Umthombo: i-ABC Religion & Ethics
Inguqulelo yangaphambili yesi sincoko yanikezelwa ku INkomfa yeSizwe malunga noBulungisa bobuhlanga kunye neNtlalo 17 Novemba 2021.
Sikwindawo encamisayo kwimbali yobuhlanga yase-United States-mhlawumbi elona xesha libalulekileyo ukusukela kumalungelo oluntu kunye neentshukumo ezigqithisileyo ezimnyama / ezimdaka / zemveli zeminyaka yee-1960 kunye nee-70s. Imisinga emibini eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kubomi baseMelika ifumana amandla: ukongama kwabamhlophe kuye kwaphinda kwaphinda kwazingisa kubomi boluntu; kwaye kwangaxeshanye, icandelo elibalulekileyo laseMelika elimhlophe lijoyina umzabalazo wobulungisa bobuhlanga.
Eli lelona xesha lihle kwaye libi kakhulu, intlekele ezele yingozi kunye namathuba. Ngoko ke, makhe sithathe umzuzwana sichaze amagama. Ndiyazi ukuba oko kuvakala kukruqula, kodwa indawo yoluntu eyandisiweyo yencoko malunga nobulungisa bobuhlanga kwiminyaka yakutshanje ayisoloko ikhokelele ekucaceni ngakumbi kwindlela esiwasebenzisa ngayo amagama. Umzekelo, amagama okucalula ngokwenkqubo, ngokwesakhiwo, kunye namaziko adla ngokuphoswa kwiincoko ngaphandle kwenkcazelo eqhelekileyo, nto leyo ejongela phantsi unxibelelwano olusebenzayo.
Akukho nanye intsingiselo echanekileyo yamagama anjalo, kwaye ukuba kufanele ukuba kubekho, andinakratshi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndicinge ukuba ndingamisela ezo nkcazelo. Kodwa emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yokubhala, ukufundisa, kunye nolungiselelo, esi sikhokelo sindinceda ndiqonde iingxaki ezinzima kwaye ndihlele ngezisombululo ezinokubakho.
Ukongamela kwabamhlophe kunye nobuhlanga
Phambi kokujongana nocalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo, lwesakhiwo, nolweziko, kufuneka siluchaze ubuhlanga ngokwalo. Oko kuqala ngowongamela kwabamhlophe, inkqubo yembali eyavela eYurophu malunga neminyaka engama-500 eyadlulayo. Ubungangamela abamhlophe yayingeyiyo eyona njongo iphambili yokuba umYurobhu athathe indawo enkulu yehlabathi (eyayikukubawa kwakudala, ukuziphakamisa, kunye nokucinga okukhohlisayo), kodwa imfundiso yobukhulu obumhlophe / baseYurophu / bobuKristu yavela njenge ugwetyelo lokoyisa nokuqiniswa kwimfundiso.
Ekugqibeleni loo mfundiso yakhula kwiindawo apho iYurophu yaseka amathanga abahlali, kuquka i-United States kunye noMzantsi Afrika, mhlawumbi iindawo ezimbini ezihlala zihlala kunye nobuhlanga kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ubuqhetseba baseYurophu yayingesosihlandlo sokuqala sokuba elinye iqela labantu litshabalalise okanye lixhaphaze abanye, kambe ke, sisiqalo sengcamango yale mihla yobuhlanga. Ukongamela kwabamhlophe kwaseka ulawulo lobuhlanga esiphila nalo namhlanje, nolawulo lweqela elithile lobuhlanga ekuthiwa lulungelelwano โlwendaloโ lwezinto.
Ukuyibeka ngokulula: ubuhlanga bukwamkela ingcamango yolawulo lobuhlanga, oluveliswe yingcamango yolawulo lwabamhlophe, olunokuthi lubonakaliswe ngabantu ngabanye kunye nezenzo zamaziko.
Oku kusinceda siphendule umbuzo okhathazayo: Ngubani onokuba ngobuhlanga eUnited States? Ngaba ubuhlanga lulo naluphi na ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiyantlukwano yobuhlanga? Phantsi kwaloo nkcazo, umntu ontsundu ongafuniyo ukunxulumana nabamhlophe, nabamhlophe abangafuniyo ukuzimanya nabantsundu, bonke bangabacalucalulo. Abameli bobulungisa bobuhlanga badla ngokuyikhaba loo nto, bechaza ubuhlanga โnjengomkhethe kunye namandlaโ, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abantu bebala abanakucalula ngokobuhlanga ngenxa yokuswela kwabo amandla okudityaniswa kuluntu olunocalucalulo lwabamhlophe.
Kodwa amandla ayonto yorhwebo elula elinye iqela elinayo kuphela kwaye amanye amaqela aswele ngokupheleleyo. Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womnini-shishini ontsundu ophumeleleyo edlula umntu omhlophe ongenakhaya egqogqa esitratweni. Ukuba bebetshintshiselana ngezithuko zobuhlanga, ngubani esimbiza ngokuba ngumcalucalulo? Kuthekani ukuba umnini-shishini ungumphambukeli ovela ePakistan kwaye i-panhandler imnyama? Ngaba inkcaso yomntu omhlophe kwiinkqubo zokuvuswa kwamalungelo bubungqina bobuhlanga? Ngaba olo vavanyo luyatshintsha ukuba amaTshayina aseMelika achasa iinkqubo ezinjalo?
