Ngo-1935, iNkongolo yababhali baseMelika yabanjwa kwisiXeko saseNew York, yalandelwa ngomnye iminyaka emibini kamva. Bahlabโ ikhwelo โkumakhulukhulu eembongi, ababhali beencwadi, abadlali beqonga, abahlalutyi, ababhali bamabali amafutshane neentatheliโ ukuze baxubushe โngokuwohloka ngokukhawuleza kobukapitaliโ nokubhengezwa kwenye imfazwe. Yayiziziganeko zombane ezithi, ngokwengxelo enye, zizinyaswe ngamalungu oluntu angama-3,500 nangaphezulu kwewaka elijikileyo.
U-Arthur Miller, i-Myra Page, uLillian Hellman, uDashiell Hammett walumkisa ukuba ubuFasi buyanda, buhlala bufihliwe, kwaye uxanduva lulele ababhali kunye neentatheli zokuthetha. Iitelegram zenkxaso ezivela kuThomas Mann, uJohn Steinbeck, u-Ernest Hemingway, uC Day Lewis, u-Upton Sinclair no-Albert Einstein zafundwa.
Intatheli nombhali weencwadi uMartha Gellhorn uthethela abantu abangenamakhaya nabangasebenziyo, yaye โsonke siphantsi komthunzi wamandla amakhulu anogonyamelo.
UMartha, owaba ngumhlobo osenyongweni, kamva kwiglasi yakhe eqhelekileyo yeFamous Grouse nesoda wandixelela oku: โImbopheleleko endavakalelwa ngayo njengentatheli yayinkulu. Ndandikubonile okungekho sikweni nokubandezeleka okwabangelwa kukuDodobala Kwezoqoqosho, yaye ndandisazi, sonke sasisazi, okwakuza kwenzeka ukuba kwakungaqhawuki kuthula.
Amagama akhe athetha ngokuzola namhlanje: zizo cwaka ezizaliswe yimvisiswano yepropaganda engcolisa phantse yonke into esiyifundayo, esiyibonayo nesiyivayo. Makhe ndikunike umzekelo ube mnye:
Nge-7 kaMatshi, amaphephandaba amabini amadala eOstreliya, iSydney Morning Herald kunye neThe Age, apapashe amaphepha amaninzi 'ngesoyikiso esizayo' saseTshayina. Bafaka umbala obomvu kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Amehlo aseTshayina ayenomkhosi, kuhambo kunye nokusongela. I-Yellow Peril yayiza kuwa phantsi ngokungathi kungenxa yobunzima bomxhuzulane.
Akukho sizathu sibambekayo sanikwayo ngohlaselo lwaseOstreliya yiTshayina. 'Iphaneli yeengcali' ayizange ibonise ubungqina obubambekayo: omnye wabo wayengumlawuli we-Australian Strategic Policy Institute, ngaphambili kwiSebe lezoKhuselo eCanberra, iPentagon eWashington, oorhulumente baseBritani, eJapan naseTaiwan nasentshona. ishishini lemfazwe.
"IBeijing ingabetha kwiminyaka emithathu," balumkisile. โAsikakulungeli.โ Kuza kuchithwa iibhiliyoni zeerandi kwiinkwili zenyukliya zaseMerika, kodwa oko kubonakala akwanelanga. 'Iholide yase-Australia evela kwimbali iphelile': nokuba yintoni enokuthi ithetha.
Akukho soyikiso eOstreliya, akukho nanye. Ilizwe elikude โelinethamsanqaโ alinazo iintshaba, ubuncinci kulo lonke iTshayina, iqabane lalo elikhulu lokurhweba. Ukanti ukubetha kweTshayina okutsalela kwimbali ende yaseOstreliya yocalucalulo oluya e-Asiya iye yaba yinto yomdlalo kwabazimiseleyo 'iingcali'. Yintoni eyenziwa ngamaTshayina-aseOstreliya ngale nto? Abaninzi babhidekile yaye bayoyika.
