U-Deepak Tripathi, owayesakuba ngumnxibelelanisi we-BBC Afghanistan, ngumbhali we "Ukoyisa iLifa leBush e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan." Incwadi yakhe ezayo, eza kupapashwa kamva kulo nyaka, "Indawo yokuzalisa: i-Afghanistan kunye nemvelaphi yobunqolobi bobuSilamsi."
I-Afghanistan War Diary, ekhutshwe yi-Wikileaks, ibhengeze inkcubeko yobuxoki, inkohliso, ubundlobongela kunye nokukhohlisa ulwazi kwimfazwe ekhokelwa yi-United States kweli lizwe. Umthamo, ngaphezu kwe-90,000 iirekhodi ezifihlakeleyo zezenzo ezithathwe ngumkhosi waseMelika ukususela ngoJanuwari 2004 ukuya kuDisemba 2009, kunye nobunzulu benkcubeko abayibonakalisayo, iyamangalisa. Ukubaluleka kwazo kukhulu. Ukukhululwa kwabo kunomdla kum, kuba kwincwadi yam, Ukoyisa iLifa likaBush e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, epapashwe ngo-Matshi 2010, ndiye ndachonga ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye ndahlalutya izibalo ezingenangqondo zolawulo lweBush, iiblunders zeqhinga kunye nokusebenza, ukungahoywa kwembali kunye nezinye iinkcubeko, kunye nokubandlululwa okuthe kwazisa umonakalo omkhulu kwabaninzi. Idayari yeMfazwe yase-Afghan yenza igalelo elikhulu kuloo ngxoxo.
Ngokweembali zembali, ukubaluleka kwala maxwebhu kuthelekiswa neefayile zeMitrokhin ezityhilwe phantse kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Ukuchaswa komgcini we-KGB uVasili Mitrokhin, kunye namanqaku aneenkcukacha angamawaka eefayile eziyimfihlo eziya eBritani emva kokuwa kweSoviet state, sele kubhiyozelwa ixesha elide eNtshona njengengqungquthela yobuntlola. Kodwa uMitrokhin waphambuka emva kokuba iSoviet Union yaqhekeka. I-Afghan Diary iye yapapashwa xa iNtshona isasilwa imfazwe e-Afghanistan. Nangona kwakusele kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba imikhosi ekhokelwa yi-US ikhusele ukuzinikela kotshaba kwiintaba zase-Afghanistan, ukupapashwa kwala maxwebhu kwenza ukuba impembelelo kuluvo loluntu ibe yinto yokuguqula imfazwe yangoku.
I-archive ye-Mitrokhin yayiyi-akhawunti yemisebenzi ye-Soviet ye-intelligence yempi kunye nenkcubeko yobuxoki, ukukhohlisa kunye nobundlobongela kwiinkcukacha ezinkulu. Umzila wangena nzulu ngaphakathi e-Afghanistan kwinqanaba lesigqibo seMfazwe yoMlomo ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Kwenye incwadi Umhlaba wokuzalela: i-Afghanistan kunye nemvelaphi yobunqolobi bamaSilamsi, Ndixoxe ngokungeniswa kwe-KGB kuluntu lwase-Afghan kwi-1960 kunye ne-1970, kunye nendima yenkonzo yezokhuseleko yaseSoviet ngaphambi nangemva kokuhlasela kwe-Soviet kaDisemba 1979 e-Afghanistan, ngokusekelwe kwi-akhawunti kaMitrokhin.
I-United States ishiywe njengeyodwa, kodwa iya idiniwe, inamandla amakhulu ngoku, iDayari yase-Afghan yenza into efanayo. Ibalisa ibali lomkhosi waseMelika kunye neCentral Intelligence Agency, imisebenzi yabo kunye nenkcubeko ngexesha lemfazwe yase-Afghan ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. I-Obama White House yakhawuleza ukugxeka ukukhululwa kweelog zemfazwe yi-Wikileaks kwaye yabelwana ngayo ENew York Times, Guardian kwaye Isibuko. Ulawulo lwayibiza ngokuba "kukungakhathali" kunye nesenzo esibeka "imikhosi engozini." Umseki we-Wikileaks, uJulian Assange, waphendula ngokuthi iifayile zibonise ukuba "amawaka eemfazwe zolwaphulo-mthetho" ayenokuthi enziwe e-Afghanistan. Kwaye wathembisa ukutyhila ngakumbi.
Ukusabela ngokusemthethweni eWashington kunye neenkunzi ezinobuhlobo bekuyo yonke indawo. Isithethi sikaMongameli u-Obama, uRobert Gibbs, ukuchithile ukuvuza ngelithi akuvezi sityhilelo sitsha. Kodwa ukusabela kukaWashington ngomsindo ngokuchasene ne-arhente yezobuntlola yasePakistan i-Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate yokugcina ubudlelwane obusondeleyo ne-Afghan Taliban yenza kwabonakala ngathi abaphathi baka-Obama bafunde ngobudlelwane okokuqala. Xa ebuzwa ukuba yintoni etshintshileyo emva kokubhengezwa, impendulo kanobhala wezangaphandle wase-Bhritane uWilliam Hague “yayingeyonto.” Nditsho neentatheli ezithile ezinamava njenge-BBC uFrank Gardner uthe "zimbalwa izinto ezothusayo" kwabo balandela "iinguqu kunye neenguqu kungquzulwano lwase-Afghan." Eminye iminyhadala ibikhe yaxelwa kumaphephandaba kwaye abalandeli abanomdla beendaba banokukrokrela ukuba ezinye izehlo ezifanayo zenzeke. Eyona nto ibalaseleyo apha sisikali solwazi olurekhodiweyo kunye nepateni eyalatha kuyo. IPentagon iqalise uphando olukhawulezileyo ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani na okhuphe amaxwebhu. Ngokucacileyo, bavela kumntu ongaphakathi kwiSebe lezoKhuselo.
Kwakhona, kukho ukuhambelana phakathi koku kunye nomcimbi weMitrokhin. Imfazwe e-Afghanistan iye yabiza kwaye ayithandwa e-United States nakwezinye iindawo njengoko iqhubekile ukususela ekuhlaselweni okukhokelwa yi-US ngo-Okthobha 2001. NjengoMitrokhin, i-leaker ngaphakathi kwePentagon, ngokuqinisekileyo iyedwa, kufuneka ibe nokufikelela ngokufanelekileyo ubuninzi bamaxwebhu, mhlawumbi umntu wangaphakathi okwisikhundla esiphambili. Umntu kufuneka adideke kakhulu ngomgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika ukuba azimisele ukuthatha ingozi enkulu ekuqokeleleni nasekuthumeleni iifayile kwifomathi ye-elektroniki kwi-Wikileaks. Phantse kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ngaphambili, uMitrokhin wayebhale amanqaku eefayile ze-KGB ephepheni, wazithubelezisa iifayile eLatvia emva kokuba iSoviet Union ichithiwe kwaye, ngenxa yokusilela ukukholisa i-ambassy yase-US eRiga malunga nokunyaniseka kwayo, yabalekela kwi-ambassy yaseBritani e-United States. Ikomkhulu laseLatvia. Ixesha kunye nendlela yokubaleka kukaMitrokhin ngaloo ndlela yanciphisa ingozi kuye.
Isixelela ntoni iDayari yeMfazwe yase-Afghanistan? Inkcazelo ekuyo yayisele yaziwa ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo? Yaye yintoni intsingiselo yayo ngoku?
Nditshilo kwasekuqaleni ukuba ukuvuza kutyhila inkcubeko yobuxoki, inkohliso, ubundlobongela obungenanjongo kunye nokukhohlisa kumajelo eendaba ngolwazi oluyiliweyo okanye olungalunganga. Ubukho beqela lokufa elingachazwanga ukuza kuthi ga ngoku elibizwa ngokuba yi "Task Force 373" buya kuhamba ngendlela ethile ekucaciseni inkcubeko. I-TF 373, ibutho elikhethekileyo "elimnyama" iyunithi eyenzelwe ukuzingela iithagethi zokubulala okanye ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwetyala, inoluhlu lwamawaka amabini aphezulu eTaliban kunye ne-al Qaeda. Amaxwebhu atyhila ukuba, kwiimeko ezininzi, iqela elimnyama labulala abantu abarhanelwayo "abanomkhosi" ngaphandle kokuzama ukubabamba. Amalungu ayo nawo abulala amadoda, abafazi nabantwana, nkqu namapolisa ase-Afghan abeze ngendlela yawo.
