Xigasho: The Grayzone
Koontada hore loo faafreebiyay ee 1958 qalalaasaha Gacanka Taiwan ee ay kafaalo qaaday Pentagon ayaa si buuxda loo daabacay Daniel Ellsberg oo ka tirsan Pentagon-ka, Warbixintu waxa ay bixinaysaa sawir timo-kordhin ah oo ah hoggaanka millatariga Maraykanka ee taxadar la'aanta ah oo si hagar la'aan ah ugu cadaadinaya madaxweyne Dwight Eisenhower awoodda uu u leeyahay in uu qaado weerarrada nukliyeerka ee Shiinaha.
Ka dib markii uu haystay nuqulka weli sirta ah ee xisaabta ee uu gacanta ku hayay muddo konton sano ah, Ellsberg wuxuu sheegay inuu go'aansaday inuu sii daayo sababtoo ah khatarta sii kordheysa ee dagaalka Mareykanka ee Shiinaha ee Taiwan, iyo khatarta ah in khilaafkan oo kale uu u beddelo isweydaarsiga nukliyeerka. .
A Maajo 22 warbixintii New York Times Koontada waxa ay bixisay kaliya tafaasiil guud oo ku saabsan doorkii Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ee Shaqaalaha Mareykanka ay ka ciyaareen isku diyaarinta qalalaasaha Taiwan 1958-kii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hadda way iska caddahay dukumentiyada asalka ah ee aadka loo sifeeyay iyo sidoo kale caddaymo kale oo hadda la hayo in laga bilaabo bilowgii, Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ayaa ujeeddadoodu ahayd ugu horreyntii in ay ka faa'iidaystaan xusuusyada si ay u fuliyaan weeraro nukliyeer ah oo ka dhan ah bartilmaameedyada militariga nukliyeerka Shiinaha ee qoto dheer ee dadku aad u badan yihiin. meelaha.
Taliskii Chiang Kai-shek ee waddaniga ah ee Kuomintang iyo Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ayaa xulafo u ahaa in ay Mareykanka galiyaan dagaalka Shiinaha.
Ku xigeenka xoghayaha arrimaha dibadda Christian Herter ayaa ka baqay in maamulka qaranku ay go'aansadeen in ay Maraykanka u soo jiidaan colaad, sida lagu sheegay koontada ay taageerto Pentagon-ka. Sababta, sida uu qabo qoraaga koontada, Morton Halperin, waxay ahayd ku lug lahaanshaha Mareykanka ee dagaalka lagula jiro shuuciyada Shiinaha "waxay si cad u ahayd rajadooda kaliya ee ku noqoshada dhul weynaha."
Quemoy iyo Matsu, oo ah labada jasiiradood ee ugu muhiimsan xeebaha oo ay qabsadeen ciidamada qaranka, ayaa wax ka yar shan mayl u jira dhul waynaha, waxaana ciidamada Chiang u adeegsan jireen saldhigyo ay ku qaadaan weeraro ay kumaandooska ku qaadeen gudaha dhul waynaha. Iyo Chiang, oo wali ka go'an inuu dib u qabsado dhul-weynaha Shiinaha isagoo taageero muuqata ka helaya Maraykanka, wuxuu dhigay saddex meelood meel ciidamadiisa 350,000 ee labada jasiiradood.
Bishii Maajo 1958, Taliyayaasha Wadajirku waxay qaateen qorshe cusub (OPS PLAN 25-58), oo u muuqda difaaca jasiiradaha badda. Dhab ahaantii, qorshuhu wuxuu saldhig u ahaa in lagu weeraro Shiinaha hubka atomikada.
Waxay ahayd in lagu bilaabo horudhac kooban oo ah "Wajiga I", kaas oo loogu magac daray "roondada iyo sahaminta" oo la sheegay in uu hadda socdo. "Wejiga II", oo uu kicin lahaa weerarka Shiinaha ee jasiiradaha xeebaha, ayaa ku lug lahaan doona ciidamada cirka ee Maraykanka si ay u tirtiraan xoogagga weerarka.