Ababhali beli cwecwe libi lokubethelwa kwenja kunye nokuthanda amandla aseMelika nguPeter Hartcher kunye noMatthew Knott, 'iintatheli zokhuseleko lwesizwe' ndicinga ukuba bayabizwa. Ndikhumbula u-Hartcher kwi-jaunts yakhe ehlawulwa ngurhulumente wase-Israel. Enye, iKnott, ngumlomo weesuti zaseCanberra. Ayizange ikhe ibone ummandla wemfazwe nokuwohloka kwawo ngokugqithiseleyo nokubandezeleka kwabantu.
โIfike njani le nto?โ UMartha Gellhorn wayenokuthi ukuba ebekhona. โKuphi emhlabeni amazwi athi hayi? Buphi ubuhlobo?โ
Amazwi avakala kwisamizdat yale webhusayithi kunye nezinye. Kuncwadi, izinto ezithandwa nguJohn Steinbeck, uCarson McCullers, uGeorge Orwell ziphelile. I-post-modernism iphethe ngoku. Inkululeko inyuse ileli yezopolitiko. Idemokhrasi yentlalontle eyayikade iphantsi, iOstreliya, yenze iwebhu yemithetho emitsha ekhusela amandla afihlakeleyo, anegunya nokuthintela ilungelo lokwazi. Iimpempe zizizaphuli-mthetho ekufuneka zichotshelwe emfihlakalweni. Umthetho owonakalisayo uvala โungenelelo lwangaphandleโ ngabo basebenzela iinkampani zangaphandle. Ithetha ntoni le nto?
Idemokhrasi yinto eqhelekileyo ngoku; kukho i-elite enamandla onke equmrhu elidityaniswe norhulumente kunye neemfuno 'zesazisi'. Iiadmirals zaseMelika zihlawulwa amawaka eedola ngosuku ngumhlawuli werhafu waseOstreliya โngengcebisoโ. Kanye ngaphaya kweNtshona, ukucinga kwethu kwezopolitiko kuye kwaxoliswa yi-PR kwaye yaphazanyiswa ngamayelenqe abonakeleyo, abezopolitiko abarentisa kakhulu: uJohnson okanye uTrump okanye uJoe oleleyo okanye uZelensky.
Akukho nkongolo yababhali ngo-2023 ixhalabileyo malunga 'nokuwohloka kwe-capitalism' kunye nezenzo ezibulalayo zeenkokeli 'zethu'. Elona lidume kakubi kwezi, uBlair, isigebenga solwaphulo-mthetho phantsi koMgangatho waseNuremberg, ukhululekile kwaye usisityebi. UJulian Assange, owaba nobuganga bobuntatheli ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abafundi babo banelungelo lokwazi, ukwishumi leminyaka lakhe lesibini lokuvalelwa.
Ukunyuka kwe-fascism eYurophu akunakuphikisana. Okanye 'neo-Nazism' okanye 'ubuzwe obugqithisileyo', njengoko ukhetha. I-Ukraine njengendlu yeenyosi yanamhlanje yaseYurophu ibone ukuvela kwakhona kwehlelo likaStepan Bandera, umntu ochasene namaSemite kunye nombulali omkhulu owancoma "umgaqo-nkqubo wamaYuda" kaHitler, owashiya i-1.5 yezigidi zamaYuda e-Ukraine ebulewe. โSiza kubeka iintloko zenu ezinyaweni zikaHitler,โ yavakalisa incwadana yamaBanderist kumaYuda aseUkraine.
Namhlanje, uBandera unqulwa njengeqhawe entshona yeUkraine kwaye uninzi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yakhe kunye nabanye oogxa bakhe bahlawulelwe yi-EU kunye ne-US, bethatha indawo yezikhulu zenkcubeko zaseRussia kunye nabanye abakhulula iUkraine kumaNazi okuqala.
Kwi-2014, i-neo Nazis yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-American bankrolled coup ngokumelene nomongameli onyuliweyo, uViktor Yanukovych, owayetyholwa ngokuba 'yipro-Moscow'. Ulawulo lobhukuqo-mbuso lwaluquka โabalandeli bobuzwe abagqithisileyoโ abadumileyo โ amaNazi ewonke ngaphandle kwamagama.
Ekuqaleni, oku kwaxelwa ixesha elide yi-BBC kunye neendaba zaseYurophu naseMelika. Ngo-2019, iphephancwadi iTime labonisa 'imikhosi yamajoni amhlophe' esebenza eUkraine. I-NBC News yanikela ingxelo yokuba, โIngxaki yamaNazi yaseUkraine yinyani.โ Ukugxothwa kwemibutho yabasebenzi eOdessa kwafotwa kwaza kwabhalwa phantsi.
Ikhokelwa ngumkhosi wase-Azov, ogama linguWolfsangel, lenziwa laduma kakubi yi-SS yaseJamani, umkhosi waseUkraine wahlasela impuma, ingingqi yaseDonbas ethetha isiRashiya. Ngokutsho kweZizwe eziManyeneyo i-14,000 empuma yabulawa. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, kunye neenkomfa zoxolo zaseMinsk zonakaliswe yiNtshona, njengoko u-Angela Merkel wavuma, uMkhosi oBomvu wahlasela.
Le nguqulelo yeziganeko ayizange ichazwe eNtshona. Ukuthetha oko kukwehlisa ukuxhatshazwa ngokuba 'ngumthetheleli kaPutin', nokuba umbhali (onjengam) ulugxekile uhlaselo lwaseRussia. Ukuqonda ukucatshukiswa okugqithisileyo komda weNato-exhobileyo, eUkraine, kwaloo mda uHitler wahlasela ngawo, waziswa eMoscow, sisiqalekiso.
Abacholacholi beendaba ababesiya kwiiDonbas bathuliswa umlomo okanye baxhatshazwa kwilizwe labo. Intatheli yaseJamani uPatrik Baab waphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe kwaye intatheli yaseJamani ezimeleyo, u-Alina Lipp, yathinjwa iakhawunti yakhe yebhanki.
EBritani, ukuthula kwe-liberal intelligensia kukuthula kokoyikisa. Imiba exhaswa ngurhulumente efana ne-Ukraine kunye ne-Israel kufuneka ithintelwe ukuba ufuna ukugcina umsebenzi we-campus okanye i-tenure yokufundisa. Okwenzekileyo kuJeremy Corbyn ngo-2019 kuyaphindwa kwiikhampasi apho abachasi bocalucalulo bakwaSirayeli baqatywa nje ngathi bachasene namaSemite.
Unjingalwazi uDavid Miller, ngokumangalisayo igunya elikhokelayo lelizwe kubuxoki bale mihla, wagxothwa yiYunivesithi yaseBristol ngokucebisa esidlangalaleni ukuba 'i-asethi' yakwa-Israyeli eBritane kunye nokuphembelela kwayo kwezopolitiko kunempembelelo engathandekiyo kwihlabathi liphela - inyani apho ubungqina buninzi.
Iyunivesithi yaqesha i-QC ehamba phambili ukuba iphande eli tyala ngokuzimeleyo. Ingxelo yakhe yamkhulula uMiller โkumcimbi obalulekileyo wenkululeko yezemfundo yokuthethaโ yaza yafumanisa ukuba โAmagqabaza kaNjingalwazi uMiller ayengathethi intetho engekho mthethweniโ. Nangona kunjalo uBristol wamgxotha. Umyalezo ucacile: akukhathaliseki nokuba wenza ntoni na, u-Israyeli akanakukhuseleka kwaye abagxeki bakhe kufuneka bohlwaywe.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, uTerry Eagleton, ngoko owayengunjingalwazi woncwadi lwesiNgesi kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester, wacinga ukuba โokokuqala ngqa kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, akukho mbongi, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga okanye umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga okanye umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga odumileyo waseBritani olungele ukubuza imibuzo ngeziseko zendlela yokuphila yasentshona. .
Akukho uShelley wathetha amahlwempu, akukho Blake ngamaphupha e-utopian, akukho u-Byron wagweba ubuqhophololo bodidi olulawulayo, akukho Thomas Carlyle kunye noJohn Ruskin batyhila intlekele yokuziphatha ye-capitalism. UWilliam Morris, u-Oscar Wilde, u-HG Wells, uGeorge Bernard Shaw wayengenayo imilinganiselo namhlanje. UHarold Pinter wayephila ngelo xesha, โengowokugqibela ukuphakamisa ilizwiโ, wabhala u-Eagleton.
Iphi i-post-modernism - ukugatywa kwezopolitiko zokwenyani kunye nokuchasana okunyanisekileyo - kuvela? Upapasho ngowe-1970 lwencwadi ethengwa kakhulu kaCharles Reich, ethi, The Greening of America, inika umkhondo. IMelika ngoko yayikwimeko yokuphazamiseka; U-Nixon wayekwi-White House, inkcaso yabemi, eyaziwa ngokuba 'yintshukumo', yaphuma imida yoluntu phakathi kwemfazwe eyachukumisa phantse wonke umntu. Ngokubambisana nentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, yazisa owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kumandla eWashington kangangenkulungwane.
Kuqweqwe lwencwadi kaReich kwakukho la mazwi: โKuza uvukelo. Ayizi kufana neenguqulelo zexesha elidlulileyo. Kuya kuvela emntwini.โ
Ngelo xesha ndandingumbhaleli e-United States kwaye ndikhumbula ukunyuswa ngobusuku nje kweguru likaReich, isifundiswa esiselula saseYale. Umbhali waseNew York wayibhala ngendlela ebangelโ umdla incwadi yakhe, eyayimyalezo wayo wawusithi โisenzo sezobupolitika nokuthetha inyanisoโ ngeminyaka yee-1960 yasilela yaye โyinkcubeko nokucingaโ kuphela okwakuza kutshintsha ihlabathi. Kwaba ngathi i-hippydom ibanga iiklasi zabathengi. Yaye ngandlelโ ithile kwaba njalo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa, ihlelo โlobundimโ laye layigubungela yonke imvakalelo yabantu abaninzi yokwenza izinto kunye, ubulungisa bentlalo kunye nokuthanda amazwe ngamazwe. Iklasi, isini kunye nobuhlanga zahlulwa. Ubuqu yayiyezopolitiko kwaye amajelo eendaba ayengumyalezo. Yenza imali, yatsho.
Ngokuphathelele 'intshukumo', ithemba layo kunye neengoma, iminyaka kaRonald Reagan kunye noBill Clinton yaphelisa yonke loo nto. Ngoku amapolisa ayekwimfazwe evulekileyo nabantu abantsundu; Amatyala kaClinton adume kakubi ngentlalontle aphule iirekhodi zehlabathi kwinani labaninzi abantsundu ababathumela entolongweni.
Xa i-9/11 yenzeka, ukuveliswa 'kwezoyikiso' ezintsha 'kwimida yaseMelika' (njengoko iProjekthi yeNew American Century ebizwa ngokuba lihlabathi) yagqiba ukudideka kwezopolitiko kwabo, kwiminyaka engama-20 ngaphambili, babeza kwenza inkcaso ekrakra.
Kwiminyaka emva koko, iMelika iye yalwa nehlabathi. Ngokwengxelo engahoywanga ngooGqirha boMda woLuntu, ooGqirha beGlobal Survival kunye neNobel-winning International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, inani lababulawa 'kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi' yaseMelika 'yayiyi-1.3 yezigidi ubuncinane' I-Afghanistan, i-Iraq kunye nePakistan.
Eli nani alibandakanyi abantu ababhubhileyo kwiimfazwe ezikhokelwa yi-US kunye ne-Yemen, eLibya, eSyria, eSomalia nangaphaya. Ingxelo ithi, inani lokwenene โlinokuba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 [okanye] ngokuphindwe ka-10 ngaphezu kwelo uluntu, iingcali nabenzi bezigqibo abalaziyo yaye [lisasazwa] ngamajelo eendaba neeNGO ezinkulu.โ
'Ubuncinci' isigidi esinye sabulawa e-Iraq, batsho oogqirha, okanye iipesenti ezintlanu zabemi.
Ubukhulu bolu gonyamelo nokubandezeleka kubonakala kungenandawo kwingqiqo yasentshona. 'Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bangaphi' kumajelo eendaba. UBlair noGeorge W. Bush - kunye noStraw kunye noCheney kunye noPowell kunye noRumsfeld et al - abazange babe sengozini yokutshutshiswa. I-propaganda maestro kaBlair, u-Alistair Campbell, ubhiyozelwa 'njengomntu weendaba'.
Ngo-2003, ndafota udliwano-ndlebe eWashington noCharles Lewis, intatheli yophando edumileyo. Siye saxoxa ngohlaselo lwase-Iraq kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili. Ndambuza, โKuthekani ukuba abona majelo eendaba akhululekileyo ngokomgaqo-siseko ehlabathini aye amcelโ umngeni ngokunzulu uGeorge W. Bush noDonald Rumsfeld aza aphanda amabango abo, kunokuba asasaze oko kwafumaniseka kuyinkcazelo ekrwada?โ
Uphendule watsho. 'Ukuba thina ntatheli senze umsebenzi wethu, kukho ithuba elihle kakhulu lokuba asizange siye emfazweni e-Iraq.'
Ndabeka umbuzo ofanayo kuDan Kunoko, i-ankile ye-CBS eyaziwayo, owandinika impendulo efanayo. UDavid Rose we-Observer, owayekhuthaze 'ingozi' kaSaddam Hussein, kunye noRageh Omaar, ngoko umnxibelelanisi we-BBC wase-Iraq, wandinika impendulo efanayo. Ukuguquka okuncomekayo kukaRose โngokuqhathwaโ, wathetha kwiintatheli ezininzi ephelelwe sisibindi sokutsho.
Inqaku labo lifanelekile ukuphinda. Ukuba iintatheli zenze umsebenzi wazo, ukuba ziye zabuza kwaye zaphanda ipropaganda endaweni yokuyikhulisa, isigidi samadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana base-Iraqi banokuba basaphila namhlanje; izigidi zisenokuba azizange ziwabaleke amakhaya azo; Imfazwe yamahlelo phakathi kwamaSunni namaShia isenokuba ayizange iqhamuke, kwaye uRhulumente wamaSilamsi kusenokwenzeka ukuba wawungekho.
Yiphose loo nyaniso kwiimfazwe ezinoburhalarhume ukusukela ngo-1945 zatshiswa yi-United States kunye 'namahlakani ayo' kwaye isiphelo siyachukumisa. Ngaba oku kukhe kuphakanyiswe kwizikolo zobuntatheli?
Namhlanje, imfazwe ngamajelo eendaba ngumsebenzi ophambili wokubizwa ngokuba bubuntatheli obuqhelekileyo, okukhumbuza loo nto yachazwa ngumtshutshisi waseNuremberg ngo-1945: 'Ngaphambi kohlaselo ngalunye olukhulu, ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa ezisekelwe kwi-expediency, baqala iphulo lokushicilela elibalelwa ukuba buthathaka. amaxhoba kunye nokulungiselela abantu baseJamani ngokwasengqondweniโฆ Kwinkqubo yepropagandaโฆ yayilushicilelo lwemihla ngemihla kunye nonomathotholo ezazizezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo.'
Omnye wemisonto ethe gqolo kubomi bezopolitiko baseMelika bubugqwirha benkolo obusondela kwi-fascism. Nangona uTrump wayezukiswa ngale nto, kwakungexesha lemigaqo emibini ka-Obama apho umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseMelika wadlala ngokunzulu nge-fascism. Oku phantse akuzange kuxelwe.
โNdiyakholelwa kubukhethekileyo baseMelika ngayo yonke into endiyiyo,โ utshilo u-Obama, owandisa umdlalo owuthandayo kamongameli, uqhushumbo, kunye namaqela okufa aziwa ngokuba 'yimisebenzi ekhethekileyo' njengoko kungekho mnye umongameli wayenzayo ukusukela kwiMfazwe ebandayo.
Ngokutsho kweBhunga lezoBudlelwane bamazwe angaphandle, kwi-2016 u-Obama wehla iibhomu ze-26,171. Ezo ziibhombu ezingama-72 yonke imihla. Wadubula abona bantu bahluphekayo kunye nabantu bemibala: e-Afghanistan, eLibya, eYemen, eSomalia, eSyria, eIraq, ePakistan.
Rhoqo ngoLwesibini - ingxelo yeNew York Times - wakhetha ngokwakhe abo baza kubulawa ngemijukujelwa yesihogo egxothwe kwiidrones. Imitshato, imingcwabo, abelusi bahlaselwa, kunye nabo babezama ukuqokelela amalungu omzimba abonisa โinjongo yabanqolobiโ.
USenator ophambili waseRiphabhlikhi, uLindsey Graham, uqikelele, evuma, ukuba iidrones zika-Obama zibulele abantu abangama-4,700. 'Ngamanye amaxesha ubetha abantu abamsulwa kwaye ndiyayithiya loo nto,' watsho, kodwa siye sakhupha amalungu aphezulu kakhulu e-Al Qaeda.'
Ngo-2011, u-Obama uxelele amajelo eendaba ukuba umongameli waseLibya u-Muammar Gaddafi wayeceba 'imbubhiso' ngokuchasene nabantu bakhe. 'Besisaziโฆ,' watsho, 'ukuba besinokulinda olunye usuku, i-Benghazi, isixeko esilingana neCharlotte [North Carolina], ibinokubandezeleka kwindyikityha yokufa ebeza kuphinda ibuyele kwingingqi yonke kwaye ingcolise isazela sehlabathi. '
Yayibubuxoki obu. Ekuphela โkwesisongeloโ yayikukoyiswa okuzayo kwamaSilamsi anenzondelelo yempambano yimikhosi karhulumente waseLibya. Ngezicwangciso zakhe zokuvuselela i-pan-Africanism ezimeleyo, ibhanki yaseAfrika kunye nemali yaseAfrika, yonke into exhaswa ngemali yioli yaseLibya, uGaddafi waphonswa njengotshaba lwekoloniyalizim yasentshona kwilizwekazi apho iLibya yayiyeyesibini kweli lizwe lanamhlanje.
Ukutshabalalisa โumsongeloโ kaGaddafi kunye nemeko yakhe yanamhlanje yayiyinjongo. Ixhaswa yi-US, iBritane kunye neFransi, iNato yasungula amaqela angama-9,700 ngokuchasene neLibya. Isithathu sijolise kwiziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokujoliswe kuko koluntu, ibike i-UN. Kwasetyenziswa iimfazwe zeUranium; izixeko zaseMisurata nezaseSirte zaziqhushumbisiwe. Umbutho Womnqamlezo Obomvu wachaza amangcwaba azaliswe ngabantu abaninzi, yaye i-Unicef โโyanikela ingxelo yokuba โinkoliso [yabantwana ababuleweyo] yayingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi ubudalaโ.
Xa uHillary Clinton, unobhala welizwe lika-Obama, waxelelwa ukuba uGaddafi wayebanjwe ngabavukeli waza walala ngemela, wahleka waza wathi kwikhamera: โSize, sabona, ufile!โ
Ngomhla we-14 Septemba 2016, iKomidi yeMicimbi yeMicimbi yangaphandle yeNdlu yaseLondon yabika ukugqitywa kwesifundo sonyaka malunga nokuhlaselwa kweNato eLibya eyayichaza 'njengoluhlu lwamanga' - kuquka nebali lokubulawa kwabantu baseBenghazi.
Uqhushumbo lwe-NATO lwafaka iLibya kwintlekele yobuntu, yabulala amawaka abantu kwaye yagxotha amakhulu amawaka ngaphezulu, iguqula iLibya kwilizwe lase-Afrika ngowona mgangatho uphezulu wokuphila waba lilizwe elidlakazwe yimfazwe.
Ngaphantsi kuka-Obama, i-US yandisa imisebenzi eyimfihlo 'yemikhosi ekhethekileyo' kumazwe angama-138, okanye i-70 pesenti yabemi behlabathi. Umongameli wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika waqalisa into eyayilingana nohlaselo olupheleleyo lwase-Afrika.
Ikhumbuza i-Scramble for Africa ngenkulungwane ye-19, i-US African Command (i-Africom) iye yakha inethiwekhi yabafaki-zicelo phakathi koorhulumente base-Afrika abasebenzisanayo abafuna ukunyotywa kunye nezixhobo zaseMelika. Imfundiso ye-Africom ethi 'ijoni ukuya kwijoni' ibethelela amagosa ase-US kuwo onke amanqanaba omyalelo ukusuka jikelele ukuya kwi-warrant officer. Kuphela zizigcina-ntloko zepith ezingekhoyo.
Ingathi imbali enebhongo yenkululeko yase-Afrika, ukusuka kuPatrice Lumumba ukuya kuNelson Mandela, iphoswe kwelokulibala yinkosi entsha emhlophe yobukoloniyali. 'Umsebenzi wembali' waba bantu baphezulu, walumkisa uFrantz Fanon owaziwayo, kukukhuthaza 'ubungxowankulu obuxhaphakileyo nangona bufihliwe'.
Ngonyaka iNato yahlasela iLibya, ngo-2011, u-Obama wabhengeza into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-'pivot to Asia'. Phantse isibini kwisithathu semikhosi yasemanzini yase-US iya kudluliselwa kwi-Asia-Pacific ukuze 'ijongane nosongelo oluvela eChina', ngamazwi kaNobhala wakhe wezoKhuselo.
Kwakungekho sisongelo esivela eTshayina; kwakukho isisongelo eTshayina esivela eUnited States; malunga nama-400 iziseko zomkhosi waseMelika zenze i-arc ecaleni kombindi wemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina, apho igosa lePentagon liyichaze ngokuvumayo 'njengentambo'.
Kwangaxeshanye, u-Obama wabeka imijukujelwa eMpuma Yurophu ejolise eRashiya. Yayingowafumana ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize owanyusa inkcitho kwiimfazwe zenyukliya ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu kunalo naluphi na ulawulo lwase-US ukusukela kwiMfazwe yoMlomo - ethembise, kwintetho yeemvakalelo embindini wePrague ngo-2009, 'ukunceda ukususa. ihlabathi lezixhobo zenyukliya'.
U-Obama kunye nolawulo lwakhe babesazi kakuhle ukuba udibano lukanobhala welizwe, uPatricia Nuland, wathunyelwa ukuba ajongane norhulumente wase-Ukraine ngo-2014 luya kuxhokonxa impendulo yaseRashiya kwaye mhlawumbi ikhokelele emfazweni. Kwaye kunjalo.
Ndibhala oku nge-30 ka-Epreli, isikhumbuzo sosuku lokugqibela lwemfazwe ende yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, eVietnam, endiyibike ngayo. Ndisemncinci kakhulu ukufika kwam eSaigon kwaye ndafunda okuninzi. Ndafunda ukuqaphela i-drone eyahlukileyo yeenjini ze-B-52 ezinkulu, eziye zalahla ukubulawa kwazo ukusuka phezulu kwamafu kwaye zasindisa nto kwaye akukho mntu; Ndafunda ukungajiki xa ndijongene nomthi otshileyo ohonjiswe ngamalungu abantu; Ndafunda ukubuxabisa ububele kunanini na ngaphambili; Ndafunda ukuba uJoseph Heller wayelungile kwi-Catch-22 yakhe yobuchule: loo mfazwe yayingafanelanga abantu abanengqondo; ndaza ndafunda ngeepropaganda โzethuโ.
Kuyo yonke loo mfazwe, ipropaganda yathi iVietnam eyoyisileyo yayiza kusasaza isifo sayo samakomanisi kulo lonke elase-Asiya, ivumela iPeril enkulu etyheli ukuya emantla ukuba itshayele. Amazwe ayeza kuwa โnjengeedominoesโ.
IVietnam yaseHo Chi Minh yayiphumelele, kwaye akukho nanye kwezi zingasentla. Endaweni yoko, impucuko yaseVietnam yaqhakaza, ngokumangalisayo, naphezu kwexabiso abalihlawulayo: izigidi ezithathu zafa. Abakhubazekileyo, abakhubazekileyo, abakhotyokisiweyo, abatyhefwe, abalahlekileyo.
Ukuba abasasaza bangoku bafumana imfazwe yabo neTshayina, oku kuya kuba liqhezu lezinto ezizayo. Thetha uviwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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Inqaku elihle kunye nezimvo. Enkosi uMichael R.
Ndidlulise eli nqaku kwiNkampani yoSasazo yaseCanada kunye neToronto Star. Ndiqinisekile ukuba bayinxalenye yengxaki. Ndiyidlulisele kwiNjingalwazi yeNjingalwazi yeYunivesithi yaseCarleton," uDwayne Winseck "Impendulo yakhe kwiForam yoMgaqo-nkqubo woLuntu waseCanada ka-2017 enesihloko esithi, "Isipili esiShattered - Hews, Demo / cracy and Trust in the Digital Age" kwakufanelekile ukuqaphela kunye nokwabelana.
https://dwmw.wordpress.com/2017/02/09/shattered-mirror-stunted-vision-and-a-squandered-opportunities/#comment-17667
Mhlawumbi uNjingalwazi Winseck unokudlulisa inqaku likaMnu Pilger kwabanye babafundi kwikhosi okanye uyithumele kwiforum yekhosi. Yazi soze.
Enkosi Z NET, uJohn Pilger kunye noNjingalwazi uNoam Chomsky kunye no-Edward Hermon ngokubhala, "Imvume yoVeliso". Ndivule amehlo am.
umhlalaphantsi
Khanada
Utata wayeyinkwenkwana yasefama efunde nje e-Indiana (USA). Wayesebenza nzima ubomi bakhe bonke yaye ekholelwa ukuba ngokwenene umntu wayengadalelwanga ukubhabha, wayefunda iphepha lemihla ngemihla kungekhona enye into eninzi, yaye wayenyamekela intsapho yakhe ngokuthozama kodwa ngamaxesha onke. Wayefuna ukuba oonyana bakhe bafunde bhetele, ibe nathi sasinjalo, kodwa mhlawumbi ngokuqhelekileyo asizange sicinge ukuba wayeyiqonda imibandela emikhulu nemicimbi yehlabathi ngendlela entsonkothileyo okanye entsonkothileyo. Wayevakalelwa kukuba imfazwe yayiyi-racket, umbono kaGen. Butler, kodwa wayengenalo amava kaButler okanye ubuchule. Yena nomama babelana ngoxinzelelo kwaye ayizange ishiye ubomi babo ngokwasengqondweni. Njengoko ndandikhula ndaqonda ukuba utata wayelungile ekuqondeni komntu oqhelekileyo. Imfazwe, izixhobo, ukulwa, ukungenelela, nogonyamelo kunye nesisongelo sogonyamelo ngamashishini amakhulu anengeniso enkulu nezakhiwo. Mhlawumbi elona shishini likhulu ngokuxubana kweenyani zeshishini kunye noqoqosho. Sinokuchasa imfazwe ngezizathu zokuziphatha, umbono wobuntu, kunye nezoqoqosho kunye nezizathu zotyalo-mali, kodwa okoko nje inzuzo iyinkosi okanye uthixo wethu njengoko injalo kwimihla yanamhlanje, okanye njengoko uChomsky esitsho, "inkohlakalo" yobungxowankulu, konke oku kuya kuyenza. qhubeka kwaye woyise. Ngaba โicala elilunge ngakumbiโ kuthi lingaphumelela lize lizise utshintsho olufunekayo ukuze siphile? Ayibonakali ngathi isekelwe kubungqina bangoku. Ndisenalo ithemba lokuba uluntu kunenzuzo luya kongamela, kodwa ithemba lam beliphantsi kohlaselo oluqatha iminyaka emininzi kwaye andisemncinci. Ewe, uJohn Pilger ngomnye "wabantu abalungileyo," enye yezona zibalaseleyo.