Kuvela isimbo esoyikeka ngokunzulu sokubulawa kwabantu abamsulwa ngokungekho mthethweni. NgoMeyi ka-2008, ummeli okhethekileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo uPhilip Alston waya e-Afghanistan ukuya kuphanda iingxelo zobundlobongela obungenasizathu kubantu abamsulwa kunye "nabarhanelwa abarhanelwayo" ekungakhange kubonakaliswe nto kubo. U-Alston walumkisa ukuba imikhosi yangaphandle e-Afghanistan yayingafihli nto kwaye yayingaphenduli. Abantu base-Afghan ababezama ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani obulele abantu babo ababathandayo "babehlala bephuma belambatha, bekhathazekile kwaye bebuhlungu." Kutshanje kuye kwaxelwa ukubhubha kwabantu abangamashumi amahlanu anesibini ngemifanekiso ecacileyo kamabonwakude wamazwe ngamazwe yendawo yentshabalalo kunye nabahlali belali begrumba amangcwaba abo babathandayo. Abahlali basekuhlaleni belali yaseRigi kwisithili saseSangin banike ingxelo ngendlela imijukujelwa eyadutyulwa ngayo emoyeni, okubangele ukubulawa kwabantu. Umongameli wase-Afghan uHamid Karzai wakhalaza ngokukrakra. Ingxelo ye-NATO yathi "akukho bungqina bokwenzakala ngaphandle kwabavukeli" kwaye uphando oludibeneyo lukarhulumente we-NATO-Afghan luyaqhubeka.
Ndichaza izenzo zokubulala ngokungenamkhethe yimikhosi ekhokelwa yi-US ukusuka ekuqaleni kwemfazwe yase-Afghanistan ngo-Okthobha ka-2001. Ukoyisa iLifa likaBush. Nangona i-Wikileaks War Diary iqala ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini kamva ngoJanuwari ka-2004, imvelaphi yenkcubeko yobundlobongela inokulandelwa emva kokuphela kwe-1970s. Emva koko iqela elincinane le-pro-Soviet Afghan nationalists lathatha amandla eKabul. UMongameli uCarter waqala inkqubo eyimfihlo yoncedo kumaqela e-mujahideen alwa norhulumente we-pro-Moscow. Njengoko ungquzulwano lwalukhula lusuka kwiphulo labanqolobi elikumgangatho ophantsi, inkokeli yeSoviet uLeonid Brezhnev wayalela ukuba kuhlaselwe umkhosi waseAfghanistan ngoDisemba 1979. Umhlaba wokuZalela indlela umcebisi wezokhuseleko kuzwelonke kaMongameli uCarter uZbigniew Brzezinski aphume nombono wokurhwebesha iiSoviets ukuba ziye e-Afghanistan, ukubanika "iVietnam yabo." ISoviet Union yalahleka yaza yaqhekeka. Kodwa imfazwe yase-Afghanistan ayizange iphele. Kwiminyaka elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, izigqibo ezithathwe nguGeorge W. Bush kunye noBarack Obama ziye zafana nokugalela ioli emlilweni. Guardian Iphephandaba lathi nge-25 kaJulayi, 2010:
Ngoku, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iinkuni zemfazwe ezivuzayo zityhila iinkcukacha zemishini ebulalayo ye-TF 373 kunye nezinye iiyunithi ezizingela iithagethi zeJpel ebezifihliwe ngaphambili emva kwesikrini solwazi olungelulo. Baphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nokuba semthethweni kokubulala kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala, kananjalo ngokuvakalayo malunga nefuthe leqhinga elinokuthi ngokwendalo libulale, lonakalise kwaye lilahlekise abo babukeleyo abamsulwa abaxhasa umanyano loluntu olulangazelelayo.
Idayari yeMfazwe yase-Afghanistan izele ziingxelo zokwenzakala kwabantu, ukusukela ekudutyulweni kwabantu abamsulwa ukuya kuhlaselo lwasemoyeni olukhokelela ekuphulukaneni nobomi. Abaphathi baseMelika kunye nabamanyeneyo bahlala bezikhanyela ezi ziganeko, bezichaza njengepropaganda yeTaliban okanye besithi abafileyo ngabavukeli baseTaliban. Isiganeko esinye sinokukubonisa oku. NgoSeptemba ka-2009, kwabakho isigculelo esikhulu kwiphondo laseKunduz, apho umphathi-mkhosi waseJamani wayalela ukuba kuqhunyiswe isihlwele esasiphanga iinqwelo-mafutha ezimbini eziqweqwedisiweyo. Inqaku elikhawulezayo elisasazwe kumahlakani e-NATO lamrekhoda egunyazisa uhlaselo yijethi yaseMelika iF-15 “emva kokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho bantu bakulo mmandla.” "Uvavanyo lomonakalo wedabi" luqinisekisile, kwatsho, ukuba amashumi amahlanu anesithandathu "abavukeli beentshaba" babhubhile. Iingxelo zemithombo yeendaba zinyanzelise ukuba kwenziwe uphando olusemthethweni, olwafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba “kuye kwasweleka abantu abaphakathi kwamashumi amathathu namashumi asixhenxe.”
Idayari yeMfazwe iyaqhubeka nokurekhoda iimeko ezininzi zabavukeli abadubula kwiinqwelomoya zaseMelika ezathi zacinezelwa kwiirekhodi zoluntu. NgoMeyi ka-2007, i-helicopter ye-Chinook yahlaselwa yi-missile e-Helmand, yabulala wonke umntu owayekhwele. I-United States yabanga ukuba ihelikopta yabethwa “yithamsanqa lokudutyulwa kwebhombu eliqhumayo” kungekho sixhobo sokufuna ubushushu. Kwinyanga engaphambi kweso siganeko, i-helicopter yaseBritane yaseChinook yaxela ukuba umjukujelwa wadlula kwinqwelomoya ngaphambi kokuba uqhume nje iinyawo ezingamashumi amahlanu ukusuka kuyo. Kwaye ngoJulayi 2007, abasebenzi benqwelo-moya ye-C-130 babika ukuba i-rocket yadlula njengoko i-refueled kwii-11,000 ezinyaweni. Nangona ukukhanyelwa ngokusemthethweni, kukho ubungqina bokuba umngcipheko uthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo. Inqwelo-moya yomkhosi eshiya amadangatye ukuze iphazamise imijukujelwa yotshaba ibonwa rhoqo esibhakabhakeni.
Kufanelekile ukukhumbula isigqibo sikaMongameli uReagan sokubonelela ngemijukujelwa ye-Stinger efuna ubushushu kubalwi abachasene neSoviet e-Afghanistan ngowe-1986. IBritane ibonelele ngobuchwephesha obuncinci, kodwa iseyingozi, imijukujelwa yeBlowpipe kuxhathiso lwase-Afghan. Isigqibo sikaMongameli uReagan kunye nomlawuli wakhe weCIA uWilliam Casey, bobabini abachasene namaKomanisi, ukubonelela ngemijukujelwa ye-hi-tech ye-Stinger kuxoxwe ngayo ixesha elide kwincwadi yam. Umhlaba wokuZalela. Bekukho impikiswano eshushu kwi-CIA kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo iinyanga ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba zihanjiswe kwimikhosi elwa neSoviet Afghan ngePakistan. Abanye kulawulo lweReagan bayichasa ngamandla le ntshukumo, besithi isixhobo sasiphambili kakhulu ukuba sidluliselwe kwimikhosi engathembekanga. Kodwa ndiyacacisa Umhlaba wokuZalela ukuba uReagan noCasey babezimisele ukwenza naliphi na idini baze bahlawule naliphi na ixabiso ukuze baqinisekise ukuba iSoviet Union yoyiswa. Babonakala bengenankathalo ngemiphumo yekamva.
Njengoko ndibhala eli nqaku, iingxelo zifika kwenye indiza yokuhlola yaseJamani elahlekileyo kwiphondo laseKunduz, inqaba yaseTaliban emantla apho umsebenzi wobuvukeli uye wasasazeka. Iya kuba yinqwelomoya yesine yaseJamani ukuba ilahleke e-Afghanistan kulo nyaka. Kwincwadi yam Umhlaba wokuZalela Ndenza inqaku lokuba umjukujelwa ochasene nenqwelomoya we-Stinger wawunobuchwephesha obuphezulu bokufuna ubushushu bomjukujelwa ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Ukuthunyelwa kwayo e-Afghanistan nge-arhente ye-spy yasePakistan i-ISI yeza nomngcipheko ocacileyo wokuba iteknoloji ingasetyenziswa ngenye imini ngokuchasene ne-United States kunye namahlakani. Ngoku iDayari yeMfazwe yase-Afghanistan iphakamisa umbuzo okhathazayo, "Ngaba iTaliban, kwaye ngokuthetha ngobukrelekrele basePakistan, inabo obu bugcisa"? Ukuba kunjalo, iziphumo zaseNtshona nakwilizwe lasePakistan iIndiya ziyoyikeka.
Ukuba kuqhubeka kukho ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kwe-ISI yasePakistan kunye ne-Afghan Taliban ayintsha, kwaye ayimangalisi. I-Afghanistan lilizwe elibuthathaka ebumelwaneni elikumda wePakistan. Umdla wePakistan eAfghanistan yinyani yembali yezopolitiko zalo mmandla. Into eyothusayo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba ulawulo lukaBush lwalungenangqondo ngokwaneleyo ukwenza umanyano oluchasene neTaliban kunye nomlawuli wasemkhosini wasePakistan uGeneral Pervez Musharraf kwiiyure nje zohlaselo lwe-9/11. Kwaye uMongameli u-Obama uyaqhubeka enethemba lokuba isebe elilawulayo lomkhosi langoku liza kuzisa ngaphandle kwe-geopolitics yaseMzantsi Asia ikhomba kwelinye icala.
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