Laakiin qorshaha cusubi waxa uu saadaaliyay waji saddexaad oo suurtagal ah, kaas oo taliska Istaraatiijiga ah ee hawada iyo ciidamada ka amar qaata taliska Maraykanka ee Baasifiga ay qaadi doonaan weeraro istiraatijiyadeed 10 ilaa 15 kiloton hubka nukliyeerka ah “si loo burburiyo awooda dagaal” ee Shiinaha .
Sida laga soo xigtay koontada uu qoray Halperin, Guddoomiyaha Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah, Ciidanka Cirka Gen. Nathan Twining, ayaa u sheegay saraakiisha Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka shirkii Agoosto in wejiga saddexaad uu u baahan doono weerarro nukliyeer ah oo lagu qaado saldhigyada Shiinaha ee ku yaal waqooyiga Shanghai.
Hogaamiyayaasha Wadajirka ah ayaa hoos u dhigay halista dhaawacyada rayidka ah ee ka imanaysa hubkaa taatikada ah ee noocan oo kale ah, iyaga oo ku nuux-nuux saday in hawo-mareenka qaraxyo atamka ah uu dhalin doono wax yar oo shucaac ah. Balse wararka ayaa sheegaya in aysan wax war ah oo la taaban karo ka bixin khasaaraha rayidka ee la filayo.
Marka la eego xaqiiqda ah in labadaba hubka Shiinaha ee ku yaal marinka Taiwan iyo saldhigga muhiimka ah ee u adeega ciidamada millatariga Shiinaha ee iskahorimaad kasta oo ka dhaca jasiiradaha xeebaha ay ku yaalliin meel u dhow xarumaha muhiimka ah ee dadweynaha, qaraxyada atomiga ah ayaa hubaal ah inay sababi lahaayeen dad rayid ah miisaan weyn.
Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ma aysan qiran in bambaanooyinka ay qorsheynayeen in ay ku qarxiyaan hawada ay lahaan lahaayeen khatar la mid ah bamkii lagu tuuray Hiroshima. Sidoo kale ma aysan aqbalin in bartilmaameedyada qaraxyada noocan oo kale ah ay ku yaalliin agagaarka magaalooyinka Shiinaha oo qiyaastii ay la mid ahaayeen dadka Hiroshima.
Magaalada Xiamen, tusaale ahaan, waxay ku dhowaatay bartilmaameedyo militari oo ku yaal aagga Amoy, halka Ningbo uu u dhowaa saldhigga ugu weyn ee Shiinaha ee gobolka Zhejiang oo ay weerari lahaayeen ciidamada Mareykanka. Sida bamkii Hiroshima, Qaraxyada Nukliyeerka ayaa lagu kicin lahaa hawada, halkaas oo waxyeelada qaraxu ay ugu badan tahay, burburinta ama waxyeello u geysta ku dhawaad wax kasta oo u jira raadad saddex mayl u jira qaraxa, oo ay ku dhinteen dad badan.
Hogaamiyaasha Wadajirka ah ayaa sidoo kale u qaatay in Shiinuhu uu uga jawaabi doono adeegsiga hubka Nuclearka ee Mareykanka isagoo kaga aargoosan doona hubka Nuclearka, taasoo madaxda Wadajirka ah ay u maleeyeen in dowladda Shiinaha ay diyaar u tahay Midowga Soofiyeeti.
Warbixinta Halperin ayaa ka sheekeyneysa in Twining ay u sheegtay saraakiisha Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda in duqeynta lala beegsaday bartilmaameedyada hubka nukliyeerka ah "ku dhawaad ay ku lug leedahay aargoosi nukliyeer ah oo ka dhan ah Taiwan iyo suurtagal ahaan ka dhanka ah Okinawa…." Malo-awaalkaasi wuxuu ku salaysnaa Qiyaasta Sirdoonka Qaranka ee Gaarka ah oo la soo saaray 22-kii Luulyo, 1958. Qiyaastu waxay ahayd dhammeystiray in, haddii Maraykanku "uu ku dhufo duqeymaha nukliyeerka ee Shiinaha ee shuuciga ah," Shiinuhu wuxuu "hubaal" kaga jawaabi lahaa hubka nukliyeerka.
Inkasta oo la aqbalay suurtogalnimada in ay u horseedi doonto aargoosiga nukliyeerka ee Shiinaha, Guddoomiyaha JCS Twining ma muujin wax walaac ah oo ku saabsan qorshaha, isaga oo sheegay in si loo difaaco jasiiradaha xeebaha, "cawaaqibta ay ahayd in la aqbalo".
Hogaamiyaasha Wadajirka ah waxay raadiyaan awoodaha dagaalka ee ku haboon
Qorshaha Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ayaa qiyaameeyay rajadii ay madaxda militariga ka qabeen in awoodda go’aanka ee dagaalka Nukliyeerka laga saaro gacanta madaxweynaha. Waxa ay sheegtay in qorshahan la hawlgelin doono marka “ay amarto hay’adda ku habboon ee Maraykanka” – taas oo tusinaysa in aanay qasab ahayn in uu go’aan ka gaadho madaxweynaha.
Xusuus-qorkiisa, Eisenhower wuxuu dib u xasuustay xoogaa qadhaadh, sida, intii lagu jiray qalalaasaha 1958-kii, uu "si joogto ah u cadaadisay - ku dhawaad lafsaday - Chiang [Shiineeska Shiinaha Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek] oo dhinac ah iyo ciidankeena oo kale oo codsanaya wafdi ka socda Awood u leh in tallaabo degdeg ah laga qaado Formosa [Taiwan] ama jasiiradaha badda...” Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uusan tixraacin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadaallada ay wadaan Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ee lagu raadinayo ogolaanshaha hore ee isticmaalka hubka nukliyeerka ee dhul weynaha Shiinaha.
Erayada qorshaha JCS ayaa loo beddelay si loo akhriyo "marka uu oggolaado Madaxweynaha" ee ku adkaysiga Eisenhower si loo bixiyo in kaliya hababka caadiga ah loo isticmaali karo ugu yaraan marka hore difaaca jasiiradaha, iyada oo la furayo suurtogalnimada isticmaalka hubka nukliyeerka ah haddii taasi dhacdo. fashilantay.
Laakin Hogaamiyaasha Wadajirku lama dhamayn. Warqad loo soo bandhigay Eisenhower Sebtembar 6, madaxdu waxay soo jeediyeen in loo oggolaado inay "ka soo horjeedaan weerar kasta oo weyn oo Taiwan ah oo ay ku weeraraan saldhigyada dhul-weynaha ee dhammaan ciidamada CINPAC ee la keeni karo" haddii ay dhacdo" xaalad degdeg ah oo ka timaadda weerar lagu qaaday Taiwan iyo jasiiradaha xeebaha ku dhow oo si xawli ah u socda oo aan oggolaan doonin la tashiyada Madaxweynaha…
Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay waydiisteen maamulka si ay uga jawaabaan "weerar deg deg ah oo weyn oo ka dhacay jasiiradaha xeebaha," by "[u] isticmaalka hubka atomiga iyo weerarka hawada ee Maraykanka oo lagu taageerayo [Shiinaha] Ciidanka Cirka ... sida lagama maarmaanka ah, kaliya sida uu ansixiyay Madaxweynaha.” Eisenhower waxa uu ku ansixiyay warqada u soo baxayaashaas.
Markii Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda John Foster Dulles uu ka digay in Japan ay si adag uga soo horjeedo in hubka Nukliyeerka loo isticmaalo dhul weynaha Shiinaha, oo laga mamnuuco in hubka Nukliyeerka laga soo bilaabo dhulkooda, Madaxa Hawlgallada Badda Admiral Arleigh Burke ayaa soo jeediyay in mucaaradka hubka nukliyeerka ee Japan "Waxaa dhiirigeliyay shuuciyada," iyo in hoggaamiyeyaasha shisheeye ay dhawaan aqoonsan doonaan in isticmaalka hubka nukliyeerka ee Maraykanku "uu ahaa mid iyaga dan u ah".
Burke wuxuu xidhay dooddiisa isagoo sheeganaya in haddii Maraykanku aanu ilaalinayn khatarta hubka nukliyeerka ah ee colaadaha, ay "lumin doonto adduunka oo dhan saddex sano gudahood." Dooddaas cad ee aan macquul ahayn waxay soo jeedinaysaa in rabitaanka xooggan ee ka dhex jira madaxda Wadajirka ah si ay u isticmaalaan hubka nukliyeerka ee Shiinaha ay ka yaraayeen hanjabaad kasta oo ka timid Shiinaha Shuuciga marka loo eego danaha hay'adahooda gaarka ah.
Dagaalkii Qabow ee Washington ka hor, ciidamada badda ee Maraykanku waxa ay u adeegeen sidii xulafada xafiiseed ee aasaasiga ah ee taliskii Kuomintang. Xidhiidhka ayaa la sameeyay markii Chiang uu siiyay Ciidanka Badda saldhigga guriga ee Fleet 7aad ee Tsingtao ee Waqooyiga Shiinaha.
Ciidanka badda ee Baasifiga ayaa ku booriyay taageerada shuruud la'aanta ah ee nidaamka Chiang intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee lala galay Communists waxayna ku jeesjeeseen sida "pinkies" saraakiisha Waaxda Gobolka - oo uu ka bilaabay Xoghaye George C. Marshall - kaas oo soo dhaweeyay wax shaki ah oo ku saabsan hogaamiyaha Kuomintang.
Sannadkii 1958-kii, Ciidanka Cirka waxa ay si adag uga go’an tahay doorkooda sida urur gaar ah oo hubka Nukliyeerka ah oo ay ku adkaysteen in ay awood u yeeshaan in ay u adeegsadaan hubka nukliyeerka dagaal kasta oo ay ku dagaallameen gobolka Pacific.
Xisaabta dhibaatadu waxay muujinaysaa in, markii Taliyaha Ciidanka Cirka ee Pacific, Gen. Lawrence S. Kuter, uu ogaaday go'aanka Eisenhower ee ah in lagu difaaco jasiiradaha xeebaha leh hubka caadiga ah, wuxuu fariinta u gudbiyay Gen. John Gerhart, Ciidanka Cirka. Ku xigeenka madaxa shaqaalaha. Si naxdin leh, Gerhart wuxuu ku jawaabay in Ciidanka Cirka "aysan ku heshiin karin mabda'a" isticmaalka ciidamada SAC ee hawlgallada aan ahayn nukliyeerka.
Marka laga soo tago rabitaanka Ciidamada Badda iyo Saraakiisha Ciidamada Cirka si loo hubiyo joogitaankooda muddada dheer iyo xoojinta muhiimada doorkooda Pacific-ga, Taliyeyaasha Wadajirka ah ee Shaqaaluhu waxay had iyo jeer rajaynayeen inay sare u qaadaan saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin siyaasadda Mareykanka khilaaf kasta oo uu Mareykanku ka yaabo isticmaal awood ciidan.
Waxaa soo baxday in Shiinuhu uusan waligiis ku talagelin dagaal baaxad leh oo lagu qaado jasiiradaha badda. Taas beddelkeeda waxay damceen in ay xannibaad ku sameeyaan jaziiradaha iyaga oo adeegsanaya madaafiicda, iyo markii ciidamada Maraykanku ay galbinayeen maraakiibta sahayda fulinaysa, waxay ka taxaddareen in ay ka fogaadaan in ay garaacaan maraakiibta Maraykanka.
Sida warbixinta Halperin lagu arkay, markii Shiinuhu ay aqoonsadeen in xannibaaddu aysan ka hortagi karin soo-celinta, waxay degeen weerarrada madaafiicda ah ee Quemoy, kuwaas oo ku kooban maalin kasta.
Waxay ahayd rabitaanka madaxda wadajirka ah ee dagaal nukliyeer ah oo ka dhan ah Shiinaha, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen siyaasadda Shiinaha ee shuuciga ah, taas oo soo bandhigtay khatarta ugu daran ee amniga Maraykanka.
In kasta oo duruufaha ku xeeran iskahorimaadka Maraykanka iyo Shiinaha ee Taiwan ay si weyn isu beddeleen tan iyo marxaladdaas dagaalkii qaboobaa, qalalaasaha Taiwan 1958-kii wuxuu bixiyaa cashar xusuus leh iyadoo millatariga Maraykanku isu diyaarinayaan iska-hor-imaad cusub oo milateri oo Shiinaha.
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
Nalasoo