Kunokuba sifune umgaqo-nkqubo wokuphendula loo mibuzo, sinokuthi ingcamango yale mihla yolawulo lobuhlanga, enabantu basemntla Yurophu encotsheni, yimveliso yeminyaka engama-500 yolongamo lwabamhlophe. Ubungekho ubungangamsha obumhlophe, loo mibuzo ibingazukubuzwa ngolu hlobo. Kwakhona, oko akuthethi ukuba abantu babesoloko bephila ngoxolo nangemvisiswano ngaphambi kokuba iYurophu ithinjwe inxalenye enkulu yehlabathi. Imbali ibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezininzi zolawulo kunye nokuthotyelwa, zithetheleleka ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ingqikelelo yobuhlanga esiphila nayo namhlanje iphuma kulawulo lwabamhlophe.
Ukongamela kwabamhlophe akumi ndawonye, โโkunjalo. Imithetho kunye neemeko zokuphila ziyatshintsha, kodwa ingcamango yolawulo lweentlanga ihlala inamandla, kwaye kungekhona nje kuluntu olumhlophe. Xa umntu ongengomhlophe osuka kwiqela lobuhlanga esebenzisa intetho yobuhlanga ngokuchasene nomntu osuka kwiqela elahlukileyo elingengomhlophe, ukomelela kwabamhlophe kuqiniswa. Umzekelo, i anti-black ubuhlanga kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo Hispanic ayibonisi ukuba โwonke umntu onocalucalulo ngokobuhlangaโ, kodwa ibonisa amandla obungangamsha abamhlophe ukuze asitsalele sonke ekwamkeleni amalungiselelo oluntu.
Oko kwanele ukuba siqhubele phambili novavanyo lobuhlanga kumanqanaba amabini ahlukeneyo oluntu (abantu ngabanye kunye neziko) kunye namanqanaba amabini okuqonda (ngokucacileyo kunye nokungazi). Kuzo zonke ezi meko, siya kubona ukuba ubuhlanga yingcamango kunye neqela lezenzo.
Ucalucalulo oluphangaleleyo lwabantu ngabanye
Abantu abathi, โNdikholelwa ukuba abantu abamhlophe bakrelekrele kuno [zalisa indawo engenanto]โ, okanye โAbamhlophe bafanele balawule ihlabathiโ, bangoobani abamhlophe. Ayinakuphikiswa loo nto, kodwa ezi ngxelo azikho zonke ezixhaphakileyo kule mihla, nokuba zivela kubantu abangathi bafana nabelungu. I Abadlali abaziqhenkcezayo, uninzi lwethu oluyigqala njengeqela elinocalucalulo ngokugqithisileyo ngamanye amaxesha ichazwe โnjengombutho omelene nocalucalulo lwabamhlopheโ ngenxa yokuba inkoliso yamalungu ayo ayakuphepha ukuthetha ngokuphandle ubuhlanga.
Yintoni esifanele sibabize ngayo abantu abakumaqela angazixhasiyo iintetho zocalucalulo kodwa endaweni yoko athethelela โikratshi labamhlopheโ okanye โi-Western chauvinismโ? Kuthekani ngabezobupolitika abakhanyela ukuba banocalucalulo kodwa bayigxeka iCritical Race Theory, abayichaza kakubi ngokuthi bayabathiya abamhlophe? Ngaba kuchanile ukuchaza nabaphi na aba bantu njengabacalucalulo ngokuphandle?
Enoba abantu abanjalo bacinga ukuba babambe iingcamango zobuhlanga okanye akunjalo, baxhasa iipolitiki zocalucalulo. Isiphumo esibonakalayo sesikhundla sabo kukuphakamisa ukongama kwabamhlophe, nokuba bayavumelana nolo vavanyo okanye hayi. Le nto yokuxelela abantu ukuba abaziqondi, ukuba banezizathu zezopolitiko zabo ezahlukileyo kunokuba babanga. Kodwa ukungazi ukuba amazwi nezenzo zethu zityhila ntoni ngathi asingobantu abamhlophe kuphela - ukungaziqondi ngokupheleleyo luphawu lokuba ngumntu. Sonke siphenjelelwa ngamandla esinokuthi singawaqondi ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba asisoloko sizazi kakuhle.
Ucalucalulo olungekho zingqondweni lwabantu ngabanye
Sonke thina sakhulela eUnited States sasihlala kwibutho labantu abamhlophe yaye saphenjelelwa ngokwemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo kolo qeqesho. Ngemigudu yokuqonda, sinokuyinciphisa imiphumo yolo qeqesho, kodwa ngumntu omhlophe onqabileyo oye wadlula ukongama kwabamhlophe. Kufuneka sizame ukuzijonga kangangoko sinako kwaye sihlale sivuleleke kwizigxeko zokuziphatha kwethu kwabanye. Kodwa ukuzibekโ iliso akunabungqina bobudenge, kuba kulula ukuba abantu bazikhohlise, kwaye ukuphepha ukugxekwa ngabanye kulula, ngakumbi ukuba siphila ubomi obahlukileyo.
Oko kuthetha ukuba xa abantu abamhlophe beqala isivakalisi โAndingomntu onobuhlanga, kodwa โฆโ, Ukubheja okuhlakaniphile kukuba into elandelayo emlonyeni wabo iya kuba yinkcazo yobuhlanga. Eli binzana libonisa ukuba umntu akanaso isakhono esiphuhlileyo sokuzihlolisisa ngokunzulu malunga nolo nxibelelwano. Uninzi lwabantu abamhlophe abazama ukuchasa ubuhlanga baye bafunda ukungayithethi loo nto. Ngapha koko, ukubonisa indlela abachase ubuhlanga ngokunzulu ngayo, abanye abantu abamhlophe baya kwelinye icala, bandulele uluvo ngo. "Ndiyazi ukuba ndingumntu onobuhlanga, kodwa ...". Eli binzana ngokungathandabuzekiyo lineenjongo ezintle, libonisa ulwazi lolo nxibelelwano, kodwa liyadodobalisa. Ukuba wonke umntu omhlophe - kubandakanywa nabo babandakanyeka ngokunyanisekileyo kwimfundo echasene nobuhlanga kunye noququzelelo - unobuhlanga, ngoko eli gama lisisithethantonye nje sokuba mhlophe. Ukuba inkokeli yeqela lasekuhlaleni le-neo-Nazi inocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ngoko eli gama lilahlekelwa yintsingiselo eluncedo.
Ukusilela ukwahlula phakathi kwala maqela mabini kubalulekile. Khawube nomfanekiso wakho usiya kubantu abamhlophe uthi, โSifuna ukuba uzibophelele kwisenzo sakho sobuqu nezopolitiko ukucelโ umngeni ubuhlanga, obuquka ukuzicingela ngokunzulu malunga nendlela obufake ngayo ubungangamsha babamhlophe, kodwa nokuba usebenza nzima kangakanani na koko, usenocalucalulo kwaye uya kuhlala unjalo.โ Leyo yimbono edodobalisayo yamandla oluntu okukhula kwengqondo kunye nokubonakaliswa kokuziphatha, kwaye ayiyondlela ncam yokukhuthaza abantu ukuba bamkele intshukumo yobulungisa bobuhlanga.
Ubuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo
Enye impendulo eqhelekileyo kububhovubhovu bokugweba ukuba amazwi nezenzo zomntu zinobuhlanga kukugxila kumaziko. Kunokuba sixambulisane ngokuba ngubani na ongenguye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, sinokugxila kwinto eyenzekayo xa abantu bedibene bengamaqela. Kodwa sisebenzisana yonke imihla njengabantu ngabanye, sizama ukuqondana. Uhlalutyo olukhulu aluyisusi imibuzo malunga nabantu kunye nezizathu zabo. Kodwa kuyinyaniso ukuba ukuphatha ubuhlanga njengento nje engaphaya kwesimo sengqondo somntu ngamnye kunye nokuziphatha akwanelanga ukuba kutshintshe kwezopolitiko. Awona magama axhaphakileyo kolu gxininiso luhlanganyelweyo lucalucalulo lwamaziko, lwenkqubo, kunye nolwakhiwo. Andizange ndifumane iinkcazo ekuvunyelwene ngazo ngokubanzi zamagama, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo. Ndifuna ukucebisa umahluko onokuba luncedo kuhlalutyo.
Iintshukumo zentlalo ziye zazisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo-olunye olusemthethweni, olunye lwenkcubeko- oluye lwanciphisa kakhulu ukuphindaphindwa kwentetho yobuhlanga kunye nokuziphatha eUnited States. Ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo lucebisa ukuba iziphumo zanamhlanje zocalucalulo aziyomveliso yeqhalo elithi โama-apile ambalwa amabiโ, kodwa yindlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo ezithile.
Umzekelo yi amazinga aphezulu ngokugqithisileyo wokuziphatha kwabafundi abamnyama kwinkqubo yesikolo sikarhulumente US, isiphumo ubuncinane kwinxalenye yabantwana abamnyama ngempazamo ujongwe njengonomsindo rhoqo kunabantwana abamhlophe. Ootitshala bezikolo zesizwe banjalo ngokungafaniyo mhlophe, kodwa abafundisi abamhlophe hayi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokobuhlanga kunabantu abamhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, iingqikelelo kunye nezenzo zesiqhelo zikhokelela kwipatheni yootitshala abathumela abafundi kumanyathelo oluleko ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kubuhlanga. Ingxaki esigxile kuyo apha ayikho kwiikhrayitheriya zokuziphatha okanye indlela alungelelwaniswa ngayo amagumbi okufundela, umntu angathanda ukuyitshintsha ngenxa yezinye izizathu, kodwa kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.
Kwinkqubo elolu hlobo, kuya kwenzeka ukuba kutshintshe iziphumo zocalucalulo ngokuthi kuphinde kuqeqeshwe abasebenzi abakhoyo okanye kufakwe abanye abasebenzi abachasene nobuhlanga endaweni yabo, kuze kuqeshwe abanye ootitshala bebala. Ubuhlanga buyinkqubo, ngengqiqo yokuba bukhona kuyo yonke inkqubo, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba ibe yinto esisigxina yenkqubo. Sinokucinga ukuba inkqubo efanayo ivelisa iziphumo ezincinci zocalucalulo ngohlengahlengiso. Xa sijongene nocalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo, izenzo zomntu zingenza umahluko omkhulu xa abantu besebenza kunye ukuguqula iindlela zesiqhelo kwaye bacele umngeni kwizimo zengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kobuhlanga.
Ubuhlanga bobume besakhiwo
Ndicebisa ukuba sisebenzise igama ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kwiinkqubo apho ukongamela kwabamhlophe "kubhakwa" ngakumbi, okwenza utshintsho olusisiseko kulwakhiwo oluyimfuneko. Kwakhona, izikolo zingumzekelo omhle.
EUnited States, imfundo kawonke-wonke ixhaswa ngokuyinxenye ngerhafu yendawo yokuhlala. Oko ikukuthi izithili zezikolo ezityebileyo zinokunyusa imali eninzi kwimfundo kunezithili ezihlwempuzekileyo. Loo nto isenokungabinabulungisa ngokubanzi, kodwa iba lucalucalulo ngokwesakhiwo xa sithathela ingqalelo ezinye iinyani ezimbini: kukho umsantsa wobutyebi ngokwebala, ngakumbi phakathi koluntu lwabamhlophe nabamnyama/abantsundu; kwaye iUnited States isenamandla kakhulu yahlulwe ngokwezindlu. Isiphumo sesokuba abantwana abantsundu nabantsundu baya kuthi, ngokomndilili xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana abamhlophe, bafunde kwizikolo ezinemithombo embalwa yemali. Abo bafundi baya kufunda kwizikolo ezinootitshala abanamava kangako, izibonelelo zethekhinoloji ezimbalwa, iincwadi zezifundo ezindala, iiprogram ezimbalwa zokutyebisa, kunye nezibonelelo zesikolo ezingalungiswanga kakuhle. Abo bantwana bangengabo abelungu abayi kufumana, ngokomyinge, imfundo elingana nabantwana abamhlophe.
