Amanani angoku okusweleka emsebenzini, ikhutshwe yi-Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) ngoDisemba ka-2023, zibonisa ukuba ukufa kwabantu emsebenzini eUnited States kuye kwanda kakhulu, kwafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwiminyaka elishumi.
Iziphumo, ezifunyenwe njengenxalenye ye-Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), zihlalutye ulwazi oluqokelelwe kwixesha le-2022 - kwaye lubhalwe ngokuphawulekayo ukwanda kweepesenti ze-5.7 kwiindawo zokufa emsebenzini e-US ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokubalwa kwe-2021-2022.
I-toll imele i-10 yeminyaka ephezulu ngenxa yokwenzakala emsebenzini. Phantse i-6,000 yabasebenzi base-US basweleke emsebenzini - kwaye, olunye uphando lwe-BLS lufumene, iyonke eyothusayo ye-2.8 yezigidi zonzakele okanye zagula.
Ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi e-US, ngelixa luthelekisa ngokuncomekayo kumazwe asemva kobukoloniyali, aluhambelani nobutyebi besizwe, okanye nemigangatho yamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo ongxowankulu. Iziphumo ezimanyumnyezi zika-2022 ziziphumo zokuwohloka kolawulo kunye nokuthotywa kwamandla abasebenzi e-US - iimpawu ezimbini zexesha le-neoliberal kunye nolawulo lwayo oludityanisiweyo lweshishini.
Ukuwajongisisa Amanani
Ingxelo ye-BLS malunga neziphumo ze-CFOI ibeka i-tally yayo kwimbono ephazamisayo: Ukunyuka kwe-5.7 yepesenti yokufa kuthetha ukuba, ngokomyinge, umsebenzi wase-US wabulawa emsebenzini rhoqo ngemizuzu ye-96 ngo-2022. umsebenzi ngeereyithi ezingalinganiyo. Abasebenzi abantsundu, umzekelo, badla ngokuba ngamaxhoba okubulala ngexesha lomsebenzi, ingakumbi abo baqeshwe kwiivenkile; kwakunjalo nakumabhinqa ngokubanzi. Kubasebenzi baseLatinรฉ, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sokufa okurekhodiweyo yayingabasebenzi abazalelwe kwamanye amazwe.
Le yiyantlukwano yobuhlanga ephawulweyo. Ngokukhutshwa kwe-BLS, ukusweleka kwabantu bebala emsebenzini kwakuphezulu kakhulu kune-avareji ye-3.7 kwi-100,000 yabasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo, ukufikelela kwi-4.2 kubasebenzi abaMnyama kunye ne-4.6 yabasebenzi baseLatinรฉ. Uninzi lwabasebenzi bokugqibela kwezolimo - kwaye kuyo yonke imisebenzi, ukulima, ukuloba kunye namahlathi "kwakunelona zinga liphezulu lokufa" lokufa kwabantu abangama-23.5 kwi-100,000 yabasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo, nayo "enyuke ukusuka kwi-20.0 ngo-2021."
Ezolimo zisenokuba ngowona msebenzi ubulalayo, kodwa kumacandelo onke, i-CFOI yafumanisa ukuba โiziganeko zezothuthoโ zezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo zokufa, zenza phantse iipesenti ezingama-40 zabo bonke abantu ababhubhileyo emsebenzini: enye mhlawumbi engaphantsi kwezibalo zokothusayo. ukuphela kwenkcubeko yemoto yase-US kubasebenzi nakwabanye abantu.
UTracey Cekada ungusihlalo kunye nonjingalwazi we Isebe leSayensi yoKhuseleko kwiYunivesithi yase-Indiana yasePennsylvania (IUP). Kufikelelwe ngu Thunti, uCekada wabonisa umphumo okhethekileyo kubasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe. "Ukufa phakathi kwabasebenzi baseSpanishi okanye baseLatino abazalelwe kwamanye amazwe kufuneka kulungiswe, njengoko sibona inani elikhulayo labasebenzi abathetha iSpanish bengena emsebenzini. Le miqobo yonxibelelwano ibeka abasebenzi emngciphekweni,โ utshilo.
Umzi-mveliso wokwakha wenze ipesenti enkulu yokusweleka kwabasebenzi abasuka kumazwe angaphandle, ngama-316 kwabangama-792 bebonke ngaloo nyaka. Akukho nzima ukucinga ukuba unxibelelwano luyaphelelwa phakathi kwabasebenzi kwindawo yokwakha esebenzayo kunokubangela iimeko ezinobungozi.
Inxalenye yomsebenzi kaCekada kwi-IUP ibandakanya ukulungisa โiindlela zokuphucula unxibelelwano [kwimibutho] phakathi kwamaqela apho isiNgesi ingelolwimi lwabo lokuqala.โ ISebe leeSayensi zoKhuseleko libonelela ngesiqinisekiso solwimi lweSpanish โsokunceda iingcali zokhuseleko zinxibelelane nabasebenzi abahlukeneyo.โ I-Cekada kunye neSebe leSayensi zoKhuseleko kwi-IUP nazo zibonelela inkqubo eyodwa, kunye nesimahla, yoKhuseleko eMsebenzini kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo (OSHA).. Ngokuzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kwi-arhente ngokwayo, inkqubo ibonelela ngovavanyo kunye noncedo kumashishini ekuqondeni nasekuhlangabezaneni nemigangatho yokuthotyelwa.
Ixesha elide Watchdogs
I-OSHA, ukusukela oko yasekwayo ngo-1970, ibisoloko ingumlindi wesizwe, ijonge ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kwimisebenzi yobomi nokufa.
Njengelizwi elikhokelayo kukhuseleko lwabathengi kunye nomlilo wamalungelo abasebenzi kumashumi eminyaka, usopolitiki onezikhundla ezininzi zobongameli, kunye negqwetha elingadinwayo lika. maninzi kakhulu amaphulo amabhongo kunye nawoloyiso ukuba adweliswe, Igama likaRalph Nader lithetha intonye nokuma kwingeniso yeshishini eliyingozi kunye nokusika ikona. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, elinye lamafa akhe abalaseleyo kukuphembelela kwakhe i-OSHA yokuqala. Kwaye, uhlala ephaphile ngokuchasene nolawulo lokubanjwa kunye nokungena kwenkampani kwiindidi eziye zadla i-Democratic Party, ungomnye we-OSHA's. abahlalutyi abangapheliyo. (UNader kutsha nje utyhole ukuba iarhente iye yazinzisela โkwinkampani yokucebisa.โ)
Thunti uthethe noNader ukufumana iingcinga zakhe malunga nokunyuka kokubhubha kuka-2022, kunye nokutshintsha komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokusilela kulawulo okwandisa imingcipheko yomsebenzi kubasebenzi. U-Nader waqala ukwabelana ngeakhawunti yakhe yokufika kwe-OSHA kwi-1970, exelela Thunti ukuba, โSiyigqibile, kodwa izohlwayo bezingabalulekanga, izohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho beziphantse zingabikho. Nangona kunjalo, ithathe indawo yesithuba - urhulumente wobumbano wayengenzi nto. Oorhulumente bamazwe bebechitha malunga neesenti ezili-10 ngomsebenzi ngamnye kukhuseleko lwasemsebenzini, nto leyo ethetha ukuba bebengenzi nto. Ke, abasebenzi bebengakhuselekanga-imihla ngemihla, iveki emva kweveki, kukwenzakala kunye nezifo. โ
Ngamanye amazwi, i-OSHA yayinamandla kuphela xa kuthelekiswa nemeko yokungaphumeleli okugqithisileyo okwandulelayo. Utshilo uNader Thunti ukuba ngeminye imilinganiselo, kusenjalo unanamhla. I-arhente iphantsi kwenkxaso-mali ngonaphakade kwaye wafumana amanxeba abuhlungu kakhulu phantsi kowayesakuba nguMongameli uDonald Trump.
โBesicinga ukuba iimanyano zabasebenzi ziya kuzihlutha ezinye izilungiso ezinamandla kwiminyaka yee-'70s. Ewe, abazange bayenze loo nto. Kwaye kwakunzima ukufumana uninzi lweemanyano ngasemva kwe-OSHA ukuqalaโฆ. Emva koko iminyaka yeReagan yafika, emva koko yaba mandundu ngakumbi, โucacise uNader Thunti. โIngxaki engundoqo kukuba, luhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luncinane kakhulu, alinamandla anegunya, kwaye bambalwa abahloli nabatshutshisi. Ngaphandle koko, kuhle. "
Ukwabonisa enye into enzima: indima yemithetho yembuyekezo yabasebenzi base-US, "esekelwe kurhulumente kwaye ibuthathaka kakhulu - kwamanye amazwe asemazantsi, buthathaka ngendlela engakholelekiyo - malunga nokuba yintoni na abasebenzi abayifumanayo ngenxa yokukhubazeka ngenyanga," idala "i-straitjacket. โ kubasebenzi. Umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo ufuna ukuba kwamkeleke imbuyekezo, abasebenzi kufuneka bayikhulule inkampani kuxanduva, ngaphandle kwezigwebo ezinkulu ezinkundleni.
โInto eyenziwa yiComputer yabasebenzi kukuthintela uninzi lwamatyala anokubakho ngenxa yeengozi zemveliso kunye neefektri njalo njalo phantsi kwemithetho yetyala,โ waqhubeka uNader. "Kunzima kakhulu ukuphepha uluhlu lolawulo lwabasebenzi kwaye uye kwinkqubo yetyala, apho unokufumana khona umonakalo kunye nomonakalo omninzi oyimbuyekezo."
Iintlekele zemihla ngemihla zeKlasi eSebenzayo
Ewe kunjalo, uninzi lweengozi zemisebenzi azibulali - nangona zisenokubangela ukonakala kubomi, kwiintsapho nakwindlela yokuphila. Idatha eyongezelelweyo iqokelelwe kwaye yahlalutywa yi-Bureau of Labor Statistics Ukonzakala, izigulo, kunye noKufa. (IIF) inkqubo iboleka ingqiqo kwiingozi ezingabhubhiyo, iziganeko kunye nezigulo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi e-US.
Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba iziphumo zeCFOI zikhutshwe, Inkqubo ye-IIF nayo yabhengezwa iziphumo zomlinganiselo obanzi obizwa ngokuba yi-Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). Iingoma ze-SOII Umqeshi-uxele amatyala okwenzakala kunye nokugula, apho uphando lurekhode izigidi ezi-2.8 ngo-2022. Eli nani lilonke, njengeziphumo zeCFOI, libonise ukonyuka kuka-2021, kule meko ye-7.5 ekhulwini. (UNader uxelele Thunti ukuba ezininzi, ezininzi iingozi ezininzi zihlala zingabonakali-ingakumbi kuba, kungquzulwano lweminqweno, ngabaqeshi abathembekileyo ukuba bachaze.)
Isilumkiso esibalulekileyo kukuba i-CFOI "ayixeli naluphi na ulwazi olunxulumene nesigulo, kubandakanya i-COVID-19," utshilo. Ngokufanelekileyo, i-5.7 yepesenti yokunyuka kwezinga lokufa elichazwe ngasentla lizimeleyo kwi-COVID. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo we-SFOI owahlukileyo, njengesigulo esipheleleyo kunye nemetric yokwenzakala evavanywe yi-IIF, ibandakanya ukusweleka kwe-COVID, kubalelwa kwipesenti enkulu yonyuso oluxeliweyo lwe-7.5 yeepesenti.
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezididayo ezidlalwayo apha, kodwa i-7.5 yepesenti yokunyuka ekuguleni kunye nokulimala kunokutolikwa njengokuthetha ukuba isizwe sibona zombini ukonakala kweemeko zokusebenza ezinegalelo kwimeko yokwenzakala emsebenzini. kwaye ukusilela okongezelelekileyo kukhuselo lobhubhane, njengoko amatayara oluntu obhubhane kunye norhulumente beshiya phantse onke amanyathelo olawulo. Nokuba zeziphi na iimeko, ngokutsho koshicilelo lwe-BLS, iimeko ziye zandisa โukwanda kwezigulo [eziye] zibangelwa kukwanda kwezigulo zokuphefumla, ukuya kutsho kuma-35.4 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-365,000 ngo-2022.โ
U-Nicholas Freudenberg ngunjingalwazi obalaseleyo wezempilo yoluntu kwiYunivesithi yeSixeko saseNew York yezeMpilo yoLuntu. UFreudenberg yingcali kwiinkqubo zempilo yoluntu kunye nokutya kunye nokungafani kwezentlalo noqoqosho; incwadi yakhe yamva nje is Ngeliphi Iindleko: Ubungxowankulu bale mihla kunye nekamva lempilo. Ngo dliwano ndlebe Inyaniso, UFreudenberg uqaqambise inani lemiba eguquguqukayo edlala indima kukhuseleko lwabasebenzi.
Intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo yamalungelo enkunzi kunye neemeko zentlalo yenze ukuba imeko ibe yingozi kubasebenzi, ukusebenzisa umzekelo kaFreudenberg, icandelo lokutya. Wabonisa iinkqubo ezininzi eziqhubekayo. Okokuqala, ukubunjwa kwabasebenzi kutshintshile "ngokukhula kokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi abasisigxina - abasebenzi bexeshana okanye bexeshana, bahlala bevela kwamanye amazwe, abangenalo ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi abaqhelekileyo," uFrudenberg waphawula. Thunti. "Bambalwa abasebenzi abaza kumelwa yimibutho yabasebenzi, kwaye abaqeshi bahlala besebenzisa ithuba lokuba sesichengeni." Ngaphaya koko, abasebenzi kwicandelo lokutya "babonisa ipateni yobuhlanga ebonwa kumacandelo amaninzi oqoqosho lwase-US" - oko kukuthi abantu bebala, "abangeneleli bamva nje, kunye nabasetyhini bamelwe kakhulu" kweyona misebenzi ihlawulwa kancinci, ihlala iyingozi kakhulu.
Ngeli xesha, i-monopolization yenkampani yokutya idala "iinkampani ezinkulu zokutya ezinohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhulu ukulwa nemimiselo kunye nokuchasana nolawulo lukarhulumente lokuthotyelwa kwemithetho yabasebenzi kunye nempilo kunye nokhuseleko," wongezelela uFrudenberg. Olo tshintsho lunamacala amabini; njengoko amaqumrhu eqokelela amandla, abalawuli bajongana โnocutho kwinkxaso-mali yemibutho, urhulumente kunye nonyanzeliso lwemithetho yezempilo nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi, ngokufuthi ngokuyalelwa ngabezopolitiko nabaxhasi babo beshishini.โ
Ngezi ndlela, icandelo lokutya liyi-microcosmic yamanye amacandelo emarike yemisebenzi yase-US: ukuthengisa, ezolimo, ukhathalelo lwabantwana, ukhathalelo lwabadala, kunye nezinye ezininzi. Iinkqubo ezinxulunyaniswa noFreudenberg, ngokuqinisekileyo, zimbalwa kuphela kwi-infinitude yezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinefuthe kumazinga okubhubha kwabasebenzi kuwo nawuphi na unyaka.
Izikhundla ezizalanayo
Ukubeka izinto ngendlela eyiyo, uFrudenberg waphinda wabalaselisa inani lezifundo ezibukhali, eziphononongwe ngoontanga, kubandakanya upapasho luka-2020 eyavela kwi Ijenali ye-Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Lo mzamo wophando olubanzi umiselwe ukulinganisa impembelelo yehlabathi yeengozi zempilo yomsebenzi, ukuthatha i-2016 njengonyaka wohlalutyo. Kuloo nyaka nje kuphela, iingozi zemisebenzi zibangele ukufa kwabantu abasisi-1.53 โโsezigidi ehlabathini lonke, kwaza kwaphulukana nezigidi ezingama-76.1 zeminyaka yokuphila ehlengahlengisiweyo. Kucace kabuhlungu ukuba iinkqubo zenkunzi yehlabathi zinika umrhumo okrakra kwabo basebenzela imingxuma kwiindawo zokusila kunye nezilarha ezimnyama.
Kwakhona, amazinga okusweleka kwabasebenzi e-US athelekiseka ngokuncomekayo kumazwe amaninzi angaphuhlisiyo asaqhuba kushishino kunye notshintsho lwabantu. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuyonto idibanisa ukukhanya. Kusengqiqweni kuphela ukuba inqaku elingcono lothelekiso inokuba luthelekiso lomntu ngamnye kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo ongxowankulu - kwaye ngokomlinganiselo, amanqaku ase-US ngokwenene.
As uhlalutyo lwedatha liqela lomcebisi i-Arinite Health and Safety ibonisa, amazinga okhuseleko lwabasebenzi base-US ngaphantsi kwe-United Kingdom, eKhanada, e-Australia, eGreenland, enkulu yeYurophu, kunye nezinye iintlanga ezingenanto kufuphi nobutyebi kunye namandla e-US, i-hegemon yehlabathi nanjengoko ingena ukuhla kobukhosi bayo. A ngokukodwa inyani ephawulekayo inokufumaneka kwinqaku lika-2018 in Iindaba zoKhuseleko lwezoShishino kunye noCoceko, owawunomxholo othi: โIindawo zokusebenza zaseMerika zibulala abantu ngama-900 ekhulwini kunezaseBritani.โ
Ukusebenzisa amanani ahlaziyiweyo ukusuka ngo-2022 kuya kwenza elo nani liqaqambe ngakumbi. Omnye umsebenzi wezemfundo owakhankanywa nguFreudenberg kwiziphumo ze-COVID kubasebenzi bezizwe ezintandathu eziphuhlileyo bafumanisa ukuba abasebenzi base-US uye wafumana ezona mpembelelo zibuhlungu kakhulu kwiindidi ezininzi, phakathi kwazo ilahleko yomvuzo, ukucuthwa kweyure zokusebenza, amanqanaba engqesho "engekho sikweni" (gig) kunye nobunzima bokuhlawula iindleko eziqhelekileyo.
Akunzima ukuqikelela ukuba iimpawu ezithile ze-US ye-neoliberal yale mihla zinokuzenza mandundu ezi ntlobo zenkxalabo yemihla ngemihla yabantu abasebenzayo: ngakumbi imeko yentlalontle yayo; ukunqongophala kokhuseleko lwabasebenzi, ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana, ixesha lokuphumla, kunye nezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo ezixhasayo; kunye nokungabikho kokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele, singatsho kwanto ngempendulo yobhubhani onxunguphalisayo kunye neminye imingcipheko engenakubalwa kunye nesidima esihlala siphantsi kwabasebenzi. Umngcelele wale miqathango unxulunyaniswa ngokuqinileyo nokuncipha kwamandla omsebenzi kunye nokongamela ngokulawula.
Njengoko uNader esitsho, "Esinye sezizathu zokuba iNtshona Yurophu ingaphambili kukuba banemanyano eyomeleleyo, kunye nemibutho yedemokhrasi ethe kratya - ke bafumana amabango kwinqanaba kunye nefayile." UFrudenberg wavuma, exela Thunti ukuba, โAmaxabiso aphantsi omanyano kushishino lokutya nawo anegalelo ekusweleni [kwabasebenzi] igunya lezobupolitika lokulungisa imivuzo yabo neemeko zabo zokusebenza.โ
Ilahleko Enokuphetshwa
I-US lilizwe apho iintsika ezimbalwa zoluntu olusebenzayo, uluntu lwesizwe esinobuntu, ziye zakhutshwa ngokomyalelo wamaqumrhu nezityebi. Xa iimfuno zabasebenzi, amalungelo okanye ukhuseleko, zingquzulana namalungelo emali eyinkunzi, akusoloko kumangaliswa ukuba leliphi kula maqela mabini avele aphumeleleyo. Kodwa isiphumo sokubola kwentlalo sibeka emngciphekweni wonke umntu, njengoko ukwenza ingeniso kude kuyo yonke into ethintela ubundlobongela bekomkhulu, ibangela intlekele ngalo lonke ixesha.
U-Nader wenze inqaku lokugxeka inguquko ye-neoliberal ye-Democratic Party, eye yanceda kwaye yaxhasa uninzi lwe-capital ekhubekisayo kwaye yagxotha nantoni na eseleyo kwizibophelelo zayo zembali zabasebenzi kunye neSivumelwano esitsha.
"Into elihlazo kukuba iDemocratic Party - abakhe bayenze ibe ngumcimbi," utshilo uNader Thunti. โKwaye iimanyano zabasebenzi zivuma ngokuzenzekelayo iiDemokhrasi ngaphandle kwemiqathango! Liliphi ixesha lokugqibela iiDemokhrasi zenza impilo yasemsebenzini ibe ngumcimbi wephulo? Abakwazi nokwenza umba wephulo lowona mvuzo uphantsi we-$15, bazimisele kakhulu kwii-PAC zeshishini kunye nezinye iimali zephulo lorhwebo.โ
โEli lilizwe elibi kakhulu, xa uthelekisa namazwe aseNtshona, ngokugqithisileyo ayibuhloneli ubomi nempilo yabasebenzi bayo.โ
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela