Njengoko itsunami yeenyembezi zeengwenya igubungele abezobupolitika baseNtshona, imbali iyacinezelwa. Ngaphezu kwesizukulwana esidlulileyo, i-Afghanistan yaphumelela inkululeko yayo, eyathi i-United States, iBritane kunye "namaqabane" abo bayitshabalalisa.
Kwi-1978, umbutho wenkululeko owawukhokelwa yi-People's Democratic Party yase-Afghanistan (PDPA) wabhukuqa ubuzwilakhe buka-Mohammad Dawd, umzala kaKumkani uZahir Shar. Yayiluguquko oludumileyo olwathatha abantu baseBritani nabaseMelika ngokumangalisayo.
Iintatheli zakwamanye amazwe e-Kabul, ingxelo ENew York Times, bamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba “phantse wonke umntu wase-Afghan ebenze udliwano-ndlebe wathi [babe]vuyiswa lubhukuqo-mbuso”. I Wall Street Journal yanikela ingxelo yokuba “abantu abali-150,000 XNUMX . . . baye benza umngcelele wokuhlonipha iflegi entsha . . .
The Washington Post ingxelo yokuba "ukunyaniseka kwe-Afghan kurhulumente akunakuthandabuzeka". Ilizwe, lanamhlanje kwaye, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, usoshiyali, urhulumente wabhengeza inkqubo yombono wohlaziyo olubandakanya amalungelo alinganayo kwabasetyhini kunye nabambalwa. Amabanjwa ezobupolitika akhululwa zaza neefayile zamapolisa zatshiswa esidlangalaleni.
Phantsi kobukumkani, iminyaka yokuphila yayingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu; umntwana omnye kwabathathu wasweleka eselusana. Amashumi alithoba eepesenti abantu bebengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Urhulumente omtsha wazisa unyango lwasimahla. Iphulo elikhulu lokufundisa ukufunda nokubhala lasungulwa.
Kubafazi, iinzuzo azizange zibekho ngaphambili; ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, isiqingatha sabafundi baseyunivesithi yayingabafazi, kwaye abafazi benza i-40 yeepesenti yoogqirha base-Afghanistan, i-70 yeepesenti yootitshala bayo kunye ne-30 yeepesenti yabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni.
Kangangendlela awayetshintsha ngayo, ahlala ekhumbula abo bangenelwayo. USaira Noorani, ugqirha wotyando owabaleka e-Afghanistan ngo-2001, ukhumbule:
“Yonke intombazana yayinokuya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo naseyunivesithi. Besingaya apho sifuna khona kwaye sinxibe into esiyithandayo ... Besisiya kwiivenkile zokutyela nakwimiboniso bhanyabhanya ukuya kubona iifilimu zamva nje zamaIndiya ngolwesiHlanu ... konke kwaqala ukonakala xa i-mujahedin iqalisa ukuphumelela ... aba yayingabantu abaxhaswa yiNtshona. .”
EUnited States, ingxaki kurhulumente wePDPA yayikukuba wayexhaswa yiSoviet Union. Nangona kunjalo ayizange ibe "nopopi" ogculelwayo eNtshona, kwaye akuzange kube nokuqhankqalaza okuchasene nobukhosi "iSoviet backed", njengoko iphephandaba laseMelika neBhritane lalisitsho ngelo xesha.
Unobhala welizwe likaMongameli uJimmy Carter, uCyrus Vance, kamva wabhala kwiinkumbulo zakhe: “Sasingenabo ubungqina bokubandakanyeka kweSoviet kubhukuqo-mbuso.”
Kwakolu lawulo lunye kwakukho uZbigniew Brzezinski, uMcebisi kaCarter’s National Security Advisor, wasePoland. bafudukile kunye nenzondelelo yempambano echasa ubukomanisi kunye nokuziphatha okugqithisileyo okunempembelelo engapheliyo koomongameli baseMelika yaphelelwa kuphela ngokusweleka kwakhe ngo-2017.
Nge-3 kaJulayi 1979, engaziwa ngabantu baseMelika kunye neCongress, uCarter ugunyazise i-500 yezigidi zeedola "isenzo esifihlakeleyo" sokubhukuqa urhulumente wokuqala wase-Afghanistan, oqhubekayo. Oku kwabizwa ngokuba yi-CIA Operation Cyclone.
Iidola ezingama-500 ezigidi zathenga, zanyoba zaza zaxhobisa iqela labalandeli bezizwe nezonqulo abaziwa ngokuba mujahedin. Kwimbali yakhe ephakathi, Washington Post intatheli uBob Woodward wabhala ukuba i-CIA ichithe i-70 yezigidi zeedola kwizinyobo kuphela. Uchaza intlanganiso phakathi kwe-arhente yeCIA eyaziwa ngokuba ngu "Gary" kunye nomphathi wemfazwe obizwa ngokuba ngu-Amniat-Melli:
“UGary ubeke isixa semali etafileni: iidola ezingama-500,000 kwizixa eziziidola ezili-100. Wayekholelwa ukuba iya kuba nomtsalane ngakumbi kuneyesiqhelo i-$200,000, eyona ndlela ingcono yokuthi silapha, sizimisele, nantsi imali, siyazi ukuba uyayidinga … uGary kungekudala uza kucela ikomkhulu leCIA kwaye afumane imali ezizigidi ezili-10 zeedola. ”
Ukuqeshwa kulo lonke ilizwe lamaSilamsi, umkhosi oyimfihlo waseMelika waqeqeshwa kwiinkampu zasePakistan eziqhutywa yi-intelligence yasePakistan, i-CIA kunye ne-MI6 yaseBrithani. Abanye baye baqeshwa kwiKholeji yamaSilamsi eBrooklyn, eNew York - phambi kweTwin Towers ezigwetyiweyo. Omnye wabaqeshwa yayiyinjineli yaseSaudi ebizwa ngokuba nguOsama bin Laden.
Injongo yayikukusasaza ubufundamentali bamaSilamsi kuMbindi weAsia kunye nokudodobalisa kwaye ekugqibeleni kutshabalalise iSoviet Union.
Ngo-Agasti, i-1979, i-Embassy yase-US e-Kabul yabika ukuba "iminqweno emikhulu yase-United States ... ngaphandle kwazo naziphi na izithintelo ezinokuthetha kuhlaziyo lwezentlalo noqoqosho lwexesha elizayo e-Afghanistan. "
Phinda ufunde la magama angasentla ndiwakekele. Ayidli ngokuba loo njongo yokugxekayo ichazwe ngokucacileyo. I-US yayisithi urhulumente wase-Afghan onenkqubela phambili kunye namalungelo abafazi base-Afghan banokuya esihogweni.
Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, iiSoviets zangena e-Afghanistan ngokubulalayo ngokuphendula isoyikiso se-jihadist esenziwe eMelika emnyango wabo. Exhobe ngemijukujelwa ye-Stinger ebonelelwe yiCIA kwaye ibhiyozelwa "njengabalweli benkululeko" nguMargaret Thatcher, i mujahedin ekugqibeleni wagxotha uMkhosi oBomvu e-Afghanistan.
Bezibiza ngokuba yi-Northern Alliance, i mujahedin zazilawulwa ziinkosi zemfazwe ezazilawula urhwebo lweheroin yaye zigrogrisa abafazi basemaphandleni. I-Taliban yayiliqela le-ultra-puritanical, elinee-mullahs ezinxiba ezimnyama kwaye zohlwaywa ngokuphanga, udlwengulo kunye nokubulala kodwa bagxotha abafazi kubomi boluntu.
Ngeminyaka yee-1980, ndaqhagamshelana noMbutho weNguqulelo wabasetyhini base-Afghanistan, owaziwa ngokuba yi-RAWA, owazama ukulumkisa ihlabathi ngokubandezeleka kwabasetyhini base-Afghan. Ngexesha leTaliban bafihla iikhamera phantsi kwabo i-burqas kwimiboniso bhanyabhanya yobungqina bezenzo zenkohlakalo, kwaye yenza okufanayo ukubhenca inkohlakalo yabantu abaxhaswa ngaseNtshona mujahedin. "UMarina" we-RAWA undixelele, "Sithathe iteyiphu yevidiyo siyisa kuwo onke amaqela eendaba aphambili, kodwa abafuni kwazi ...."
Ngo-1996, urhulumente we-PDPA okhanyiselweyo woyiswa. Inkulumbuso, u-Mohammad Najibullah, uye kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuya kucela uncedo. Ekubuyeni kwakhe, waxhonywa kwisibane sasesitratweni.
“Ndiyavuma ukuba [amazwe] aziingceba kwibhodi yechess,” watsho uLord Curzon ngowe-1898, “apho kudlalwa umdlalo omkhulu wokulawula ihlabathi.”
I-Viceroy yaseIndiya yayibhekisa ngakumbi kwiAfghanistan. Kwinkulungwane kamva, iNkulumbuso uTony Blair wasebenzisa amagama ahluke kancinane.
“Eli lixesha lokubamba,” utshilo emva kwe-9/11. “IKaleidoscope iye yashukunyiswa. Iziqwenga ziyaguquguquka. Kungekudala baya kuhlala kwakhona. Ngaphambi kokuba benze njalo, masilungelelanise eli hlabathi lisingqongileyo. ”
E-Afghanistan, wongeze oku: "Asizukuhamba [kodwa siqinisekise] indlela ethile yokuphuma kwintlupheko ebubomi bakho obubi."
U-Blair uvalelise umcebisi wakhe, uMongameli George W. Bush, owayethetha namaxhoba eebhombu zakhe kwiOfisi ye-Oval: “Abantu abacinezelweyo base-Afghanistan baya kusazi ububele beMelika. Njengoko sibetha iithagethi zomkhosi, siyakulahla ukutya, amayeza kunye nezibonelelo kwabalambileyo nababandezelekileyo ... "
Phantse igama ngalinye lalibubuxoki. Izibhengezo zabo zokuxhalaba zaziyinkohliso yenkohlakalo yomkhosi okhohlakeleyo othi “thina” eNtshona asifane siyiqonde loo nto.
Ngo-2001, i-Afghanistan yabethwa kwaye ixhomekeke kwiinqwelo zoncedo ezingxamisekileyo ezivela ePakistan. Njengoko intatheli uJonathan Steele waxelayo, olu hlaselo lwabangela ukubhubha kwabantu abamalunga nama-20,000 njengoko izinto eziya kumaxhoba embalela zayeka kwaye abantu babaleka amakhaya abo.
Kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo emva koko, ndafumana iibhombu zeqela laseMelika ezingaqhushumbanga kwingqushu yaseKabul eyayihlala iphosakele ngeepakethi zoncedo ezityheli eziwiswe emoyeni. Bavuthulula amalungu omzimba kubantwana abakhangela ukutya, abalambileyo.
Kwilali yaseBibi Maru, ndabukela ibhinqa elibizwa ngokuba nguOrifa liguqe ngamadolo kumangcwaba omyeni walo, uGul Ahmed, umluki weekhaphethi, namanye amalungu asixhenxe entsapho yakowethu, kuquka abantwana abathandathu, nabantwana ababini ababulawa elumelwaneni.
Inqwelo-moya yaseMelika i-F-16 yayiphume kwisibhakabhaka esicwengileyo yaza yawisa ibhombu ye-Mk82 500-pound kwindlu yodaka, amatye kunye neendiza ze-Orifa. U-Orifa wayengekho ngelo xesha. Ukubuya kwakhe waqokelela amalungu omzimba.
Kwiinyanga kamva, iqela lamaMerika lafika livela eKabul laza lamnika imvulophu enamanqaku alishumi elinesihlanu: iyonke i-15 yeedola. “Iidola ezimbini kwintsapho yam nganye zibulewe,” watsho.
Uhlaselo lwaseAfghanistan yayibubuqhophololo. Ekuvukeni kwe-9/11, amaTaliban afuna ukuziqhelanisa no-Osama bin Laden. Babe, ngeendlela ezininzi, umxhasi waseMelika apho ulawulo lukaBill Clinton lwenze uluhlu lwezivumelwano eziyimfihlo ukuvumela ukwakhiwa kombhobho wegesi yendalo ye-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola yi-consortium yenkampani yeoli yase-US.
Kwimfihlo ephezulu, iinkokeli zeTaliban zamenywa e-US kwaye zonwatyiswa yi-CEO yenkampani ye-Unocal kwindlu yakhe yaseTexas kunye ne-CIA kwikomkhulu layo eVirginia. Omnye wabenzi-mali yayinguDick Cheney, kamva u-Vice-President kaGeorge W. Bush.
Ngo-2010, ndandiseWashington kwaye ndalungiselela udliwano-ndlebe nongqondongqondo wexesha langoku lokubandezeleka kwe-Afghanistan, uZbigniew Brzezinski. Ndicaphule kuye ingxelo yakhe yembali yakhe apho wavumayo ukuba iqhinga lakhe elihle lokutsalela iiSoviets eAfghanistan lidale “ambalwa avuselela amaSilamsi”.
“Ngaba uyazisola?” Ndibuzile.
“Ukuzisola! Ukuzisola! Uzisola ngantoni?”
Xa sibukele imiboniso yangoku yoloyiko kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseKabul, kwaye simamele iintatheli kunye neenjengele kwiistudiyo zeTV ezikude bekhala ngokurhoxiswa “kokhuseleko lwethu”, ayilixesha lokuthobela ubunyani bexesha elidlulileyo ukuze konke oku kubandezeleka kungenzeki. kwakhona?
Ifilimu ka-John Pilger ka-2003 ethi, Breaking the Silence, iyafumaneka ukuze ijongwe kuyo http://johnpilger.com/videos/
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