweWashington kwezixhobo ezintsha kwaSirayeli kanye kwincopho yohlaselo lwase-US-Israel, ngokuqinisekileyo ayaziwa kubacebisi baka-Obama kuMbindi Mpuma.
U-Obama wayeqinile, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukuthutyeleziswa kwezixhobo eGaza kufuneka kupheliswe. Uxhasa isivumelwano sikaCondoleezza Rice kunye nomphathiswa wangaphandle wase-Israel uTzipi Livni ukuba umda we-Egypt-Gaza kufuneka uvalwe-umsebenzi ophawulekayo wokuzikhukhumeza kobukhosi. I Financial Times yathi: “Njengoko babemi eWashington bevuyisana, omabini amagosa abonakala engasihoyi isibakala sokuba ayesenza isivumelwano ngokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kumda womnye umntu—iYiputa kulo mbandela. Ngosuku olulandelayo, igosa laseYiputa lachaza le memorandam ‘njengentsomi’.” Ukuchasa kweYiputa akuzange kuhoywe.
Ukubuyela kwisalathiso sika-Obama kwisindululo “esakhayo” se-Arab League, njengoko igama libonisa, u-Obama uyaqhubeka nokunqanda inkxaso kwiqela eloyisiweyo kunyulo lwasePalestine kaJanuwari 2006, ekuphela konyulo olukhululekileyo kwilizwe lama-Arabhu, apho i-US kunye noSirayeli basabela. , ngokukhawuleza nangokuphandle, ngokohlwaya ngokuqatha abantu basePalestina ngenxa yokuchasa ukuthanda kweenkosi. Ubuchwephesha obuncinci kukuba ixesha lika-Abbas laphela ngoJanuwari 9 kwaye uFayyad waqeshwa ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa yipalamente yasePalestina (uninzi lwabo luthinjwe kunye nakwiintolongo zakwa-Israel). Ha'aretz umchaza uFayyad “njengentaka engaqhelekanga kwezobupolitika zasePalestina. Kwelinye icala, ungusopolitiki wasePalestina ohlonitshwa kakhulu nguSirayeli naseNtshona. Nangona kunjalo, kwelinye icala, akanalo igunya lonyulo eGaza okanye kwiWest Bank. " Ingxelo ikwaphawula “ubudlelwane obusondeleyo bukaFayyad kunye nokusekwa kwa-Israeli,” ngakumbi ubuhlobo bakhe nomcebisi kaSharon ongoobaxiweyo uDov Weisglass. Nangona engenankxaso ethandwayo, uthathwa njengomntu onobuchule nonyanisekileyo, iimpawu zokugqibela aziyiyo isiqhelo kumacandelo ezopolitiko axhaswa yi-US. Ukunyanzelisa kuka-Obama ukuba ngu-Abbas kunye noFayyad kuphela abakhoyo kuhambelana nokungaguquki kwedemokhrasi yaseNtshona ngaphandle kokuba iphantsi kolawulo.
U-Obama unike izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokungahoyi urhulumente onyuliweyo okhokelwa yiHamas. UObama wathi: “Ukuze ibe yinxalenye yokwenene yoxolo, i-quartet [i-US, i-EU, iRashiya, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo] iye yakwenza kwacaca ukuba iHamas imele ihlangabezane neemeko ezicacileyo: iliqonde ilungelo likaSirayeli lokuphila; lahla ubundlobongela; kwaye uthobela izivumelwano zangaphambili.” Okungakhankanywanga, njengesiqhelo, yinto engathandekiyo yokuba i-US kunye no-Israyeli bayala ngokuqinileyo zonke iimeko ezintathu. Kukwahlulwa kwezizwe ngezizwe, banqanda ukuhlaliswa kwezizwe-mbini kubandakanya ilizwe lasePalestine; ngokuqinisekileyo abalutyesheli ugonyamelo; kwaye bayasikhaba isindululo esingundoqo sequartet, “imephu yendlela.” I-Israel yamkele ngokusesikweni, kodwa ngogcino lwe-14 olususa ngokufanelekileyo imixholo yayo (ixhaswa yi-US). Yeyona nto ibalaseleyo kaJimmy Carter IPalestina: Uxolo hayi ucalucalulo, ngokuzisa ezi zibakala kwingqalelo yoluntu okokuqala—yaye ngokubanzi, ekuphela kwexesha.
Kulandela, ngokuqiqa okusisiseko, ukuba i-US okanye i-Israel ayililo "iqela lokwenyani loxolo." Kodwa oko akunakuba njalo. Ayililo nebinzana kulwimi lwesiNgesi.
Mhlawumbi akulunganga ukugxeka u-Obama ngalo msebenzi uqhubekayo wokugxeka kuba usondele kwindalo yonke, ngokungafaniyo nokukhutshelwa kwakhe ngokucokisekileyo kweyona nto iphambili yesindululo se-Arab League, eligalelo lakhe lenoveli. Kwakhona kufuphi nendalo yonke iimbekiselo ezisemgangathweni kwiHamas njengombutho wabanqolobi ozinikele ekutshatyalalisweni kukaSirayeli (okanye mhlawumbi onke amaYuda). Ezishiyiweyo ziinyaniso eziphazamisayo zokuba i-US-Israel ayizinikelanga kuphela ekutshatyalaliseni naliphi na ilizwe lasePalestine elisebenzayo, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe iphumeza loo migaqo-nkqubo. Okanye ukuba ngokungafaniyo namazwe amabini alahlwayo, i-Hamas ibize ukuhlaliswa kweemeko ezimbini ngokubhekiselele kwimvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe: esidlangalaleni, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngokucacileyo.
U-Obama uqale intetho yakhe ngokuthi: “Mandicace: iMelika izibophelele kukhuseleko lukaSirayeli. Kwaye siya kuhlala silixhasa ilungelo likaSirayeli lokuzikhusela kwizisongelo ezisemthethweni.” Kwakungekho nto malunga nelungelo labantu basePalestine lokuzikhusela kwizoyikiso ezigqithisileyo, ezifana nezo zenzeka mihla le, ngenkxaso yase-US, kwimimandla ehlaselweyo. Kodwa oko kwakhona kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Kwakhona okuqhelekileyo kukuchazwa komgaqo wokuba uSirayeli unelungelo lokuzikhusela. Kuchanekile oko, kodwa kungenanto: kunjalo wonke umntu. Kodwa kumxholo i-cliché imbi kakhulu kune-vacuous: yinkohliso engaphezulu.
Umba awukho enoba uSirayeli unelungelo lokuzikhusela kusini na, njengabanye abantu, kodwa ingaba unelungelo lokwenjenjalo ngenkani na. Akukho mntu, kuquka u-Obama, okholelwa ukuba amazwe anandipha ilungelo jikelele lokuzikhusela ngenkani. Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukubonisa ukuba akukho ndlela zoxolo ezinokuzanywa. Kule meko, ngokuqinisekileyo zikho.
Enye indlela emxinwa yayiza kuba yi-Israel ukuba ihambisane nokupheliswa komlilo, umzekelo, ukupheliswa komlilo okucetywayo yinkokeli yezopolitiko ye-Hamas uKhaled Mishal iintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba i-Israel iqalise ukuhlaselwa kwayo ngoDisemba 27. UMishal wabiza ukubuyisela isivumelwano se-2005. Eso sivumelwano sabiza ukuphela kobundlobongela kunye nokuvulwa kwemida engaphazamisekiyo, kunye nesiqinisekiso sase-Israel sokuba iimpahla kunye nabantu banokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kweendawo ezimbini zePalestina, iWest Bank kunye neGaza Strip. Isivumelwano sakhatywa yi-US kunye ne-Israel kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, emva konyulo olukhululekileyo lukaJanuwari 2006 lwajika "indlela engalunganga." Kukho amanye amatyala amaninzi afanelekileyo.
Eyona ndlela ibanzi nebaluleke ngakumbi iya kuba yeyokuba i-US kunye no-Israyeli bakushiye ukuchaswa kwabo okugqithisileyo kwaye bazibandakanye nehlabathi liphela-kuquka amazwe ama-Arabhu kunye ne-Hamas-ekuxhaseni ukuhlaliswa kwemibuso emibini ngokuhambelana nemvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo kuye kwakho ukutyeshelwa kokuchaswa kwe-US-Israel: uthethathethwano lwaseTaba ngoJanuwari 2001, olwabonakala lusondele kwisigqibo soxolo xa uSirayeli wayebarhoxisa kwangoko. Ayinakuba yinto engaqhelekanga ukuba u-Obama avume ukujoyina ihlabathi, nangaphakathi kwesakhelo somgaqo-nkqubo wase-US, ukuba unomdla wokwenza oko.
Ngokufutshane, ukuphindaphinda kuka-Obama ngegunya ilungelo likaSirayeli lokuzikhusela ngomnye umsebenzi wobuqhetseba obugxekayo—nangona, kufanele kuvunywe, ingenguye yedwa.
Ubuqhophololo buphawuleka ngakumbi kule meko kuba eso sihlandlo yayikukuqeshwa kukaMitchell njengommeli okhethekileyo. Eyona mpumelelo iphambili kaMitchell yayiyindima yakhe ekhokelayo ekuzinziseni uxolo eMntla Ireland. Icele ukuba kupheliswe ubugrogrisi be-IRA kunye nobundlobongela baseBritane. Okucacileyo kukuqonda ukuba ngelixa iBritane yayinelungelo lokuzikhusela kubugrogrisi, yayingenalungelo lakwenza oko ngenkani kuba kwakukho enye indlela enoxolo: ukuvunywa kwezikhalazo ezisemthethweni zoluntu lwamaKatolika aseIreland ezazizingcambu ze-IRA yobugrogrisi. Xa iBritani yamkela elo khondo lisengqiqweni, uloyiko lwaphela. Iimpembelelo zemishini kaMitchell malunga ne-Israel-Palestine zicace kakhulu kangangokuba akufuneki ukuba zicaciswe. Kwaye ukushiyeka kwazo, kwakhona, luphawu olumangalisayo lokuzibophelela kolawulo luka-Obama ekuchaseni isiko lase-US kunye nokuchasa uxolo, ngaphandle kwemiqathango yayo engqongqo.
U-Obama uphinde wancoma iJordan "ngendima eyakhayo ekuqeqesheni imikhosi yokhuseleko yasePalestina kunye nokukhulisa ubudlelwane bayo noSirayeli" -nto leyo ephikisana kakhulu nokwala kwe-US-Israel ukujongana norhulumente onyulwe ngokukhululekileyo wasePalestine, ngelixa esohlwaya ngokukrakra abantu basePalestina ngokuyinyula ngokuzithethelela. , njengoko kuphawuliwe, musa ukumelana nokuphononongwa okomzuzwana. Kuyinyani ukuba iJordani yajoyina i-US ekuxhobiseni nasekuqeqesheni imikhosi yezokhuseleko yasePalestina ukuze icinezele ngobundlobongela nayiphi na ibonakaliso yenkxaso kumaxhoba abuhlungu ohlaselo lwase-US-Israel eGaza, kunye nokubamba abaxhasi beHamas kunye nentatheli edumileyo uKhaled Amayreh, ngelixa belungiselela imiboniso yabo bexhasa u-Abbas noFatah, apho uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba "yayingabasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye nabantwana besikolo ababeyalelwe yi-PA ukuba baye kwi-rally," ngokutsho IJerusalem Post. Uhlobo lwethu lwedemokhrasi.
U-Obama wenze elinye igqabaza elibalulekileyo: "Njengenxalenye yokupheliswa komlilo okungapheliyo, imida yeGaza kufuneka ivulwe ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhamba koncedo kunye norhwebo, ngolawulo olufanelekileyo lokubeka iliso…." Akazange, ngokuqinisekileyo, akhankanye ukuba i-US-Israel yalile isivumelwano esifanayo emva konyulo lukaJanuwari 2006 kwaye uSirayeli akazange abone izivumelwano ezifanayo ezilandelayo kwimida.
Enye into engekhoyo kuko nakuphi na ukusabela kwisibhengezo sikaSirayeli sokusikhaba isivumelwano sokuphelisa imfazwe, ukuze ithemba lokuba “siya kuhlala lihleli” lingabi lihle. Njengoko kuxeliwe kwangoko kumaphephandaba, "Umphathiswa weKhabhinethi yakwaSirayeli uBinyamin Ben-Eliezer, othatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zokhuseleko, uxelele iRadio yoMkhosi ngoLwesine ukuba uSirayeli akazukuvumela ukuwela umda neGaza kuphinde kuvulwe ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sokukhulula [uGilad] Schalit" (AP, Januwari 22); “USirayeli ukugcina iindawo zokuwela iGaza zivaliwe…. Igosa lathi urhulumente uceba ukusebenzisa lo mba ukuze axoxisane nokukhululwa kukaGilad Shalit, ijoni lakwa-Israel elibanjwe liqela lamaSilamsi ukusukela ngo-2006.Financial Times, Januwari 23); "Ekuqaleni kule veki, uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle wase-Israel u-Tzipi Livni uthe inkqubela phambili yokukhululwa kwe-Corporal Shalit iya kuba ngumqathango wokuvula imida evaliweyo evaliweyo ukususela ekubeni i-Hamas yahlutha iGaza kwi-West Bank-based Authority yasePalestina ngo-2007" (I-Christian Science Monitor, Januwari 23); "Igosa lakwa-Israeli lathi kuya kubakho iimeko ezinzima kulo nakuphi na ukususwa kothintelo, athe wanxulumana nokukhululwa kukaGiladi Shalit"FT, Januwari 23); phakathi kwabanye abaninzi.
Ukubanjwa kuka-Shalit ngumcimbi obalaseleyo eNtshona, enye into ebonisa ubugebengu beHamas. Nantoni na umntu acinga ngayo, ayinakuphikiswa ukuba ukubanjwa kwejoni lomkhosi ohlaselayo kuncinci kakhulu kunolwaphulo-mthetho kunokuxhwila abantu, kanye oko kwenziwa yimikhosi yase-Israel ngosuku olungaphambi kokubanjwa kukaShalit, ehlasela isixeko saseGaza kwaye athimbe abazalwana ababini. , emva koko wabawelisa kumda apho abalekela khona kwintolongo yakwaSirayeli. Ngokungafaniyo nemeko encinci ye-Shalit, ulwaphulo-mthetho aluzange luxelwe kwaye lulibalekile, kunye nesenzo sika-Israyeli esihlala sihlala iminyaka emininzi yokuxhwila abantu eLebhanon kunye nolwandle oluphezulu kwaye babathumele kwiintolongo zakwa-Israel, zihlala zibanjwa iminyaka emininzi njengabathinjwa. Kodwa ukubanjwa kukaShalit kuthintela ukupheliswa komlilo.
OIntetho yeSebe likaBama malunga noMbindi Mpuma iqhubekile “nemeko ewohlokayo e-Afghanistan nasePakistan… Kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva, iinqwelomoya zase-US zahlasela ilali ekude e-Afghanistan, ngenjongo yokubulala umphathi weTaliban. “Abadala belali, nangona kunjalo, baxelele amagosa ephondo ukuba akukho Taliban kule ndawo, abayichaza njengendawo ehlala abelusi. Abasetyhini kunye nabantwana babephakathi kwabafileyo be-22, bathi, ngokutsho kukaHamididan Abdul Rahmzai, intloko yebhunga lephondo "(LA Times, EyoMqungu 24).
Umyalezo wokuqala kamongameli wase-Afghan uKarzai oya ku-Obama emva kokuba wonyulwe ngoNovemba yayisisibongozo sokuba kupheliswe ukuqhushumbiswa kwabantu base-Afghan, waphinda waphinda kwiiyure ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba u-Obama afungiswe. eminye imikhosi yangaphandle. Izityebi nabanamandla “banembopheleleko” yabo. Phakathi kwabo, i ENew York Times Ingxelo, "kukubonelela ngokhuseleko" kumazantsi e-Afghanistan, apho "uvukelo luhlala ekhaya kwaye luzixhasa." Zonke ziqhelekile. Ukusuka Pravda ngeminyaka yee-1980, umzekelo.
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UNoam Chomsky yingcali yeelwimi, umgxeki wentlalontle, kunye nombhali weencwadi ezininzi kunye nezincoko. Eli nqaku laqala ukuvela kwiZNet, ngoJanuwari, 26, 2009.