Tšōmo ea motheo ea lichaba tse laolang ke hore li ile tsa finyella bophahamo ba tsona ba indasteri le theknoloji ka khoebo e lokolohileng. Lichaba tse futsanehileng kajeno li bolelloa hore haeba li batla ho latela tsela ea rona ea maruo, li tlameha ho bula moruo oa tsona ho ea tlhōlisanong ea linaha tse ling. Ba ntse ba koalloa.
Hoo e ka bang naha e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe e ruileng e tsoetse pele indastering ka thuso ea o mong oa mekhoa e ’meli eo hona joale e thibetsoeng ke melao ea lefatše ea khoebo. Ea pele ke "ts'ireletso ea indasteri ea masea": ho sireletsa liindasteri tse ncha tlhōlisanong ea linaha tse ling ho fihlela li le khōlō ka ho lekaneng ho hlōlisana ka maemo a lekanang. Ea bobeli ke bosholu ba thepa ea bohlale. Histori e fana ka maikutlo a hore tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e ka 'na ea se ke ea khoneha ntle le e le' ngoe kapa ka bobeli.
Phetoho ea indasteri ea Brithani e thehiloe indastering ea masela. Sena se ile sa hōlisoa le ho khothaletsoa ka ho kenella ho sehlōhō ha ’muso. Joalo ka ha setsebi sa moruo sa nts'etsopele Ha Joon Chang Univesithing ea Cambridge se ngotse, ho tloha Lekholong la bo14 la lilemo ho ea pele, mmuso oa Borithane o ile oa khaola bahlolisani ba ona ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, ka ho lefisa kapa ho thibela ho tlisoa ha lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha le ho thibela ho romelloa kantle ha thepa e tala (boea le boea). unfinished cloth) ho ea linaheng tse nang le liindasteri tse qothisanang lehlokoa.1 Naha e atolositse ts'ireletso e ts'oanang ho lihlahisoa tse ncha tseo re qalileng ho li hlahisa mathoasong a Lekholo la bo18 la lilemo.
Ke feela ha Brithani e se e thehile maemo a phahameng a theknoloji hoo e ka bang karolong e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea tlhahiso moo ka tšohanyetso e ileng ea sibolla makhabane a khoebo e lokolohileng. E ne e se ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1850 le bo-1860 moo re ileng ra bula boholo ba limmaraka tsa rona.
United States, eo hona joale e tsitlellang hore ha ho naha e ka tsoelang pele ntle le khoebo e lokolohileng, e ile ea sireletsa limmaraka tsa eona ka mokhoa o mabifi nakong ea karolo ea eona ea bohlokoa ea nts'etsopele. Monna oa pele ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa ho beha nyeoe bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea indasteri ea masea ke Alexander Hamilton, Mongoli oa pele oa Polokelo ea Lichelete ea United States. Ka 1816 lekhetho hoo e batlang e le lihlahisoa tsohle tse tsoang linaheng tse ling e ne e le 35%, e nyolohela ho 40% ka 1820, 'me bakeng sa thepa e' ngoe, 50% ka 1832.2 Ha li kopantsoe le litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaisa thepa ho ea US, sena se ile sa fa baetsi ba malapeng monyetla o moholo ka har'a 'maraka oa bona oa lehae.
Tšireletso e ne e le sesosa se potlakileng sa ntoa ea lehae ea Amerika ho feta ho felisoa ha bokhoba. Litefiso tse phahameng li ile tsa thusa linaha tse ka leboea, tse neng li etsa indasteri ka potlako, empa li ile tsa utloisa linaha tse ka boroa bohloko, tse ileng tsa lula li itšetlehile haholo ka thepa e tsoang linaheng tse ling. Tlhōlo ea Rephabliki e bile tlhōlo ea ba sireletsang bahoebi ba lokolohileng: ka 1864, pele ntoa e fela, Abraham Lincoln o ile a phahamisa lekhetho la thepa ho ea boemong bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa boo ba kileng ba bo fihlela. US e ile ea lula e le naha e sirelelitsoeng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ho fihlela ka 1913. Nakong ena eohle, e ne e boetse e hōla ka potlako ka ho fetisisa.3
Linaha tse tharo tse tsoetseng pele ka mokhoa o makatsang lilemong tse 60 tse fetileng - Japane, Taiwan le Korea Boroa - kaofela ha lia ka tsa etsa joalo ka khoebo e lokolohileng empa ka tokiso ea mobu, ts'ireletso le lichelete tsa liindasteri tsa bohlokoa le nts'etsopele e matla ea ho rekisetsa kantle ho naha ke mmuso. Lichaba tsena kaofela li ile tsa beha taolo e thata ho lik'hamphani tsa linaha tse ling tse batlang ho theha lifeme.4 Mebuso ea bona e ile ea tsetela haholo ho tsa meaho, lipatlisiso le thuto. Korea Boroa le Taiwan, mmuso e ne e le beng ba libanka tsohle tse kholo tsa khoebo, tse e lumelletseng ho etsa liqeto tse kholo mabapi le matsete.5 Japane, Lekala la Khoebo ea Machaba le Indasteri le ile la sebelisa taolo e tšoanang ka mekhoa ea molao.6 Ba sebelisitse litefiso le maqiti a 'maloa a bohlale a molao ho koala lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha tse sokelang nts'etsopele ea liindasteri tsa bona tse ncha.7 Ba fane ka lithuso tse kholo bakeng sa thomello ea kantle. Ba entse, ka mantsoe a mang, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Khoebo, Banka ea Lefatše le IMF li hanelang kapa li e nyahamisang kajeno.
Ho na le mekhelo e 'meli e makatsang tseleng ena ea ntlafatso. Switzerland kapa Netherlands ha lia ka tsa sebelisa tšireletso ea indasteri ea masea. Ho e-na le hoo, joalokaha rahistori oa moruo Eric Schiff a bontšitse ho Industrialization without National Patents, e hatisitsoeng ka 1971, ba ile ba mpa ba utsoa theknoloji ea lichaba tse ling.8 Nakong ea mekhahlelo ea bona ea bohlokoa ea nts'etsopele (1850-1907 Switzerland; 1869-1912 Netherlands), ha ho naha e ileng ea amohela litokelo tsa molao likarolong tse ngata tsa moruo.
Kholiso ea liindasteri ea Switzerland e ile ea qala ka 1859, ha k'hamphani e nyane e Basel e ne e qhekella ts'ebetso ea ho shoa ha aniline e neng e entsoe le ho fuoa tokelo ea molao Brithani lilemo tse peli tse fetileng. Khampani eo hamorao e ile ea bitsoa Ciba; morao tjena, ka mor'a letoto la ho kopanngoa, e ile ea e-ba Novartis 'me joale Syngenta. Naheng ea Netherlands, mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1870, lifeme tse peli tsa khoebo tse bitsoang Jurgens le Van Den Bergh li ile tsa rala risepe e nang le tokelo ea molao ea Sefora 'me tsa qala ho hlahisa ntho e bitsoang margarine. Hamorao ba ile ba kopana ho theha k'hamphani e bitsoang Unilever. Lilemong tsa bo-1890, Gerard Philips e mong o ile a utsoa moralo oa Thomas Edison bakeng sa mabone a sa tsitsang, 'me a theha k'hamphani ea elektronike e atlehileng ka ho fetisisa Europe.9
Lichaba tse futsanehileng kajeno li haneloa ke melao ea khoebo ho latela tsela leha e le efe ea tsoelopele. Liindasteri tse ncha hang-hang li pepesehela tlhōlisano e feletseng le lik'hamphani tse thehiloeng mose ho maoatle, tse nang le lichelete, phihlelo, litokelo tsa thepa ea mahlale, marang-rang a thehiloeng a papatso le moruo oa tekanyo ka lehlakoreng la bona. "Phetiso ea thekenoloji" e khothaletsoa ka mohopolo, empa e thibetsoe ts'ebetsong ke puso e matla ea litokelo tsa molao. Kaha lichaba tse futsanehileng ha li khone ho hlahisa likhoebo tse hlōlisanang, li koaletsoe boemong ba tsona e le tsona tse rekisang lik'hamphani tse ruileng tsa lefatše ka mesebetsi e theko e tlaase le thepa e sa jeoang. Ka lebaka leo, ba thibetsoe ho tsoela pele ho feta boemo bo itseng ba tsoelo-pele. Le hoja ho se na khang e utloahalang ea ho lumella linaha tse ruileng ho sireletsa moruo oa tsona, ho na le taba e matla ea ho lumella mafutsana ho latela litsela tse lebang tsoelo-peleng tse bonahalang li sebetsa.
Buka ea George Monbiot The Age of Consent: manifesto bakeng sa taelo e ncha ea lefats'e e hatisitsoe ka June 16th ke Flamingo.
References:
1. Ha-Joon Chang, 2002. Ho Raha Lere: Leano la Nts'etsopele ka Pono ea Histori. Anthem Press, London.
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4. Mark Curtis, 2001. Trade for Life: Ho Etsa Hore Khoebo e sebetse ho Batho ba futsanehileng. Christian Aid, London.
5. John Brohman, April 1996. Ntšetso-pele ea Ka mor'a Ntoa ea Li-NIC tsa Asia: Na Neoliberal Model Fit Reality? Geography ea Moruo, Buka ea 72, Khatiso ea 2.
6. Takatoshi Ito, 1996. Japane le Moruo oa Asia: "Mohlolo" Phetohong. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Issue 2 (1996). The Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
7. Graham Dunkley, 2000. The Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, Uruguay Round and Globalism. Libuka tsa Zed, London. E hatisitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele ka 1997 ke Melbourne University Press.
8. Eric Schiff, 1971. Khoebo ea Liindasteri Ntle le Litokelo tsa Sechaba: Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907. Princeton University Press.
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