Imfundo yoluntu ayilingani ekwabiweni kwezibonelelo, kungekhona ngenxa yesimo sengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu, kodwa ngenxa yokhetho olukhulu olwenziwe kwakudala malunga nokuseka inkxaso-mali yesikolo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe luhlobo oluthile lobuhlanga. Ootitshala abazinikeleyo abasebenza kule nkqubo banokunciphisa iziphumo zokungafani kwenkxaso-mali, kodwa ngokomndilili wabantwana abamnyama nabantsundu abayi kufumana imfundo efana neyabantwana abamhlophe.
Oko kulishiya ixesha Ubuhlanga beziko, enokuba sisithethantonye senkqubo okanye ubuhlanga bobume besakhiwo, kwaye abantu babonakala beyisebenzisa zombini iindlela. Kwi ubhalo lwangaphambili Ndiyisebenzisile ekuthetheni ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo, kodwa namhlanje ndoyame ekuyisebenziseni njengesambrela senkqubo kunye nesakhiwo. Kwakhona, akukho ndlela enye ichanekileyo yokuchaza la magama. Injongo iza ekuqondeni okwabelwanayo ukuphucula unxibelelwano, ukulola uhlalutyo, kunye nesikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo.
Ziziphi iimpembelelo?
Iinkcazo ezicacileyo zisinceda sivavanye ukhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo. Kwimizekelo yethu yesikolo, xa ingxaki i-systemic racism, kukho izisombululo ezithile ekufuneka zilandelwe, ikakhulu zijolise ekuphuculeni okanye ekutshintsheni abasebenzi, okanye ekuqaliseni inkqubo yokuphonononga ukwenzela ukuba iipatheni zobuhlanga kwizigqibo zichongwe kwaye ziguqulwe. Akulula oko kodwa ayifuni ngokuyimfuneko ukuba isixokelelwano siyilwe ngokutsha.
Xa ingxaki ilucalucalulo lolwakhiwo, utshintsho olusisiseko luyafuneka, oludla ngokuba nzima ngakumbi. Kumzekelo wenkxaso-mali yesikolo, enye impendulo iya kuba kukushiya imithombo yengeniso yengingqi kunye nokuxhasa ngemali zonke izikolo zikarhulumente zelizwe kwinqanaba elifanayo ncam, nto leyo enokufuna ukubeka iliso kurhulumente kunye neengeniso, okuthetha iirhafu ezongezelelweyo. Oko akuyi kuchaswa kuphela ngabamhlophe kodwa ikwachasene nombono wokuba izikolo zisebenza ngcono ngokubandakanyeka okusebenzayo kungekuphela nje kwabazali kodwa noluntu lwasekuhlaleni, olunokuthi lusongelwa lungenelelo lomanyano.
Ukuba inkxaso-mali efanayo yezikolo zikarhulumente inokufikelelwa, kusekho omnye umqobo: abazali abatyebileyo, abamhlophe ngokungalinganiyo, banokubhalisa abantwana babo kwizikolo zabucala. Ukuphelisa loo mahluko, ngaba kufuneka sibeke inkcitho yezikolo zabucala kwinqanaba elifanayo nelomfundi ngamnye njengezikolo zikarhulumente, okanye sikhuphe inkcitho yezikolo zabucala ngokupheleleyo? Indlela enebhongo ngakumbi inokuba kukunciphisa umsantsa wobutyebi obucalulwayo ngemigaqo-nkqubo yolwabiwo ngokutsha. Ekubeni i-capitalism yinkqubo egxininise ubutyebi, ngaba kufuneka siyilawule ngomgaqo-nkqubo ondlongondlongo woluntu okanye size nendlela entsha yokulungelelanisa umsebenzi wezoqoqosho? De kube ngoko, ngaba kufuneka simisele imigaqo-nkqubo enciphisa ucalu-calulo lwezindlu ngokwandisa izindlu zenkxaso-mali kuyo yonke imimandla efumileyo?
Nokuba umntu ucinga ntoni ngezi zisombululo zinokubakho, zifuna ukulungiswa okubalulekileyo, hayi nje kwizikolo zikarhulumente, kodwa kuluntu lonke.
Ityala: ubupolisa kunye neentolongo
Ingqwalasela eqhelekileyo yengxoxo yobuhlanga kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo ibingamapolisa kunye neentolongo - i ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngendlela engafanelekanga, kubandakanya amandla abulalayo, ngokuchasene nabantu abamnyama nabantsundu, kunye isantya esingalinganiyo sokuvalelwa kubantu abamnyama nabantsundu. Ngaba le mizekelo yobuhlanga ngokwenkqubo okanye yesakhiwo, okanye zombini?
Uninzi lwamapolisa lubandakanya amagosa anesimo sengqondo sobuhlanga, kodwa eyona ngxaki inkulu ziinkqubo zemihla ngemihla. Ingxaki ayingomapolisa ambalwa nje angendawo kodwa yinkqubo ekhokelela kumagosa asebupoliseni kujoliswe kubantu abamnyama nabantsundu. Xa abantu abaneengqikelelo ze-white-supremacist bamisela umgaqo-nkqubo, bayalela iinkqubo, kwaye bamisela ezona ndlela zilungileyo, umphumo lucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo.
Bekunokuthini ukuba besingangena nzulu kwaye sibuze ngenjongo yenkqubo yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho kolu luntu? Nje ukuba sidlulele ngaphaya kweentetho malunga nokugcina abantu bekhuselekile-eyona nto inye into enokwenziwa ngamapolisa - kucacile ukuba inkqubo yezomthetho ikwayiyo. inkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo kuqoqosho longxowankulu oluphawulwe ngokungalingani okumangalisayo kobutyebi.
Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwenzeka kulo lonke uluntu kuwo onke amanqanaba, kodwa ukwenza iziyobisi zibe lulwaphulo-mthetho kukhokelela kunyanzeliso lomthetho olujolise kubantu abahluphekayo ngeli lixa ubukhulu becala abantu abatyebileyo bengahoywa, abathi bathathe imingcipheko embalwa xa bethenga iziyobisi kwaye benezibonelelo ezinkulu zokulwa neentlawulo. Abanye abagxeki bacebise ukuba imithetho yeziyobisi yenzelwe ukulawula "iiklasi eziyingozi" ezisongela ubutyebi obuninzi. Ngeli xesha, ukugcina abantu abahluphekayo ezintolongweni kwandisa ukungalingani kobutyebi bobuhlanga kwaye kudala uqoqosho lokuvalelwa, apho bobabini abanini iikomishini zentolongo yabucala kunye nabantu abasebenzayo abathatha imisebenzi njenge oonogada kwiintolongo zikawonke-wonke bathathe inxaxheba ekukhuseleni le ndlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho.
Iingxaki ezikhoyo ngoku kunyanzeliso lomthetho kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho yimizekelo ye zombini ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo nolwesakhiwo. Utshintsho ekuqeshweni nasekuqeqesheni lunokubanakho ukulungisa ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo. Ucalulo lolwakhiwo lubangela umngeni onzima ngakumbi. Ingakanani inkqubela enokwenziwa kwinkqubo yongxowankulu kunye nokungalingani kobutyebi obungenakuthintelwa? I-Capitalism ibhiyozela ukungalingani njengempembelelo eyimfuneko yokusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nemveliso. Ngaba ukuphela kolawulo lwabamhlophe kufuna ukuba kuphele ubungxowankulu?
Kwaye ukuba singena nzulu, kuvela enye isethi yemibuzo: Ngaba naluphi na olu tshintsho lunokwenzeka ngaphandle komceli mngeni ngaxeshanye kulawulo/ukuthobela okuguquguqukayo entliziyweni yobusolusapho? Ulawulo lwamadoda yeyona nkqubo indala yentlalo - hayi nje iinkulungwane kodwa imilenia endala - ethethelela amandla elinye iqela phezu kwelinye ngokubanga ulawulo olunjalo lwendalo. Ngaba ukuphela kobukhosi abamhlophe kufuna ukuba kuphele noosolusapho?
Ukongama kwabamhlophe, hayi ubumhlophe
Ndiye ndabhekisela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubukhulu bamhlophe kodwa waliphepha igama elithi โubumhlopheโ. Elo gama lisesidlangalaleni kwezi ntsuku kodwa lihlala lisetyenziswa ngendlela ehlalutyayo. Nanku umzekelo.
Kutshintshiselwano lwe-imeyile bendiyinxalenye, umfundisi omhlophe ozibophelele ekuchaseni ubuhlanga wagxeka Isincoko malunga neendlela ezintsonkothileyo ubuchopho bethu obuqonda ngayo ihlabathi. Umntu endisebenza naye wathi olo hlalutyo "olutyeshelayo okanye olungazi ukuba ezinye iinkcubeko ziyijonge njani le nto, kwaye zigxile kwisayensi yaseNtshona, ziqhelisela ubumhlophe ngokuphandle." Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho izithethe ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko ezibonelela ngokuqonda kule mibuzo, kodwa ndacela umngeni ukudityaniswa kwesayensi kunye nobumhlophe. Kakade ke, inzululwazi yale mihla yavela eYurophu, kodwa kuthetha ukuthini ukuthi ukusebenzisa inzululwazi yale mihla โkuqhelisela ubumhlopheโ? Ezinye izithethe, ezineenkqubo zolwazi ezakho ngaphambi kwenzululwazi yanamhlanje, zinokuninzi ezinokunikela, kodwa inzululwazi yale mihla iye yalwandisa ulwazi lwabantu ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Ngaba loo ntetho, endibethayo njengokuphawula okungenakuphikisana ngembali yoluntu, ngandlelโ ithile kukubonakalisa ubumhlophe? Ukuba kukho abantu abangengobelungu abavumelanayo naloo ntetho, ngaba nabo benza ubumhlophe?
Isincoko ekuthethwa ngaso sixoxe ngokuntsonkotha konxibelelwano lwengqiqo novakalelo. Ndaphinda ndabonisa ukuba ifilosofi yobufazi, endaqala ukuyifunda ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 ngelixa ndisesikolweni esiphumeleleyo, nayo yacela umngeni wesizathu esibukhali / i-emotion dichotomy. Kodwa anditsho ukuba ngusolusapho kwizazinzulu ngengqondo ukuba zilandele le mibuzo zisebenzisa iindlela zoqeqesho lwabo. Ucalucalulo ngokwesini kuye kwabumba isayensi yanamhlanje ngeendlela ezithile, njengoko iye yabumba onke amaziko kuluntu loosolusapho, kodwa anditsho ukuba umbhali weso sincoko โwayeziqhelisa ubudodaโ kuba wayegxile kwinzululwazi yengqondo kwaye akayihoyanga intanda-bulumko yobufazi kwisincoko esifutshane sephephandaba. .
Oku kusetyenziswa kakhulu "kobumhlophe" njengento ephazamisayo kunokutshintshana ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Kwibali leendaba malunga nempikiswano malunga nengxoxo kanjingalwazi ngokuchasene nesenzo sokuqinisekisa, enye imithombo ecatshulweyo kwabonakala kukucelโ umngeni ukubaluleka kwengxoxo-mpikiswano yezemfundo: โLe ngcamango yengxoxo-mpikiswano yobungqondi nobungqongqo njengencopho yobukrelekrele ivela kwihlabathi apho kwakulawula abamhlophe.โ Nangona unjingalwazi ucatshulwe uye waxoxa ukuba ingongoma yakhe igqwethiwe, bubuphi ubomi bobulumko obunokubakho ukuba siyayigatya ingcamango yokuba abantu abaneengcamango neengcamango ezingquzulanayo bafanele bafune ukucombulula loo ngxabano, nto leyo ethetha ukuxambulisana? Ngaba asifanele sizabalazele ukuba ngqongqo, ukuphononongwa ngenyameko kobungqina? Ubomi bumalunga neethiyori kunye neengcinga ezingabonakaliyo, kwaye asifuni ngqongqo kwimfundo kuyo yonke inkalo yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa kubomi bobukrelekrele, njengoko sizama ukwenza nzulu ukuqonda kwethu indlela ihlabathi elisebenza ngayo, ingxoxo ayinakuphepheka kwaye ukuqina kubalulekile.
Ixabiso "lenjongo" likwabonisa kuluhlu lweempawu ze "inkcubeko yolongamo lwabamhlophe". Zininzi izizathu zokugxeka njani i-objectivity idlala kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ndibhale malunga nemida yento ebizwa Iindlela zokujonga iinjongo kubuntatheli, ecebisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zinokugqwetha iingxelo zobunyani. Kodwa ukuba ukungabi nanjongo kuthetha umzamo wokufumana eyona akhawunti ipheleleyo yokwenyani enokwenzeka, ngokukhangela bonke ubungqina obufanelekileyo, ke ingaba ukungajongi kuyinto embi njani? Kutheni i-objectivity kukuphuma kobumhlophe? Ngaba oko bekuya kuthetha ukuba ukwamkela iingxelo ezingaphelelanga zokwenyani kukuphuma kweenkcubeko ezingezozabamhlophe?
Abanye abantu baphikisa ukuba amabali abaluleke kakhulu njengeendlela ezisemthethweni zokubuza - kwaye ndingavuma. Sifunda lukhulu kumabali abantu. Kodwa ukuhlonipha ixabiso leengxelo akuthethi ukuthatha amabali omntu wonke ngokwexabiso ngaphandle komngeni. Sihlala sisenza izigwebo malunga nolwazi esiluthathayo, kwaye ingcamango yenjongo, iqondwa ngokufanelekileyo, sisikhokelo esilungileyo kwezo zigwebo. Ukujongelwa phantsi ngaloo ndlela akubangeli cala kodwa kukulungisa umkhethe onokuthi ungene ngokulula kwingcinga yethu.
Ezi ntlobo zengqinisekiso malunga nobumhlophe zilula kwaye zichasene. Ngenxa yokuba zilula kakhulu ukwenza i-caricature, abezopolitiko abaphendulayo bazisebenzisa ukujongela phantsi umzabalazo wokucinezela iMelika emhlophe ukuba ivumelane nenkqubo kunye nobuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo. Akukho nto izuzwa ngokunciphisa imbali entsonkothileyo kwiingxelo eziguqukayo zokulungileyo (zonke izinto ezingekho mhlophe) kunye nembi (nantoni na enxulumene nomhlophe). Olo luhlobo lwengcinga yokubini abathi amatshantliziyo anenkqubela asixelela, ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba siyinqande.
Ukuphepha ezinye iindlela zobuxoki
Amatshantliziyo achasene nocalucalulo ahlala egxininisa isidingo sokungagxili ekutshintsheni abantu abanobuhlanga kuphela, kodwa kwiinkqubo kunye neempawu zesakhiwo ezizinzisa ubuhlanga kwinkcubeko. Kulungile ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ezi zimbini zidityanisiwe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa. Izenzo ezidityanelweyo zokutshintsha okanye ukutshintsha inkqubo zifuna amandla ezopolitiko ukwenza utshintsho olukhulu. Ukuze iintshukumo ziqinisekise olo hlobo lwamandla ezopolitiko, kufuneka zibe nkulu ngokwaneleyo ukwenza amabango ezopolitiko athathe nzulu, nto leyo ethetha ukucenga abantu abaninzi ukuba bamkele ipolitiki echasene nobuhlanga.
Ifuna ntoni yonke le nto kuthi? Abo bethu bakholelwa ukuba sichasene nobuhlanga kufuneka sigwetywe ukuze sihlale sizinikele kutshintsho olukhulu ngelixa sizigxeka. Abantu abakholelwa ngempazamo ukuba ubulungisa bobuhlanga buphunyeziwe kufuneka bayiqonde imfuneko yenguqu enzulu. Kwaye abantu ababambelele kwiingcamango kunye nezenzo zobuhlanga kufuneka bacele umngeni. Yonke le migudu ibalulekile.
Umbutho wezentlalo awufuni mvumelwano yoluntu ukwenza utshintsho olusebenzayo, kodwa imibutho yobulungisa bobuhlanga ifuna abantu abaninzi abakhweleyo. Ukutshintsha iintliziyo neengqondo zabantu yinxalenye yenkqubo yotshintsho lwenkqubo kunye nolwakhiwo, kwaye kufuna iincoko ezicingisisiweyo ezinokunxibelelana nabantu abaqhelekileyo, hayi ijargon nemfundiso.
Ukudibana
I-Groupthink sisoyikiso sokwenyani kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi yabantu, kwaye intshukumo yentlalontle enenkqubela phambili ayikhuselekanga ekuphuhliseni ulwimi lwangaphakathi olwenza abantu bangaphandle bazive bengabandakanywanga okanye bejongelwe phantsi. Umzekelo ngumkhondo we "intersectionality".
I-Intersectionality yaqala njengegama eliluncedo lokuchaza imida ye umthetho wokuchasa ucalucalulo, nto leyo eyenza kwanzima ukuzisa amabango ajongene nokucalulana ngokwesini kunye nobuhlanga. Ukusuka apho, eli gama liye lasetyenziselwa ukusikhumbuza ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zolawulo zidlala njani kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ngakumbi iindidi zobuhlanga, isini kunye nodidi. Eli gama licela umngeni ukuba singene nzulu. Kodwa nje ukuba ibe yijargon, inokuthintela ukuzicingela okubalulekileyo.
I-case study endiqhelene kakhulu nayo inenkxalabo kwishishini lephonografi. Ngaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka, bendiyinxalenye ye intshukumo ye-radical feminist anti-pornography Oku kuphikisa ukuba iphonografi ayiyomifanekiso nje engenabungozi yesini kodwa enye indlela inkcubeko evuselela ngayo ukulawulwa kunye nokuzithoba - ngakumbi ukulawulwa kwamadoda kunye nokuzithoba kwabasetyhini. Amadoda ahlala eququzelela ukuphulula amalungu esini ngemifanekiso equka ukuthotywa kwesini kwabasetyhini. Kodwa ayipheleli apho. Iphonografi ikwalolona hlobo lweendaba olucalula ngokugqithisileyo ehlabathini, kusetyenziswa yonke ingcamango yocalucalulo enokucingeleka ukunyusa ukonwatyiswa kwamadoda ngokwesondo ngokongeza olo hlobo lokulawula/ukuzithoba kwincwadi yokudlala yamanyala. Oku kuveliswa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yemizimba yamabhinqa engafanelekanga eboniswa ngokuyintloko ngenjongo yokuzonwabisa kwamadoda ngokwesini kuphenjelelwa bubukapitali, inkqubo yezoqoqosho yokuziphatha okuhle exabisa ingeniso kuphela. Iphonografi ivelisa imveliso yentengiso, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngemiphumo kumabhinqa asetyenziswayo kwimveliso, amabhinqa apho imifanekiso engamanyala isetyenziselwa ukunyanzeliswa ngokwesondo, okanye ukubunjwa okukhulu kwezimo zengqondo zoluntu malunga namandla kunye nesini.
Omnye unokucinga ukuba nabani na onohlalutyo lwe-intersectional unokuchasa imboni yezoonografi kwaye ucelomngeni imifanekiso ebonisa inkohlakalo yesini kubasetyhini kunye nokukhupha ubuhlanga. Kodwa abantu abaninzi abazijonga njengama-feminists adibeneyo bayalugatya olu hlalutyo kwaye bayala ukugxeka ishishini okanye bawamkele njengendawo yenkululeko yesondo. Ndikhe ndathetha nabantu abawatshangatshangisayo ukugxekwa kwabasetyhini njengento yakudala nephelelwe lixesha nje ngokuthi, โNdingumxhasi wamabhinqa onqumlayoโ. Aba bantu bahlala bekhusela isikhundla sabo ngebango lokuba bamele abafazi abasetyenziswa kwiphonografi, besebenzisa igama le-neoliberal elithi "abathengisi ngesondo", bethetha ngobuxoki ukuba abagxeki bephonografi batyhola iphonografi. abafazi ezisetyenziswa kushishino kwaye ngokukhohlisa ecebisa ukuba ukuxhaphaza ngokwesondo kufana nawo nawuphi na omnye umsebenzi.
Kutheni abantu abachonga njenge-intersectional feminists bangayihoyi uhlalutyo lwe-intersectional ye-pornography kunye nezinye amashishini okuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ezifana nokuthengisa ngomzimba kunye nokukhulula? Kutheni abantu abaya kukhawuleza bagwebe ukubonakaliswa kwesondo kunye nobuhlanga kumajelo aqhelekileyo bajike kwizinto ezinobundlobongela obungakumbi kunye nobuhlanga kwimifanekiso engamanyala? ndiyenzile ibhalwe ngaloo nto kwenye indawo, kodwa apha iya kubonisa kuphela ukuba ingqiqo ebalulekileyo efana nokunqumla indlela eluncedo kakhulu ekuphenduleni imibuzo enzima inokuba yijargon esetyenziswa ngabantu ukuphambukisa ingqalelo kwimibuzo enzima.
Ukwamkela ububi bembali yethu
Kufuneka sifune ukucaca malunga nobunzima, ngononophelo. Ihlabathi lintsonkothe โโngokungenasiphelo, lingaphaya kwamandla omntu ukuba aliqonde ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, senza lula. Senza iindidi zokucwangcisa ubunyani, ukuze usincede simelane nobo bunzima. Leyo yinxalenye yokuba ngumntu, kodwa ifuna ukuphaphama ngonaphakade ukuze siqiniseke ukuba asiqalisi ukukholelwa ukuba ukwenza lula kwethu inyaniso kuyinyani ngokwayo. Imbali imbi ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na ithiyori yomntu.
Nasi isishwankathelo sam sobu bubi: Ukuba sifuna ukudala ihlabathi elinobulungisa nelizinzileyo, kungcono sigcine izinto ezimbini engqondweni malunga nobuhlanga - okokuqala, i-United States ayinabuhlanga kakhulu kunangaphambili; okwesibini, iUnited States ayinakuze yoyise ukongama kwabamhlophe.
Ukuba sililizwe elinocalucalulo oluncinci kunokubonakaliswa ngumbuzo olula: Ngaba nabani na ongathanda ukubuyela kubuhlanga bume bento ngo-1958, unyaka endazalwa ngawo? Ngelo xesha, i-United States yayiluluntu localucalulo, olusekelwe ekukhanyeni ubumi kubantu abaninzi abangengomhlophe. Iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zobuhlanga zaziyinto eqhelekileyo kulo lonke elo lizwe, yaye izigalo zogonyamelo zokongama kwabamhlophe zazixhaphakile kwimimandla ethile. Ixesha lokuhamba ubuyela ku-1958? Hayi enkosi. Kuthekani ngo-1968, xa imibutho yezentlalo yayitsala nzima ukuphelisa ucalucalulo? Nangonyaka ka-2008, xa iUnited States yonyula umongameli ontsundu, ngaba sasililizwe elingenabuhlanga? Ngaba kukho umzuzwana kwimbali yase-US eyayinobuhlanga obungaphantsi kunanamhlanje? Ukuba kunjalo, yayinini loo nto? Kubalulekile ukuyamkela le nkqubela-phambili ukuba sifuna ukuba nempumelelo kwezopolitiko, kwaye sihloniphe abantu abaninzi ababesokola, bebandezelekile, bazifaka emngciphekweni, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bafa ukuze kupheliswe ucalucalulo lwaseMelika.
Ingxoxo yokuba iUnited States ayinakuze yoyise ukongama kwabamhlophe ayicacanga kangako. Andithethi ukuba ipolitiki enenkqubela phambili ayinakuphumelela, koko ndithi ukuba uluntu olumhlophe lunokuyeka ukongama kwabamhlophe kuyo yonke imbonakalo yalo, siya kuba lilizwe elahluke kakhulu.
Isiseko somhlaba kunye nobutyebi obumangalisayo be-United States busekelwe: ukutshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo kwabemi bomthonyama ukudala ilizwe; Ubukhoboka baseAfrika bokudala ubutyebi obuye baqhubela ilizwe kwixesha lemveliso; kunye noxhatshazo lwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kweGlobal South, luhlala lunyanzeliswa ngomkhosi womkhosi okhohlakeleyo. Ezi iiHolocauss ezintathu zobuhlanga benze eli lizwe libe lelona lizwe lityebileyo kwimbali yehlabathi. Zonke ezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezikwinqanaba lokubhubhisa - ezibandakanya izigidi zokufa, ukubandezeleka okungathethekiyo, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa koluntu luphela - zaziphenjelelwa kukubawa kodwa zathethelelwa, kwaye zenziwa ukuba zenzeke kwezopolitiko ngenxa, ukongama kwabamhlophe. Asiyi kugqitha kulawulo lwabamhlophe de sibe sihlangene nokuthetha inyaniso ngezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Uluntu olunokuze lufike kuloo ndawo, ndiyakrokra, lwahluke kakhulu kwilizwe esiphila kulo kangangokuba alunakuba lilizwe elinye.
Sithathe amanyathelo abalulekileyo kubulungisa bobuhlanga, kwaye uhambo olude luseza. Zombini ezi zinto ziyinyani kwaye zombini ezi zinto zibalulekile ekuzameni ukuqonda ihlabathi elintsonkothileyo.
Imibutho yezentlalo ecel' umngeni intswela-bulungisa eyendele ngokunzulu kufuneka inyaniseke malunga nobunzima baloo mzabalazo. Kwangaxeshanye, ezo ntshukumo kufuneka zincede abantu bacinge ukuba olona tshintsho lukhulu kwiinkqubo ezingenabulungisa lunokwenzeka. Abaququzeleli baphuhlisa amaqhinga kunye nezilogeni ezigxininisa โsรญ, se puedeโ (isilogeni sabasebenzi basezifama abaManyeneyo, esiguqulelwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuthi โewe, sinakoโ) nokuba impumelelo inqabile, ubuncinci kwixesha elifutshane.
Amaqhinga kunye nezilogeni ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza abantu, ngakumbi ukuba bahlale bezibophelele ixesha elide, zibalulekile. Kodwa ezo zicwangciso zifanele zisekelwe kuvavanyo olunyamekileyo lwenqanaba lotshintsho olufunekayo ukufikelela usukelo kunye nezithintelo kolo tshintsho. Olo hlalutyo luncediswa kukucaca kwiinkcazelo, nto leyo eyimfuneko ekuchaseni utyekelo lwejargon kunye nemfundiso yenkolo edala imvakalelo yokuba phakathi kweqela.
URobert W. Jensen unguNjingalwazi we-Emeritus kwiSikolo soBuntatheli kunye neMedia kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas e-Austin. Ezona ncwadi zakhe zamva nje zethi Ingqondo Engaphumliyo neNgakhathaliyo kaWes Jackson: Ukukhangela ukuzinza kunye nesiphelo sobuPatriariya: Ubufazi obuRadical for Men. Ungumbhexeshi wePodcast ovela ePrairie kunye noWes Jackson, kunye nomvelisi odibeneyo wefilimu ezayo yamaxwebhu, "Isiprofetho sePrairie: Ingqondo engaphumliyo kunye neRelentless kaWes Jackson."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela