Umthombo: Inyaniso
Kumbutho wabasebenzi e-United States, u-2021 ibingunyaka ochazwa kukuvulwa kwemida emitsha. Nangona bexakiwe kwaye bengenamandla ngokubanzi, abasebenzi base-US kunye nabaququzeleli beemanyano bathathe izambatho ezintsha. Ubugorha babasebenzi buqhamile ukuphendula kuzo zombini iingcinezelo ezintsha kunye neentshaba zakudala. Uxinzelelo olukhethekileyo lobhubhane we-COVID-19 luqhubele phambili ludodobalise namalungiselelo asele eqhekekile - izikhalazo zabasebenzi base-US bezisanda kwangaphambi koMatshi ka-2020, umsebenzi amashumi eminyaka yokuma kunye nobungqongqo ezibekwe ngamandla abucala agxininisiweyo.
Amaza oqhanqalazo kunye nokurhoxa kwabonisa ukudana okuxhaphakileyo kunye nehlabathi elixhaphazayo kunye negunya lomsebenzi, kunyaka owawuhlala ugxininiswa yintshukumo ehleliweyo: ngo-2021 yabona imibutho yomanyano e-Amazon kunye ne-Starbucks, ukubethelwa okuphindaphindiweyo kwamandla ngabasebenzi bezempilo, ukulwa ixesha elide e-John Deere kunye ne-Warrior Met. Amalahle, kunye nokubetha e-Kellogg's, eNabisco, eFrito-Lay nakwezinye ezininzi. Abasebenzi becandelo lemiboniso bhanyabhanya kunye nomabonwakude, abachweli, ootitshala, abasebenzi be-telecom, abafundi abaphumeleleyo, abaphuhlisi bomdlalo wevidiyo, iinjineli ze-aerospace--2021 yayiphawuleka ngokwahluka kwamacandelo apho uvuselelo lwezenzo ezidityanelweyo luthe lwavuka kwakhona okanye lwavela okokuqala.
Oko kwathiwa, inkqubela phambili ihlala ibambekile. Kuyinyani ukuba umzabalazo wabasebenzi kulo nyaka udlale kuluhlu olubanzi ngokungaqhelekanga lwemizi-mveliso, kodwa olu luhlu luphikisana nomda omncinci wokuthelekisa "waza loqhankqalazo" luka-2021, njengoko lwalubonwa ngabaninzi. Inani labasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kwizenzo ezidityanelweyo liye laba nganeno kumazinga aphezulu ale minyaka yakutshanje, njengoko lenzile inani lamaxwebhu onyulo amatsha onyulo. Amandla alahlwayo ayakha, kodwa kusafuneka alungelelaniswe, acwangciswe kwaye ahanjiswe ngumbutho wabasebenzi apho amaxabiso obulungu kudala ekhona. ukwehla ngokukhawuleza.
Le meko ikhoyo iqulethe izinto eziyinyani eziphikisanayo: Intshukumo yabasebenzi base-US icinezelwe ngokuqatha kwaye isanda kuvuselelwa. Iimanyano zi ugutyungelwe luxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngeli lixa kukwandiswa umanyano; abasebenzi bafumene amandla amatsha kwaye bathwele imithwalo emitsha. Amashumi eminyaka yokudodobala kwemivuzo kunye nokungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi (okanye ukuyekelela, okanye yonakele ngokupheleleyo) amaziko emisebenzi avelise iimeko zokuqhawuka. Amandla okuvuselelwa okunjalo ahlala engafezeki - kodwa u-2021 unike izalathisi ezicacileyo zokuba oku kunokwenzeka, ngokungqongqo, kuyavuselelwa.
Umsebenzi oBalulekileyo kwiNtlawulo engaPhiliyo
Ubhubhani, ewe, uziphazamise kakhulu iimeko zendawo yokusebenza yaseMelika. I-COVID ihlala iboniswa njengento ekhokelela ekunyukeni kwentiyo yabasebenzi. Oku kuyinyaniso kwiinkalo ezininzi, nangona iimeko zangoku zineengcambu ezinzulu. Iinyanga zokuqala zodwa zobhubhane zilinganiselwe zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi, kunye namazinga oqhanqalazo ayecotha ngokufanelekileyo - nangona abasebenzi besazibandakanya kuhambo lomntu kunye nezijekulo ezifanayo.ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,200 ngesibalo esinye), ngokufuthi ukuphendula kwiinkxalabo zokhuseleko. Enjalo izenzo zoqhanqalazo kunyaka wokuqala wobhubhane - yomibini ugwayimbo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nezenzo zestochastic ezingezizo ezomanyano - zazifanekisela imiboniso yokunganeliseki eyayiseza kwenzeka.
Ukusukela oko kwaqala i-COVID-19, iingeniso zenkampani ziye zafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ecaleni ukwanda kwama-70 ekhulwini kubutyebi bezigidi-gidi kunye a indlela ezinzileyo yomahluko omkhulu wemivuzo, iimeko ezigqubayo ziye zaba nendlela yokugxininisa ukungalingani okukhwankqisayo kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo. I-asymmetry yokubandezeleka kulo lonke ubhubhane yayibubungqina njengoko abasebenzi baqhubekile nokujongana neeyure ezinde kunye nomvuzo ophantsi, ukongeza kwimingcipheko emitsha emsebenzini kunye neengcinezelo ezifana nokungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi. Abo bazibhokoxa ngenxa yomvuzo wobuhlwempu baphulaphula njengoko babenconywa “njengababalulekileyo,” benconywa “njengamagorha.” (Akuzange kulahleke kwabaninzi ukuba igama lokugqibela lithetha ukuzincama.) Ukuba zazibaluleke kangako, abasebenzi bafikelela kwisigqibo esifanelekileyo, ngoko kwakutheni ukuze imivuzo yayisengamava aphantsi, inkxalabo yabo yokhuseleko isenokufuneka. ukuhamba kungaviwa okanye ukumema ukuziphindezela?
Ukungavisisani phakathi kolu lwimi kunye nemvakalelo yokulahlwa emsebenzini kwaba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuba ingahoywa. Njengoko uYona Furman kunye noGabriel Winant babhala in Ukuthintela: "Umsebenzi 'obalulekileyo' - udidi olutsha lwabasebenzi abazelwe ngubhubhani we-coronavirus - ucela umngeni kumphathi ukuba enze okulungileyo ngolo bizo." Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa ukuphikisana okukhulayo kuye kwanceda ekutshintsheni ingqondo, abasebenzi "abalungelelananga ngokukodwa ...
Ngenxa yoko, ubuninzi bokunganeliseki okudala ixesha elide endaweni yoko kufunyenwe ukubonakaliswa kwizenzo zeathom zokuchasa. Abasebenzi baqala ukuyeka ngobuninzi, ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili - irekhodi 4.3 yezigidi ngo-Agasti, liSebe leeNkcukacha-manani zabaSebenzi. Iireyithi zokuyeka ziphezulu kakhulu ububele, ukuthengisa kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo, kwimbalelwano ecacileyo kunye nomngcipheko wobhubhane. Oko kubizwa ngokuba "Ukurhoxa okukhulu" yimveliso yobunzima bendawo yokusebenza, ethe yagxininiswa - nangona ingaphenjelelwanga - yi-COVID.
Umbutho wabasebenzi wase-US ucinezeleke kakhulu kwaye usandula ukuvuselelwa.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula, njengoko uKim Moody wenzayo kwinqaku lejenali yeMarxist usongo, ukuba izinga lokuyeka liye ngokwenene ikhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusukela ngo-2009, kudala ngaphambi kobhubhane. Uhlalutyo lukaGallup ngokufanayo luye lwabonisa ukuba "Ukurhoxa Okukhulu" mhlawumbi kubizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi "Ukunganeliseki okukhulu.” Ukurhoxa kutsha nje kuyimpawu kuphela - kubonisa "ukungoneliseki emsebenzini" kwabasebenzi kunye nokwanda "kokuzithemba ekwenzeni" ukuphendula kwiimeko zabo, njengoko uMoody eyichazayo.
Oku "Ukurhoxa okukhulu" kuye kwaqinisa imarike yezemisebenzi: Ngoku kukho izithuba ezininzi zemisebenzi (u-Okthobha wabona inani eliphezulu lemisebenzi. 11 million), kwaye bambalwa abasebenzi abakulungeleyo ukuzalisa. Ngokunjalo, abasebenzi, besazi ukuba baye bangatshintshi, ngoku bazifumana bekwindawo entsha luncedo isikhundla. Abaninzi baye banikwa amandla ukulwela utshintsho oluncinci kwiindawo zabo zokusebenza ngokufuna imivuzo engcono kunye neengcebiso, ukhuseleko emsebenzini kunye nokuphucula ukuguquguquka. Kuyo yonke i-2020 kunye ne-2021, abasebenzi abahlawulwa kancinci bebesoloko bephuma emsebenzini okanye baqhankqalaze kwinani abaqeshi non-imanyano, kuquka ezinkulu Ukutya okukhawulezayo ezithengisaWalmart, Ukuqalisa, IDolaire Jikelele, kunye nezinye iinkampani ezidume kakubi ngemivuzo emincinci kunye neemeko zokuzama. Eminye yale mibane yokuchasa yakhawulelwa ngokukhawuleza, njengeenkampani ezinkulu, kubandakanya iMcDonald's kunye neWalmart, kunye neCVS, Walgreens, Costco kunye neChipotle, unyuso lwemivuzo olubhengeziweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayakwazi ukugcina abasebenzi babo.
Ukuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lonikezelo baye bomeleza ngakumbi isikhundla sabasebenzi; ukwanda kwenkcitho yabathengi kunye nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi bezothutho kuye kwacinezela imodeli yesizwe yonikezelo “ngexesha elililo” kunye nabasebenzi abaxhotyisiweyo ngesinye isixa esipheleleyo sokusebenzisa amandla ngokuchasene nabaqeshi. Iqabane lobu bunzima bokuqesha, ngelishwa, lithetha ukuba abasaqeshwayo baya besanda umsebenzi onzima ukwenza umahluko.
Kodwa impumelelo esasazekileyo yabasebenzi abathe saa, izenzo zoqhanqalazo kunye nokurhoxa emsebenzini ayiyonto inye njengamandla adibeneyo abasebenzi. Ukubhala Isiphoso, uNelson Lichtenstein wahlula phakathi kolungiselelo kunye nezi mpendulo zingafaniyo: “Abasebenzi abangekho kwimanyano yabasebenzi, nokuba bakhathazeke kangakanani na, abaqhankqalazi. Basenokuwuyeka umsebenzi wabo, bade bahambe kunye ukuya kutshintsha okanye ezimbini, kodwa xa kungekho mbutho uzimeleyo, phantse usoloko uyimanyano yabasebenzi, uqhanqalazo lwabo luyaphela kungekudala. ” Ubunzulu bengxinano yomanyano buthintele amathuba eentshukumo ezinefuthe elingakumbi, ezilungelelanisiweyo. Mninzi umsebenzi wolungelelwaniso ekufuneka wenziwe. "Sekunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa nomsebenzi otyhafileyo obonakaliswe kumashumi eminyaka, bekukho ukutshitsha okuqinisekileyo - okubonakalayo mhlawumbi ngakumbi imvakalelo kunamanani anzima,” njengoko UAlexandra Bradbury wayibeka in Amanqaku abasebenzi.
