Umthombo: The Independent
Ewe, sonke sinokuvuma ukuba ulwandle lwaqhushumba ngama-70 ekhulwini! umhlobo osondeleyo waseLebhanon ubhengeze kum kule veki, enika umdla ukuba isayensi iyathandabuza. Ndandimbuzile – kuba ndandiyazi impendulo – yeyiphi inkolo yaseLebhanon eye yabandezeleka ngokumanyumnyezi kugqabhuko-dubulo olwatshintsha isizwe. Okanye aluzange lutshintshe uhlanga, njengoko kunokwenzeka.
Njengayo yonke into eLebhanon, ukubala kwakhe kusenokuba kulungile. Kuba iBeirut, njengeTripoli - kunye neHaifa, ngalo mbandela - yakhiwe kwenye yezo zibhengezo zamandulo zasempuma yeMeditera, "njengobuso bomlobi wakudala" njengoko iFairouz yayibiza ngokuba likomkhulu lakhe. Oku kuqhwatywa kwesandi kusenokuba kwakuquka amanzi anetyuwa amaninzi kunezakhiwo. Kwaye iintlanzi, ngokokwazi kwethu, azikho unqulo.
Kodwa umntu endimaziyo - umSilamsi wamaSunni, umsebenzi karhulumente weminyaka emininzi, ofunda iincwadi kuneememo - wakhawuleza wandilumkisa. “Masingayiboni le nto kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Kodwa ewe, amaKristu abetheke kakhulu kuba ahlala ecaleni kwezibuko elisempuma yesixeko, uninzi lwamaMaronite. Icala lamaSilamsi eBeirut laphulukana neefestile zalo, amaKristu aphulukana nobomi bawo.” Kodwa naloo nto yayingeyonyani ncam.
Abo babesithi abafileyo baqulethe lonke unqulo lwaseLebhanon nabo babenyanisile. Kwakukho amaSilamsi - amaSunni kunye namaShia phakathi kwabacimi-mlilo, oonovenkile kunye nabanye - singalibali inkitha yeembacu zaseSyria ezinokuba yikota yazo zonke izidumbu. Ngapha koko, ama-Syria ngandlel 'ithile abandakanywa kwinani lokufa kweLebhanon. Kodwa kukho into engaqhelekanga malunga nendlela le ntlekele eyaphinda yachazwa ngayo entshona.
EFransi, eBritani naseMelika - kwaye, ndabona, eRashiya, kwakhona-ingxelo (igama endiyithiyileyo) yayihluke kancinane. "I-Lebhanon", ngoko saxelelwa, ngoku yayiqhankqalaza "i-elites" kunye norhulumente-owonakalise ilizwe, wafaka imali kuqoqosho lwalo, wasilela ukukhusela abantu bakhe - kwaye ngoku bafuna inkqubo entsha yezopolitiko, idemokhrasi, engekho. -amahlelo, angonakaliswanga, njalo njalo, njalo njalo. Yinyani kwakhona.
Kwaye ewe, izindlu ezidiliziweyo kunye neebloko zokuhlala nezitrato ezitshatyalalisiwe ngokwenene zaziyinxalenye yokutshatyalaliswa kweBeirut. Kodwa amagama abo - uGemmayze, uMar Mikhael, uAshrafieh - aboniswa njengeendawo nje kwimephu yesixeko kuneyona ndawo iphambili ingeyiyo nje yoqhushumbo lwamaza kodwa yentliziyo yakudala yobuKristu kwikomkhulu laseLebhanon. Ezi zithili zazintle, ilifa labo le-Ottoman ligcinwe ngokumangalisayo-jonga nje into eyenzekileyo kwiMyuziyam yaseSursock ephefumlayo.
Ezi ndawo zaziyonwabile, amaziko abantu abancinci (ubukhulu becala abakumgangatho ophakathi kodwa amaSilamsi kunye namaKrestu), ezaliswe ziindawo zokutyela kunye neebhari, ezazingathandwa kakhulu kulutsha lwaseLebhanon kuphela kodwa ngabantu baseNtshona ababehlala esixekweni kwaye baziva bekhuselekile kwisiFrentshi- ukuthetha, abathetha IsiNgesi, ikakhulu pro-European (kwaye ngokufuthi anti-Syrian, anti-Iranian) abemi.
Ngaphambi kwemfazwe yamakhaya, yayiyenye indlela: abantu basemzini babehlala kwintshona yeBeirut, behlangene kwiyunivesithi yaseMelika kunye nemfundo yayo yenkululeko, uqhanqalazo lwayo, (ngoko) intshukumo yasePalestina, iSunnis kunye neDruze abakumgangatho ophakathi kwaye-ukuba , uqhubele emazantsi iimayile ezingamashumi amabini, ubukhulu bayo, iqaqobana lamaShia alihoyanga. Kwiimfazwe ezalandelayo kunye no-Israyeli, iya kuba yile mimandla kunye nezinye iindawo zamaSilamsi eziya kutyunyuzwa ngeebhombu, zigqitywe ngokuqhuma, abantu bayo bagawulwe kwii-swathes. Izithili zamaKristu zaziya kusindiswa ngokuyinxenye.
UGemmayze kunye noMar Mikhael babeyimigca engaphambili yamaChristian Phalangist, izitrato zasentshona Beirut zigadwe ngumxube wamajoni asePalestina kunye namaMuslim. Xa amaSirayeli ahlasela iLebhanon ngowe-1982, amkelwa njengabasindisi ngamashumi amawaka amaKristu aza amkelwa ezitratweni zawo. U-Ariel Sharon wayeza kudibana nenkokeli yomkhosi wamaKristu kwaye kamva wabulala umongameli onyuliweyo u-Bashir Gemayel kwindawo entle yokutyela "i-Au Vieux Quartier" esempuma Beirut, ihostele yaphinda yaphuhliswa kudala kodwa isitrato eyayimi kuso ibhuqiwe nge-4 ka-Agasti.
Kwaye hayi, ibhola yomlilo omaza othusayo aqhekeza ubomi babantu kwiveki ephelileyo yayingelulo uhlobo oluthile lwempindezelo eyoyikekayo yezopolitiko kwixesha elidlulileyo. AmaKristu aphakama ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga zokuqhushumba kwamajoni amaSilamsi ngexesha lemfazwe kunye nokuqhushumba kweebhombu zaseSyria emva koko-kwaye kwezi nyanga zidlulileyo, abantu babo bebephakathi kweenkokeli zovuyo zabo bafuna kupheliswe oorhulumente ababolileyo baseLebhanon. Kodwa phakathi kwabo, kwakhona, kukho abo bamkela ngochuku ekhaya besuka elubhacweni bemanyumnyezi kwaye-abaninzi bakholelwa-ijenene eliphambanayo elingumKristu uMichel Aoun, owayelutshaba lwaseSyria kwaye ngoku ongumhlobo waseSyria kwaye umkhwenyana wakhe ngoku ungumphathiswa wezangaphandle. (kungoko kuhlaselwe ubulungiseleli bakhe ngempelaveki).
Ngomhla u-Aoun wabuyela e-Beirut ngo-2005 emva kweminyaka yokubanjelwa eParis, abaxhasi bakhe, becula kwaye bewangawangisa iibhanile, balungisa eGemmayze ukubhiyozela ukubuya kwakhe. “Kungcono siye kubamamela size sifumanise ukuba bafuna ntoni,” watsho kum umfazi ongumSunni ngelo xesha. "Ngapha koko, ngoku kufuneka sihlale nabo." Yinyani, kwakhona. Kodwa ke kule veki iqhubela phambili unyana kalowo ebesele ebulewe, uNadim Gemayel oselula, owayesakuba lilungu lepalamente, ukuxelela umhlaba ukuba iHezbollah kwaye ke i-Iran yayisemva korhwaphilizo lwaseLebhanon.
Kwaye eli libali elifunjwe “kwibali” lezi ngxaki zamva nje zaseLebhanon. NgoMgqibelo, besixelelwa – oku kwi Financial Times – ukuba “kudala iyimfihlelo evulekileyo into yokuba iHezbollah ilawule amacandelo ezibuko laseBeirut, njengoko isenza kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya…” Ewe, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba, Lord Copper. Izitishi zikamabonakude emva koko zaxela ukuba izixhobo zeHezbollah zazithutyeleziswa kwakwelo zibuko linye. Ngaba i-ammonium nitrate yayiza kusetyenziselwa iibhombu zeHezbollah? Eneneni, mhlawumbi ezinye zazo zazisele zisetyenziselwa ugonyamelo, ekucingelwa ukuba ziitoni ezingama-2,750 kudala zancitshiswa ubunzima?
Ke mhlawumbi lixesha lokuba ndindwendwele inkonzo yam yorhulumente waseLebhanon endiyithandayo, iSebe leeNyaniso zaseKhaya. IHezbollah ngenene ilawula iindawo zesikhululo seenqwelomoya iBeirut kufutshane nedolophu esemazantsi, elawulayo. Jonga ukuba ngubani oqhuba ukhuseleko kwisikhululo xa iinqwelomoya zaseIran zifika kwaye amalungu eHezbollah edlula kulawulo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Kodwa izibuko?
Nantsi inyani encinci yasekhaya evela kwiarhente yokuthumela yaseBeirut endiyaziyo amashumi eminyaka. "Yonke ipati yaseLebhanon inabantu bayo echwebeni - amaSunni, amaShia, amaKrestu, iqashiso. Ukuba ndifuna ukuzisa inqanawa kwaye ndifuna ukuhambisa iimpahla ngokukhawuleza echwebeni, ndingafumana amadoda aphuma ngaphandle angabantu beqela likaBerri. ” Uthetha ngentshukumo ye-Amal, iShia pseudo-militia yesithethi sepalamente yaseLebhanon. "Kwaye ukuba abantu bakwaBerri babuza kakhulu? Ewe, ndiya eHezbollah ukubona ukuba ndingafumana ireyithi esezantsi na zabo abantu bezithethe.” Okanye kumaKristu. Okanye nokuba (nangona kungekho baninzi, kubonakala ngathi) iDruze esebenza kwizibuko.
Nantso ke ingongoma. Ngawo onke amaqela amakhulu - ubukrelekrele bawo obufunwa ngawo onke amandla aphambili angaphandle - asebenza kwizibuko, ngaba iHezbollah ngokwenene ingagcina iziqhushumbisi, izixhobo, iibhombu, kwanemijukujelwa kwizibuko? Kwifilimu yaseHollywood, kunjalo. Kodwa kubomi bokwenene? Hayi, izixhobo zabo zinqumla kumda weSiriya neLebhanon ngasempuma. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, i-Christian Phalange kwimpuma yeBeirut yayilawula yonke i-'5th Basin' (ngoko yayibizwa njalo) kwizibuko. Kodwa ngaba baye bangenisa izixhobo kunye neembumbulu eBeirut ngezibuko? Akunjalongo noko. (Bazithumela ngeekhreyithi zemizi-mveliso kwizibuko labo laseJounieh ukuya emantla, kodwa lelinye ibali). Izibuko laseBeirut lalingeyondawo yokulahla izixhobo. Yayilivili le-roulette kumntu wonke. Kwaye i-casino, idayisi yayo elayishwe liqela ngalinye eLebhanon, iqhume ngendlela emangalisayo kwiveki ephelileyo.
Kodwa intsomi yangoku ngoku ifumana amaphiko ngothotho lwemibutho eyingozi kodwa engathethwayo. Kwi-Hezbollah, funda iShia yaseLebhanon abathi, yeha, abaluxhasi kakhulu uqhanqalazo - nangona, ekuqaleni kuka-Okthobha odlulileyo, ngesibindi bema kwi-Hezbollah militia kumazantsi eLebhanon. Kwaye kumatyeli athile athile, izigebenga ze-Hezbollah ziye zafika kumbindi we-Beirut zizogrogrisa kwaye zabetha abaqhankqalazi abachasa ubuqhophololo ngeenzame zokwahlula uqhanqalazo, ukubanyanzelela kumanyano olusemngciphekweni weMaronite-Sunni ngokuchasene norhulumente.
Kwi-Hezbollah - kwaye nali ihlazo labo lokwenyani - baye kwicala le-mafiosi yaseLebhanon. Basenokuba ngabameli "bezihlwele" ezisezantsi kweLebhanon, abazivakalisayo kunye nabaphambili "ukuchasana nokuhlaselwa kweZionist", kodwa bakhethe ukuxhasa "i-zoama" efanayo - iintsapho ezinkulu - ezonakalise iLebhanon. IHezbollah inezihlalo kurhulumente. Bafuna ukuzigcina. Ke abameli bomgaqo-siseko beShia bachasene naluphi na utshintsho kulawulo olonakeleyo olulawula iLebhanon.
Eyona nto icetyiswayo yile yokuba eyona nto yehlelo kubomi baseLebhanon – engene kwezopolitiko, uqoqosho, uluntu kwaye (ndingasebenzisa eli gama?) inkcubeko yelizwe – ngoku iyamiliselwa kuqhushululu lweveki ephelileyo. Asiyibizi indawo yoqhushumbo ngobuKrestu kwaye asiyibizi iHezbollah Shia - kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo asiyikhankanyi imfazwe - kodwa yonke le nto iyinyani, kwaye lixesha lokuba siyiqonde le nto ngaphambi kokuba sinxibe ilifu lekhowa njenge. Ibali le-nursery malunga nezopolitiko ezinkulu ezibawayo - okanye "ii-elites" njengoko ndisiva ngoku zibizwa - kunye nezitrato zasempuma eBeirut njengeempawu zayo yonke iLebhanon.
Ibali lokwenyani lesi sizwe singcungcuthekiswa ngokugqithisileyo nesiqaqambileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo, liya kude nangakumbi. Kuyinyani – kananjalo kuyinyani – ukuthi urhwaphilizo ngumhlaza welizwe lama-Arabhu (kwaye hayi nje intwana yama-Arabhu, ukuba iziganeko zakutsha nje kwaSirayeli zithathelwe ingqalelo). Kodwa ngandlel' ithile, sifumana inguqulelo yaseLebhanon yorhwaphilizo yoyikeka ngakumbi, ilihlazo ngakumbi, imbi kakhulu kunaleyo yenziwa kulo lonke ilizwe lama-Arabhu. Ngaba oku kungenxa yokuba kucace ngakumbi? Okanye ngenxa yokuba ikho kuphela kwesizwe sama-Arabhu esibhengeza ukubola kwayo?
Ke masibuyele, ngokufutshane, kwiSebe leeNyaniso zaseKhaya kwaye sithathe eli bali ngaphandle kweLebhanon. Wonke uzwilakhe wama-Arabhu ophumelele malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 okanye ngaphezulu kuvoto uqhuba ilizwe elonakeleyo. Nangona kunjalo i-Egypt, umkhosi wayo olawula iindawo zokuthenga, iindawo ezithengiswayo, njl njl - ngokwaneleyo ukwenza i-avareji yezopolitiko yaseLebhanon ilila ngomona - ishiywe ngaphandle kwenkohlakalo esilinganisa ngayo iLebhanon. Senza ishishini noSisi (ipesenti ezingama-97 zevoti ngo-2018), kwaye uTrump umbiza ngokuba “nguzwilakhe endimthandayo” emva kokuba uSisi ebhukuqe okuphela komongameli onyuliweyo waseYiphutha, wavalela amashumi amawaka abachasi bakhe waza wangcungcuthekisa amabanjwa de afa. Kwaye sikhuthaza abemi base-UK ukuba baxhase ishishini labakhenkethi belizwe lakhe elingenamali, bathumele iRoyal Navy kwiminxeba yembeko e-Alexandria kwaye badumise ukuzinza kwe-Egypt phantsi kobuzwilakhe obubi okhoyo - sihamba-silwa "ne-extremism" yama-Islam, njl njl.
Oku kuyasebenza nakwiSiriya. Abantu baseRussia benza ishishini no-Assad (ipesenti ezingama-88.7 zevoti ngo-2014), banokuphinda bakhe ilizwe lakhe lonke, iinqanawa zabo zihlawule iifowuni zembeko - kunokuba zininzi - kumachweba aseSyria kwaye urhulumente uthathwa eMoscow njengesixhobo sokulwa namaSilamsi “ayingozi” (etc, njalo njalo, kwakhona). Urhwaphilizo lwaseSaudi - kwilizwe elingenakuphupha ngalo naluphi na unyulo nokuba ukumkani walo okanye inkosana yesithsaba yayiza kuphumelela i-99.9 yeepesenti yevoti - yona ngokwayo ihlonitshwa kangangokuba i-UK Fraud Squad inokurhoxiswa amatyala urhwaphilizo ngaphandle kokuba sicaphukisa inkosi. abakhohlakeleyo ebukumkanini. UTony Blair wayenokuninzi awayenokukuthetha malunga “nomdla wesizwe” waseBritane xa kufikwa ekuyekeni abo batyholwa ngokuba bathathe i-backhanders off the hook. Undoqo ngulo: Oozwilakhe abangama-Arabhu abonakele, abantu bacinezelwa nje kuphela. Siyazazi iivoti zabo – xa besenza ngathi babambe unyulo – ziyintsomi.
Kodwa iLebhanon, engaqhelekanga kakhulu, ibanjwe sithi kwiakhawunti ephezulu. Ulonyulo lwabo lwasepalamente ze velisa i90 pesenti okanye 80 pesenti. Basoloko bekwinani elinye. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokuvota yoluhlu lwamahlelo icokisekile, yenziwe ngocoselelo kangangokuba ibathathele ingqalelo abantu-imvelaphi yabo yonqulo. Ngendlela yayo, eneneni ilungile - ukuba awuyihoyi i-graft kunye nenkxaso yemali kwaye ukuba - kwaye kuphela ukuba - uyayamkela inkqubo yokuvota ngokuvumayo kunye nezopolitiko zamahlelo karhulumente kunye nenyaniso engenakuthintelwa yokuba ivoti iya kuvelisa uthotho lweenkokeli kwizitulo ezijikelezayo eziphethe igunya ngenxa yenkolo yazo kunesakhono sazo.
Into enqwenelwa lulutsha lwaseLebhanon-okanye abo sibabona bebonisa namhlanje-kulula ukuyiqonda. Akukho sizwe esinomongameli kufuneka abe ngumKristu waseMaronite, inkulumbuso yaso eya kuhlala ingumSilamsi wamaSunni, nosomlomo wayo wepalamente kufuneka asoloko engumShia, uya kuze abe lilizwe lanamhlanje. Ukunyaniseka kwegunya-ngonqulo-ihlelo liqinisekisa urhwaphilizo. Akunakujongwa ukunganyaniseki xa amandla ebekwe phezu koloyiko olufanayo endaweni yokulalanisa.
Kwaye ngokunika ivoti kuwo wonke ummi - kwinkqubo yonyulo edibeneyo kangangokuba namaLungu ePalamente kufuneka "afunde ifom", ngoko kuthetha - abantu baseLebhanon ngokwabo baziswa kwivili lokhetho lohlazo. Ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kunyulo ke ngoko kubangcolise ngorhwaphilizo abaluthiye ngokuphandle nangokufanelekileyo. Akumangalisi ukuba umsindo wabo uvutha kakhulu. Ukurhoxa kurhulumente - njengomdlalo weqonga kaHassan Diab omncinci ngoMvulo - sesinye nje isimemo sokuthatha inxaxheba kwisenzo esilandelayo sorhulumente sokuzihlaza: makhe sibe nolunye unyulo kwaye sibuyise ootsotsi abafanayo kwikhasino!
Kwaye ukucinga - kwaye ewe, oku kuyinyaniso - kukangaphi thina bangaphandle sincoma "idemokhrasi" yaseLebhanon ekhethekileyo, songeza ukuba, ukuba "iphosakele", ubuncinane ingcono kunolawulo lobuzwilakhe olungqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo ngaphandle kweenkokeli, ingaba intshukumo yokwenyani, encinci, ebekekileyo kwezopolitiko - igxininisa ngokufanelekileyo ekuphelisweni "kwekhontrakthi yesizwe" apho iLebhanon ivalelwe - izisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko? Sive amazwi amaninzi ethetha malunga nokuba iLebhanon yayilawula ngcono kangakanani na, umbhedo ekufuneka ukuba kutshatyalaliswe nakuphi na ukufundwa kwembali yaseLebhanon- thatha imisebenzi kaKamal Salibi, Samir Kassir kunye noBrigadier ongenakulinganiswa uStephen Longrigg ukuba unayo. amathandabuzo.
Kodwa iingcamango ezinzulu ngakumbi ngoku ziyandanda; ukuba kufuneka kubekho uhlobo oluthile lwesigunyaziso samazwe ngamazwe sokubuyisela uqoqosho lwaseLebhanon, ukunyanzela iibhanki norhulumente ukuba zisebenze elubala, iinkokeli zayo zibe ngurhulumente omeleyo kunokuba ibe nelungelo lokuhlutha izinto . Kodwa okomzuzwana ukufika kwentshona kuhlobo lweNgxowa-mali yezeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IMF), uMbutho woRhwebo lweHlabathi (i-WTO) - ngokwenene, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kweminye engekacingisiswa, isigunyaziso esingekavavanywa - amaKrestu kunye namaSilamsi aseLebhanon aya kumanyana bakhuphe ngenkalipho njengoko ootatomkhulu babo benza amaFrentshi.
Sikhethe ilizwe lasentshona kule nkulungwane idlulileyo ekudaleni izizwe ezitsha, imigaqo-siseko emitsha, “abantu” abatsha baqokelelene ngokungacocekanga ngaphakathi kwemida engenzi ngqiqo yejografi nangaphantsi kwezopolitiko. Asinakukwazi ukuqala ukukhangela inkqubo kwakhona, ukohlwaya iLebhanon ngenxa yokubawa kwabo ukuba banqwenela ukuba sihlangule uqoqosho lwabo kunye neebhanki zabo, ukubanika ukutya kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kunye neenkqubo ezintsha zezopolitiko. Ngokwenene, ixabiso lebheyile yethu yasentshona - ukusuka e-US, i-EU kunye nabo bonke ubukhosi bethu bezemali - liya kujongeka lingaphantsi njengegunya lobukoloniyali lika-1919, ngakumbi njengembuyekezo ekhohlakeleyo eyakhutshwa eJamani emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Ukuze sinyanzelise umthetho wethu kwilizwe elityumkileyo nelilambileyo ngowe-1919, ukuze siqinisekise ukuba liyawahlawula amatyala alo, kwafuneka sithabathe inxalenye yelizwe laseJamani. Ukuze “icoce” iLebhanon namhlanje, intshona bekuya kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba abantu bayo bayayithobela le mithetho mitsha. Ngawaphi amandla eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ebeya kucelwa ukuba enze lo msebenzi ungenakwenzeka?
Ekuphela kwesithuthi esinokucingeleka siya kuba yindibaniselwano yeligi entsha yamazwe ngamazwe edityaniswe neMarshall Plan largesse, ukuphononongwa kwakhona kwezibophelelo zehlabathi - kungekuphela nje kwiLebhanon encinci kodwa yonke intlekele yaseMbindi Mpuma, umsebenzi wentelekelelo wezizwe ngezizwe onokuthi ubambe yonke into. amahlelo kunye neemfazwe zokwandisa eziye zathwaxa lo mmandla kule minyaka ilikhulu idlulileyo. Cinga nge-UN ekusekweni kwayo ngo-1945, indawo ekufutshane-euphoria (kwaye phantse ubunyulu obunyulu) xa kuthelekiswa nedonki endala evala phambi kwethu namhlanje.
Kodwa siphila kwixesha likaDonald Trump, uVladimir Putin kunye nobuzwe bohlobo oluthile olunokuthi luphuphe kuphela ngoozwilakhe baseArabhu kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Asingobantu baseLebhanon kuphela abafuna ukuphelisa urhwaphilizo. Sonke sifuna into enye kwihlabathi liphela. Sifanele, ukwenza enye i-cliche, yonke iLebhanon ngoku. Yiyo loo nto intlekele eyatshayela ikomkhulu labo yayinamandla kwaye isoyikisa.
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