"Apho abasebenzi baququzelelwe ngokudibeneyo kwiimanyano, iimarike zabasebenzi eziqinileyo zikhokelela ekunyukeni kokuzimisela ukujongana nabaqeshi malunga nemiqathango kunye neemeko zengqesho, endaweni yokujonga nje izivumelwano ezingcono kwenye indawo," waqhubeka uFurman noWinant. "Ngamanye amazwi, amandla afanayo enza umsebenzi unganyamezeleki kubantu abaninzi - abasebenzi abaneleyo kunye nomsebenzi omninzi - ngaxeshanye balungiselela abasebenzi ukuba balwe." Kunokuba amandla angajoliswanga aphele ekuhambeni kwexesha, umanyano luququzelela uphuhliso olwakhayo, oluzinzileyo lwamandla abasebenzi.
Uqhankqalazo lweentlobo ngeentlobo
Iinkcazo zala mandla azinzileyo ziboniswe ngokupheleleyo ngo-2021 njengoko uqhanqalazo lwalusanda kwisithuba esibanzi semizi-mveliso. Kwinqaku lakhe for usongo, UMoody udweliswe kwi-194 ukuya ngoNovemba - ngaphezulu kabini kwitotali yeminyaka yangaphambili, kwaye iphantse yaphinda kathathu i-66 eyenzeka ngo-2020. Ukanti nolo lwando luza i-caveat: Ngelixa ugwayimbo beluninzi, inani lababethile bebonke kulo nyaka (73,000) alikhange lisondele kumakhulu. yamawaka ngo-2018 nango-2019 athe athatha amanyathelo ngexesha leGeneral Motors kunye nogwayimbo lootitshala kwilizwe lonke - imilo yangaphambili eyayincede ukuguqula umhlaba kumasimi ekudala elele.
Uwama-2021, kunoko, uphawuleka ngokunyuka hayi kubungakanani bamanani ezenzo zabasebenzi, kodwa kububanzi bawo: Kwinani lilonke likaMoody logwayimbo oluli-194, olu-124 lwenzeka kwiindawo ezingezozamfundo, ezingezozampilo zabaqeshi becandelo labucala. (Idatha yeBureau of Labor Statistics amaxwebhu kuphela ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi abangaphezu kwe-1,000, ngoko ke umlinganiselo wokwenene wezenzo ezidityanisiweyo unokufihlwa; Uhlalutyo lukaMoody lubandakanye izenzo ezinabathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa. Ngaphaya koko, umlinganiselo wezenzo zokuchasa ezingabhekiseliyo kugwayimbo lwemveli, olugunyazisiweyo kunokunika imbono yokunyuka kwentiyo yasemsebenzini, ukuba ayizizo iicontours ezichanekileyo zomsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo. Ukusebenzisa ezi metrics zibanzi, iLabour Action Tracker, iprojekthi yeYunivesithi yaseCornell, yenze ngaphezu kwama-300 eentshukumo emsebenzini kulo nyaka uphelileyo.)
Okwangoku, ukuchazwa kwemithombo yeendaba eqhelekileyo yeziganeko zowama-2021 “njengeliza loqhankqalazo” (abahlalutyi baphinde baqulunqa imoniker ethi “Striketober” ukuchaza into ebukhali kakhulu ekwindla) ibonakaliswe kuphela ngandlela ithile: Uqhankqalazo lunwenwele. amacandelo amatsha. Lilonke inani labasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ku-"Striketober" ka-2021 (22,000) aliqhathanisi nama-85,000 ka-Okthobha ka-2019. Okunye okuchasanayo nengxelo yamaza ogwayimbo yaba sisityhilelo esothusayo sokuba, ngaphandle kolwandiso lwamacandelo amatsha, inani lilonke lokuququzelela uxwebhu lwezikhalazo zonyulo liye lehla laya kutsho phantsi kakhulu. ekupheleni konyaka. Ukukhula komkhosi akuzange kuguqulelwe ngokuthembekileyo kumandla adibeneyo.
Ukuphumelela okuthe saa kubasebenzi abathe saa, izenzo ezisasazekileyo zoqhanqalazo kunye nokurhoxa ngomsindo ayiyonto inye njengamandla adibeneyo abasebenzi.
Njengomququzeleli womanyano kunye nomhlalutyi uCM Lewis ubhala, Ngelixa “igagasi loqhankqalazo” libaxiwe ngandlel’ ithile, iseyimeko yokuba “ugwayimbo lwamashishini abucala alukhuli nje kuphela, lunwenwela kulo lonke uqoqosho ngendlela engazange ibonwe kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi.” Ngaphandle kolu kukhula, kusekho amathuba angasetyenziswanga: Ngo-2021, Izivumelwano zemibutho ezingama-450 ezibandakanya abasebenzi abangama-200 okanye ngaphezulu ziphelelwe lixesha - Amanqaku abalulekileyo ehinge athe, nangona kunjalo, ayengakhuphiswanga, uphawu lokuba ulungelelwaniso olongezelelweyo luyafuneka. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-2022 iqala, iimeko zisalungiselelwa ukulwela abasebenzi. Ukuphelelwa kwamakhulu eekhontrakthi ezongezelelweyo kulo nyaka uzayo ubonisa ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwabasebenzi nabaphathi babo.
Kwintetho NgeeNcwadi zeVerso, uJonah Furman ubonelele ngembono engephi malunga nokunyuka kogwayimbo:
Ngoku enye indlela yokuqonda ukuba [umahluko phakathi kwamanani aphantsi ngokubanzi kunye negama elithi “amaza oqhankqalazo”] kukuba kukho inqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu lobuchule bokufunda nokubhala ngabasebenzi kwaye abeendaba bebekhangela ibali balifumana; hype, ngamanye amazwi. Enye indlela yokuyiqonda, nangona kunjalo, kukuba “iliza lokubetha” alikho nje malunga nezibalo; awudibanisi nje inani labasebenzi abakugwayimbo … Okuqaphelekayo malunga noku kuwa kukuba ugwayimbo lunxibelelene nezopolitiko nezentlalo… kolu qhankqalazo kuvakala kufanelekile ngokwezopolitiko nakwezentlalo.
Ukulwa iSivumelwano seNqanaba ezimbini
Ngaphaya kolu nxibelelwano luqhelekileyo kwixesha lezopolitiko, umzabalazo wabasebenzi ka-2021 ubonise ukufana okuthe ngqo. Inani lemilo ebalulekileyo yabelana ngeqondo loxinzelelo: imodeli yekhontrakthi yamanqanaba amabini. “Imigangatho emibini” ibhekisa kwisicwangciso somvuzo kunye neebhenefithi apho iiseti ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzi zihlawulwa phantsi kwezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo. Abaqeshwa abakhoyo basoloko befumana imiqathango ekhethwa kuqala, ngelixa imvumelwano imisela ukuba abaqeshwa bexesha elizayo baya kufumana iphakheji engamkelekanga kangako. La malungiselelo asebenza elubala umdla wabaphathi; injongo yabo (ngaphaya kokulondoloza iindleko zabasebenzi) kukuba ukuba bahlule abasebenzi ngokuchasene nabo ngokwazisa inkuthazo ekhuphisanayo. Ukwala ukuyeka umsebenzi wekhontrakthi kubonise ukuqina kwabasebenzi okwandayo: Ukuchaswa kwezivumelwano zamanqanaba amabini. ithengwe ngokukhethekileyo ngo-2021, kwaye, kumaxesha amaninzi, iimanyano zabasebenzi zakhaba ngokulula izindululo zemvumelwano - kubandakanywa nezivumelwano zovavanyo ekufikelelwe kuzo ziinkokeli zombutho.
Olunye ungquzulwano olwapapashwa kakhulu lwenzeka kumenzi welifa uJohn Deere. Inkampani yonwabele unyaka wenzuzo yezigidigidi zeedola kunye inike abaninizabelo kunye nabaphathi bayo ngezipho ezixhomisa amehlo, ngelixa abasebenzi babenikwa ulwando olungephi. Ikhontrakthi entsha ikwacebise ukongezwa kwenqanaba lesithathu (kwisicwangciso esele sinemigangatho emibini) ebeza kubalela inkamnkam kubasebenzi abatsha. Ukuphendula, abasebenzi bayo be-United Auto Workers (UAW)-abamele abasebenzi bavote kakhulu ukugunyazisa ugwayimbo. (Kwakhona isicwangciso esinamanqanaba amabini umqhubi ophambili wogwayimbo olukhulu lwe-UAW kwaGeneral Motors ngo-2019.) Kuyo yonke i-Okthobha, ngaphezulu kwe-10,000 yabasebenzi bakaJohn Deere. ibanjwe ngokuchasene nezicelo ezimbini. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba inqanaba-kunye-ifayile yaliwe izivumelwano ebekuxoxiswene ngazo ngabaphezulu be-UAW: umqondiso wokunyuka kwabo kwemfazwe. Emva kweeveki ezintlanu, amalungu avuma isivumelwano sesithathu eye yagcina imali yomhlalaphantsi yaza yaseka ingxowa-mali yokhathalelo lwempilo yomhlalaphantsi, nangona ikhontrakthi yokugqibela ingazange iyitshitshise inkqubo emileyo yamanqanaba amaninzi ebisebenza ukusukela ngo-1997.
Imvukelo yamalungu e-John Deere yayibonakalisa ukungavisisani kwangaphakathi kwiimanyano ezinkulu, kuquka ne-United Auto Workers. Urhwaphilizo olucwangcisiweyo phakathi kweenkokeli eziphezulu ibethe i-UAW; amahlazo asusela kubuqhophololo ukuya ekuthengiseni abasebenzi ngokwamkela izinyobo kubaphathi ngokwezivumelwano zekhontrakthi. Kungenxa yezizathu ezifana nezi umbutho wedemokhrasi yomanyano ixhasa ukwanda kokubandakanyeka kwenqanaba kunye nefayile ekuthathweni kwezigqibo kunye nonyulo oluthe ngqo lobunkokeli. Abaxhasi bedemokhrasi yomanyano, baququzelelwe ngokwamaqela afana ne Umbutho weDemokhrasi yoManyano, kufuneke ukuba kuhlaziywe imibutho yemanyano yabasebenzi ethe yaya isanda ngokwemigangatho, ivumela iinkokeli ezinamandla ukuba zenze izigqibo ezinokuthi zingalungelelaniswa neminqweno kunye nomdla womgangatho kunye nefayile. Kweminye imibutho, iinkqubo zovoto ezifana neKholeji yoNyulo zinokongamela izinto ezininzi kwaye zixhase ulawulo lwentando yesininzi "umthetho weqela elinye." Iminyaka yokuququzelela izinto zedemokhrasi exhasa umanyano kwisikhundla se-UAW kunye nefayile ifikelele kuvuthondaba kulo Disemba ngo. ukugqithiswa kwereferendamu eya kuvumela unyulo oluthe ngqo, ukusungula a "ilungu elinye, ivoti enye" inkqubo. Olunye utshintsho olwandle lwangaphakathi lwenzekile ngaphakathi kweTeamsters, umanyano olukhulu lwelizwe labucala. Isileyiti esixhaswa ngabameli bedemokhrasi yomanyano, iTeamsters United, lutshayela unyulo lobunkokeli ngasekupheleni kuka-2021; olu lawulo lutsha luvakalise iinjongo zokumanyanisa umgangatho kunye nefayile, jongana namanqanaba amabini kwi-UPS - kwaye thatha iAmazon.
Isindululo esinamanqanaba amabini, kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezinoburhalarhume, zikwaqhube uqhankqalazo luka-2021 lwaseBakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' (BCTGM) e. INabisco. Yaqala ngebali eliqhelekileyo: Inkampani yokubamba i-brand yeebhiliyoni zeedola iMondelēz ubenonyaka webhanile, kunye ne-CEO yayo yaxutywa nge-package ye-42.4 yezigidi zeedola. Ngeli xesha, iimeko ezimaxongo, imivuzo ephantsi, iimfuno zemvumelwano ezinomthwalo kunye nosoyikiso lokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwabangela ukuba imanyano yabasebenzi iphendule. Ukuhamba kwindawo ePortland, eOregon, kwakhala ngaphakathi ugwayimbo olulungelelanisiweyo kuwo wonke amazwe amahlanu, nayo yonke indawo yeNabisco yokuvelisa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwelizwe ethatha inxaxheba. Uqhankqalazo lweeveki ezintlanu lwaqukunjelwa ngokwamkelwa kwekhontrakthi ephuculweyo, kodwa abanye abasebenzi bahlala benganelisekanga kunye nokulalanisa. Abahlali be-BCTGM nabo yabetha iintsuku ezili-19 kumzi-mveliso waseFrito-Lay e Topeka, Kansas, kwaye ke kwizibonelelo ezine eziphethwe yi-proceded food giant Kellogg's. Ikhontrakthi enamanqanaba amabini yayiyinkxalabo yomsebenzi kule yokugqibela Uqhankqalazo lweeveki ezili-11, eyaba ngumxholo wengqalelo ebalulekileyo yesizwe kunye ikhuthaze ukukwaywa kwabathengi. Kwakhona, kwafikelelwa kwizivumelwano ezingento yanto ezazikhawulelana neemfuno zabasebenzi, nangona zingakhange zithotyelwe.
Ukurhoxa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi kuwo onke amashishini, kodwa yayikwicandelo lokhathalelo lwempilo apho ukungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi yayiyeyona nto ixhalabisayo. Uxinzelelo lwe-COVID kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo kukhokelele ekubeni ukunyuka kwamazinga okuyeka phakathi esikolweni emsebenzini - kwaye ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi bekukwinqanaba lentlekele kwangaphambi kobhubhane. Abasebenzi abaninzi kumboneleli omkhulu wezempilo uKaiser Permanente bamelwe yi-21-union, i-52,000-worker coalition ebizwa ngokuba yi-Alliance of Healthcare Unions. Xa uMdibaniso olugunyazisiweyo ugwayimbo ekwindla ka-2021, bakwenza kwacaca ukuba ukungabikho kwabasebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Kaiser (owayenayo ifunyenwe kwiibhiliyoni kwakuloo kota nje) inike ikhontrakthi enamanqanaba amabini, amalungu ombutho aphikisana nayo ukuba iya kuyenza mandundu ingxaki ngokwenza kube nzima ukutsala abasebenzi abatsha. Abalawuli bebezama ukuthomalalisa amanqanaba angonelanga abasebenzi ngokuqesha “abongikazi abahambahambayo” bexeshana kwaye bathumele abaphathi kunyango lwezigulane, abanye babo bebengaqeqeshwanga ngokwaneleyo. (Imingcipheko yesi sicwangciso kwizigulana ziyabonakala.) Kodwa amandla omsebenzi aqinisekiswa ngokukhawuleza: Ejongene nokuhamba ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, uKaiser. ulawulo luxhotyisiwe phambi kogwayimbo.
I-2021 yayiphawuleka ngokunyuka kungekhona kwinani lezenzo zabasebenzi, kodwa kububanzi babo.
Ngelixa isoyikiso sogwayimbo lwaseKaiser sasisikhulu kububanzi, yayisesinye kuphela seengxaki zabasebenzi kukhathalelo lwempilo kulo nyaka, uninzi lujikeleze imiba efanayo. Ukukhathazeka ngomlinganiselo okhuselekileyo wabasebenzi nako kwabaqhuba abasebenzi kwisibhedlele iNceba eBuffalo, eNew York, ukuqalisa ugwayimbo ngo-Oktobha; nalapho, uthungelwano lokongamela lweMpilo yamaKatolika luye lwafuna ukwazisa inkqubo enemigangatho emibini. Abasebenzi be Isibhedlele saseSt. Vincent eMassachusetts, inxalenye yequmrhu elikhulu lengeniso yeTenet Health, kunye Iziko lezeMpilo leMpilo yeCascade yaseWashington State ikwabethe kunyaka ophelileyo ngenxa yokungonelanga kwabasebenzi neemeko zokhuseleko.
Kwinkampani iWarrior Met Coal eAlabama, iUnited Mine Workers of America (UMWA) ibambe uqhankqalazo ukusukela ngomhla woku-1 kuTshazimpuzi. Iingxoxo zekhontrakthi ziye zaqhawuka nanjengoko abasebenzi bephulukene nezibonelelo ababenazo phantsi komqeshi wangaphambili uWalter Energy, owatshona phantsi ngo-2016. kwaye yathengwa nguMkhosi Met. Abasebenzi bazincama intlawulo yexesha elongezelelekileyo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo, ngokufuthi ukuthatha iiyure ezili-12 iishifti ukuya kutsho kwiintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki, kuquka neeholide. Abaphathi, ababenikwe iibhonasi ezinkulu, bajongana nabasebenzi abagwayimbileyo Inkundla yamatyala ithintela abachongi babo. Ukuhlaselwa kwabo kumgca wepicket kwandiswe kubundlobongela obucacileyo, kuquka iimeko zohlaselo lwemoto - yenziwe ngabasebenzi benkampani - oko kutyholwa ukuba konzakalise abakhethi abaninzi. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni “abonakalise umdla omncinane okanye akabikho kwaphela ekusukeleni abenzi bobubi,” umanyano luyakhuphisana. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sibhala, uMWA usahleli elugwayimbo.
Uluhlu luyaqhubeka. Ngokubalulekileyo, a ukuvota ukwenza imibutho yokuqala kwiivenkile ze-Starbucks zenkampani zenzeka eBuffalo, eNew York. Loo migudu yahlangatyezwa ngokukhawuleza ukucupha kunye nokoyikisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo - kodwa imanyano yaphumelela. (I-CEO ye-Starbucks kunye nomgqatswa womongameli wexesha elinye uHoward Schultz, ebonisa eyakhe ubuchule bophawu, yafumanisa ukuba uphuhliso lumbi ngokwaneleyo ukuba babongoze iHolocaust.)
Ngo-Okthobha, emva kokugunyazisa ugwayimbo, amalungu e-International Alliance of theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) afikelela kwisivumelwano esingesosigxina ne-Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers “ngamathuba afanelekileyo okuphumla; ikhefu lokutya; umvuzo ophilayo kwabo baphantsi kwesikali somvuzo; kunye nokonyuka okubalulekileyo kwembuyekezo ekufuneka ihlawulwe ziinkampani ezintsha zosasazo,” imanyano yanika ingxelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukhuphiswano olukhulu lwenqanaba kunye nefayile akakholiswanga kunye nesivumelwano ekugqibeleni — sibulela inkqubo ye-IATSE yabathunywa (apho amagosa ombutho onyuliweyo abonisa umdla wabasebenzi, endaweni yokuvumela amalungu ukuba avote ngokuthe ngqo), yavunywa ngokuchasene nesininzi. Luhlobo lwe Ukudilukiswa komdla wenqanaba kunye nefayile ukuba umbutho wedemokhrasi yomanyano uzinikele ekukhuphiseni.
Kanye njengokuba "abasebenzi ababalulekileyo" bephinde baqwalasela ubudlelwane babo nabaqeshi babo, utshintsho kwindlela yokuzibona selwenzekile kwizifundiswa. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluvela kulawulo lwaseColumbia, iHarvard, iYunivesithi yaseNew York, inkqubo yeDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia, nakwezinye iindawo, abafundi abaphumeleleyo kwezo zikolo baye bazijonga njengabangabafundi kuphela kodwa nabangabaqeshwa “ababalulekileyo” - kwaye basebenza kakhulu. -umvuzo omncinci wabasebenzi kuloo nto. Ukungxama okutsha kolungiselelo phakathi kwabafundi abaphumelele kwisikolo sabucala (kubandakanywa, ngokukodwa, 17,000 University of California abafundi abaphandi) yenze enye inkalo eyahlukileyo yokunyuka kwabasebenzi ngo-2021, nto leyo ebonisa ukwanda kwabasebenzi.
Eminye imizekelo eyongezelelweyo: Emva kokukhethwa usuku olunye, i-Oregon's United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) Local 555, emele abasebenzi. yeKroger ephethwe nguFred Meyer kunye namatyathanga eQFC, iphumelele isivumelwano sovavanyo kunye "Ukonyuka kwemivuzo, ukongezwa kokhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza, umhlalaphantsi okhuselekileyo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo olusemgangathweni." California abasebenzi ngocingo kunye nabasebenzi bezoNxibelelwano baseMelika baqalise uqhankqalazo lokuSebenza ngokuNgalunganga ekuqaleni kukaOktobha. Abaqhubi beebhasi zesikolo uye wagwayimba kuzo zonke iingingqi ezintathu zaseMaryland ukuqhankqalaza ukunqongophala kwabaqhubi, intlawulo kunye neemeko. I I-UAW yabetha yaza yafikelela kwisivumelwano kwiplanti yelori yakwaVolvo eNorfolk, eVirginia, ngelixa iManyano yabachweli baseMntla-ntshona wazabalazela ukonyuka kweendleko zokuhlala eSeattle, ephumelela uphuculo oluphakathi. Abasebenzi bompapashi omkhulu womdlalo wevidiyo Activision Blizzard wathatha amanyathelo okuqala malunga nokulungelelanisa nabaSebenzi bezoNxibelelwano baseMelika, into enqabileyo kwelo shishini. Abasebenzi bamakhaya abongikazi abane-SEIU yasekhaya baphumelele iinzuzo ngezoyikiso zogwayimbo eConnecticut; I-Air Engineering Metal Trades Council (AEMTC) iinjineli ze-aerospace ziye zakhuphisana nezenzo ezingafanelekanga zabasebenzi eTennessee. Kwakhona, le yisampuli kuphela. Kwizenzo ezili-194 (ngokubalwa kukaKim Moody), umsebenzi woqhankqalazo lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ka-2021 wawubanzi kakhulu ukuba ungawubalela apha uphela.
Ukuthatha isigebenga eBessemer
Umzabalazo wabasebenzi owawungowona mxholo unzima kulo nyaka wawuye wafikelela kuvuthondaba, ubuncinci okwangoku, kwilahleko: iAmazon yatyumza iNkampani yokuthengisa, iWholesale kunye neSebe leManyano yeVenkile yeeVenkile (RWDSU) elungiselela ukuqhuba kwiziko layo eBessemer, Alabama. , ukuphila ngokuvisisana nodumo lwenkampani olungenanceba. Usasazo lwemithombo yeendaba lwalufanelekile: Nolona manyano luncinci kwiziko laseAmazon e-US luza kusebenza njengendawo yenucleation yeenzame ezongezelelekileyo zokuxhobisa abasebenzi ngokuchasene ne-titanic exploiter, enokuthi ivumele iinzame zokuququzelela ukusasaza kubasebenzi bayo abangama-400,000 kwilizwe liphela. Ngokufanelekileyo, abaphathi babeyoyika njengenye into.
Nje ukuba i-RWDSU iqalise iinzame zayo zokuququzelela indawo ye-Bessemer, abasebenzi (ubukhulu becala abaNtsundu) baye baxhatshazwa. ingxwabangxwaba engapheliyo echasene nomanyano, iitekisi ezininzi ngosuku (“Asikholelwa ukuba kufuneka uhlawule umntu ukuba akuthethelele okanye kufuneka uhlawule iintlawulo zaloo nto sele ukufumene simahla,” funda umzekelo omnye), ukubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nokucupha nokubanjwa- iiseshini zepropaganda zabaphulaphuli ezichasene nomanyano. Abaphathi beAmazon babengenaxhala malunga nokukhupha izoyikiso zokunciphisa izibonelelo okanye ukuvala indawo yokugcina impahla, okanye ngokuthetha ubuxoki obucacileyo - bebanga inyani ukuba, kunye nemanyano, abasebenzi abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bafake izikhalazo kubaphathi, kwaye "injongo yeRWDSU yayikukuphakamisa. imali yokuhlawula iimoto nokutya kweenkokeli zemibutho yabasebenzi.” (Kubonisa imeko ethotyiweyo yomthetho wezabasebenzi wase-US ukuba amaqhinga akhohlisayo zisemthethweni ubukhulu becala.)
Nangona behlaselwa zezona mfuno zinamandla zesizwe, bejongene neziphene, abasebenzi basahleli edabini.
I-RWDSU ihlawulisa iAmazon ngokungakhathali kwezempilo kunye nokhuseleko, kokubini malunga namanyathelo obhubhane kunye nesiphumo sokohlwaya imeko yendawo yokugcina impahla. Kuyavunywa ukuba akukho xesha lincinci lekhefu, abasebenzi bendawo yokugcina iimpahla bahlala bephuma kubushushu obugqithisileyo kunye ukwenzakala kwaye iziqendu zempilo yengqondo, ukuya kuthi ga kunye nokuquka iinjongo zokuzibulala - njengoko inkampani iyazi kakuhle. The "Isantya somsebenzi esinganyamezelekiyo," njengoko i-RWDSU ichaza, iziphumo zokuzinikela kwe-Amazon ukuya kwi-logistics ekhawulezayo ngexesha. Kubo bonke ubukhosi baseAmazon, ukufa akunto ingaqhelekanga. Kutshanje, abasebenzi kwindawo yokugcina izinto eAmazon eEdwardsville, eIllinois, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bahlale emsebenzini ngexesha lenkanyamba, okubangele ukufa kwabathandathu. Njengoko Intatheli yezabasebenzi uKim Kelly uye waxela, abasebenzi abathandathu nabo basweleka kwindawo yokugcina impahla yakwaBessemer kunyaka ophelileyo kuphela.
EBessemer, eAmazon baqeshe amapolisa ukuba oyikise abaququzeleli, waza waya kusebenza kunye neJefferson County yaseAlabama ukutshintsha ixesha kwisibane sokumisa ukuthintela abaququzeleli bemibutho ukuba bathethe nabasebenzi ngelixa ukukhanya kubomvu. (Esi sityholo se-RWDSU yaqinisekiswa kamva ligosa lenqila elithethe kwindawo yabasebenzi Umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi.) Xa ixesha lonyulo lifikile, abaphathi base-Amazon nabo basebenza kunye ne-US Postal Service ukuya bafakele eyabo ibhokisi yeposi kwisiza ukuqokelela amavoti, ukunika, ubuncinci, impembelelo yevoti ephononongwayo. Ekugqibeleni, imanyano yavotelwa phantsi, isiphumo ngokungenakuphikiswa sishukunyiswa kukugrogriswa kwabaphathi kunye uphazamiso. Noko ke, eso siphelo sasingagqibelelanga. I-RWDSU ihlawulise impembelelo engafanelekanga, kunye neBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi (NLRB) igosa leendlebe likhuphe isindululo oko kwavumelana. Ngokusekelwe kwezo ziphumo, i-NLRB yalawula ngoNovemba ukuba, ngenxa yebhokisi yeposi kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka, unyulo kufuneka iqhutywe kwakhona. Olu ngcelele lweziganeko eAmazon lubonisa imeko yentshukumo yabasebenzi kanye kunye nexhotyisiweyo: Nangona behlaselwa zezona mfuno zinamandla zesizwe, bejamelene neziphene, abasebenzi basahleli edabini.
Amandla amatsha kuMzabalazo ofanayo omdala
Ngowama-2021, kulo lonke ungquzulwano lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oluye lwavutha okomlilo wedobo kwilizwe lonke, lwaqukunjelwa ngokungqongqo, ngokungalingani okukrolwe ngokunzulu kunye nenkunzi esalawula amandla ayo phezu kwabasebenzi. Uchaso lusenokukhula, kodwa amathuba awaphosiweyo aba maninzi: Uhlaziyo lwekhontrakthi ekungakhutshiswanwanga kuzo kunye nenani eliphantsi kakhulu leefayile zonyulo olutsha zonyulo zibonisa ukuba isicwangciso-qhinga sabasebenzi seziko asikwazanga ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ithuba lokunganeliseki.
“Ngelishwa,” wabhala ingcali yezabasebenzi uJane McAlevey ku Wesizwe, "uninzi lweemanyano zelizwe zichithe u-2021 ngokubeka phambili emva kwe-scenes ukubaleka ukufikelela kulawulo lwe-Biden kunye neimvuthuluka kwitafile yabaphathi."
Iinkokeli ezinobuqhophololo okanye ezinobuqhophololo, njengakwi-UAW, ziye zawathomalalisa amandla enqanaba kunye nefayile kwaye zathethathethana ngezivumelwano zemvumelwano. Neal Meyer wabhala in Ifowuni ukuba umkhosi wokuba lilungu “awukafumani nkxaso ingako kwiinkokeli zabasebenzi. Ukubanjwa ungazi -kwaye kwezinye iimeko wabanjwa iikhontrakthi zothethathethwano ukuba amalungu abo anemvukelo isikhundla-kunye-fayile ngoko ngobukroti yaliwe kwaye yabethwa ngokuchaseneyo - iinkokeli zemanyano yabasebenzi ziye zala ukubhebhetha amadangatye emvukelo yabasebenzi. " Kodwa ngokuthembisayo, ireferendamu yedemokhrasi ethe ngqo kunye nesileyiti sobunkokeli obutsha kwi-UAW kunye neTeamsters, ngokulandelelanayo, lubonisa utshintsho kobu budlelwane bamandla angaphakathi.
Ngokubanzi, izibonelelo zemibutho emininzi zinyiniwe kakhulu ukuba zibe nezixhobo zokuqhelanisa amalungu amatsha, ingakumbi xa kujongwa amandla awongameleyo abaphathi. Ububi apho iAmazon yajongana nayo iBessemer union drive ayiqhelekanga: Anti-union ukugrogriswa nokungcungcuthekiswa kuseyinto eqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo ubutshaba be-capital's kneejerk buthetha ngamandla ezenzo ezihlangeneyo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uxhathiso lusahleli kwaye imiqobo emikhulu isekhona, isantya sokuqokelela ukungoneliseki sijongeka sikulungele ukuthwala intshukumo ngaphaya kokuphazamiseka okubangelwa yi-COVID.
Njengoko uMoody ebhala, kukho zonke izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba isenzo sogwayimbo kunye nokulwa ngokubanzi kuya kuqhubeka ukuba siyayiqonda 'uptick' ka-2018-2021 njengesiphumo kungekuphela nje ngobhubhane kunye neemeko ezidityanisiweyo, kodwa yingqokelela yezikhalazo malunga nobhubhane. ixesha elide.”
Ukunganyaniseki kwexesha leniyoliberal - ingeniso enkulu yemali eyinkunzi, ukungafuni kwayo ukubonelela ngemivuzo efanelekileyo kunye neendawo zokusebenza ezinobuntu - ilungelelanise ukuchasana okusisiseko phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye nolawulo, ihlwayela imbewu yokuxhathisa. Kubantu abasebenzayo, ubudlelwane phakathi kokugqithiswa kwemali eyinkunzi kunye nokuhluthwa kwabo umhlaba kuye kwacaca ngakumbi.
Ukuze abasebenzi baqhubeke nokwenza imali kolu tshintsho lutshintshayo baya kufuna ukuba ukunganeliseki okukhoyo kuhanjiswe kulungiselelo oludibeneyo - kodwa u-2021 ubonise iimpawu ezicacileyo zokuba inkqubo yokufaka i-galvanization iqalile, njengoko abasebenzi bebonisa amandla kumacandelo exesha elide kwaye babeka iziseko ezintsha. . Ukuphinda kuqale kumanyano lwase-US kusahleli, kodwa kuyacaca ukuba - nangona kunjalo - amandla omgangatho wabasebenzi aqala ukufumana indawo yawo kwakhona.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela