Kunobva: Counterpunch
Mufananidzo naMarie Kanger Akazvarwa/Shutterstock
Nzvimbo yenhoroondo yeguta rePuebla, kwandinogara, iWorld Heritage nzvimbo. Iyo main square yakakomberedzwa necathedral yakavakwa muna 1575, uye posvo iri padyo, sezvivakwa zvakawanda munzvimbo iyi, yakashongedzwa zvinoyevedza mumataira echinyakare. Asi pakati pezvivakwa izvi pane zvakare McDonald's, Dominos, Oxxo (chitoro cheCoca Cola), Subway, uye Burger King, uye kune Pizza Hut, KFC; uye Starbucks chivharo chimwe kure.
Starbucks ine zvitoro mazana matanhatu nemakumi manomwe muMexico, Subway ine mazana mapfumbamwe, uye Walmart ine mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu - nhamba huru kwazvo munyika chero ipi zvayo mushure meUS, uye nhamba inogona kuwedzera kupihwa purofiti yavo panguva yedenda.
Mhedzisiro yeshanduko iyi munzvimbo yemadhorobha uye kushandiswa pahunhu hwevaMexico, mararamiro, uye tsika, hazvifanirwe kurerutswa. Kuwanda kwevashambadziri veUS kwakavhurwa muMexico makumi emakore apfuura, vachishandisa mukana wezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvisina kunaka, mamiriro evashandi anodzvinyirira, uye zvishandiso zvakachipa. Nzvimbo dzekudyira uye dzechinyakare dzeMexico flea market misika inonetsekana kukwikwidza, uye vazhinji vekuMexico vanoona makambani eUS senzvimbo yemagariro.
โHapana kuenzana kwemamiriro ezvinhu, saka haasi makwikwi chaiwo,โ anodaro Iktiuh Arenas, nyanzvi mukuronga maguta nekodzero dzevanhu, uye nyanzvi yeMexico Secretariat of Agrarian, Land, and Urban Development (SEDATU) .
Arenas inoti nzvimbo dzekutengera, zvitoro zvedhipatimendi seWalmart, uye maresitorendi ezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika ane zvakanakira zvichienzaniswa nemisika yemuno uye nehunyanzvi, nekuti vane bhajeti hombe rekushambadzira. Vanokurudzira vanhu kuti vatenge zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa munharaunda, uye vane mari yekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakanakisa mumakwere nemigwagwa mikuru.
Mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, anopokana, "budiriro" yakangogumira pakuvaka nzvimbo dzekutenga uye kutsigira zvitoro zvemaketani, nepo nzvimbo dzakasvibira nemamyuziyamu zvakashorwa. "Uyu mutemo wekusimudzira maguta unobva pakutevedzera muenzaniso weUS," anodaro.
Walmart muMexico (iyo inoshanda seWal-Mart de Mรฉxico y Centroamรฉrica) ndiyo mutengesi mukuru munyika, uye zvinosanganisira mamwe mabhureki, semadiki eBodega Aurrerra masupamaketi, akahorese Sam's Club, MaxiPali, neSuperama. Muna 1994, yaingova nezvitoro makumi maviri neshanu muMexico, asi chibvumirano cheNAFTA (25-1994) zvaireva yaigona kutengesa zviri nyore mazana ezvigadzirwa zvakaunzwa kubva kuUS, pasina kubhadhara mutero.
Kubva ipapo, maWalmart anga aripo yakavakwa panzvimbo dzine masango, zvivako zvinotyisidzirwa zvoukoshi hwounyanzvi, uye zvakavakwa pamatongo ekare kana kuti pedyo nawo. Kune Walmart padhuze nenzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeTeotihuacรกn, uye kushomeka kwenzvimbo kwakakwanisa kudzivirira munhu. yakavakwa muguta reIndigenous reCuetezalan.
Kujoinha maWalmart mazana emamwe makambani, anosanganisira Pepsico, Uber, 19,558 Oxxos, The Cheesecake Factory, Baskin Robbins, 718 Dominos, pamusoro 400 KFCs, Pizza Hut, Home Depot, Office Depot, Citigroup, JP Morgan Case, uye zviuru zvefekitori, kubva kuFord kuenda kuGeneral Electric.
Nekusimudza kweNAFTA mitero uye zvipingamupinyi zvekutengeserana, makambani aya anobatsirwawo kubva kune mamwe emhando yepamusoro-soro yekushandiswa munyika. Nepo mushandi wekuMexico muUS achadaro wana US$1,870 pamwedzi paavhareji, kuMexico nhamba inodonha kusvika kuUS$291.
NAFTA yakaonawo kuwanda kwevashandi vekumaruwa muMexico, uye Arenas inoti mutemo weveruzhinji wakasiya nzvimbo dzekumaruwa uchifarira maguta. Anotaura kuti โkusarurana uye rusaruraganda kuvashandi vokumaruwaโ kwave kuchikonzerawo.
Ndakataurawo naIsis Samaniego, mudetembi uye mushandi wepamusika wechinyakare, uye nyanzvi yemichero nemiriwo zvemuMexico. "Zvitoro zveDhipatimendi, nzvimbo dzekutengesa, uye zvokudya zvinokurumidza kubva kuUnited States mabhizimisi emunharaunda pano, kufanana netlapalerias [zvitoro zveMexico zvinotengesa pendi nezvinhu zvehardware]," vanodaro, vachikakavara kuti zvitoro izvozvo zvakatengesa zvigadzirwa zvakagara, nepo zvitoro zvitsva zvichitengesa. zvinhu zvakachipa, asi zvemhando yakaderera.
Kuchinja maitiro ekushandisa
Sezvo varimi vakawanda vakatamira kumaguta, vakava basa idzva rakachipa. Bertha Melรฉndez murwiri wehupenyu hwese uye muimbi anozivikanwa. Anoimba mumitauro gumi uye anoongorora uye anonyora nziyo dzeIndigenous, uku achibatana neredhiyo munharaunda. Anoti vachangobva kusvika kumaguta vakazotengeserwa pfungwa yekudya zvisina kusimba senzira yekuti vanzwe mazuvano.
โKwakanga kusiri kungochinja kwekudya, asi kuchinja kwemararamiro, sezvo vanhu vakasiya nharaunda dzaive nehukama hwakasimba pakati pevavakidzani uye nzira inononoka, uye vakauya kumaguta uko ivo panguva iyoyo vakashandiswa zvakanyanya zvekuti vaive vasina. nguva yekuzvigadzirira chikafu,โ anodaro.
Paanenge achitaura, tinodya muto we tortilla. "Ichi chikafu chekuMexico," anodaro. "Zvinotora nguva kugadzirira."
โVanhu vari kusiya misika yemumigwagwa vachienda kuzvitoro zvikuru nekuda kwechimiroโฆ Kana mhuri ichienda kuMcDonald's, imhaka yekuti vanoda kutaridzika sevari vepamusoro. Vanhu vanofunga kuti zvokudya zvacho zviri nani ikoko, asi zvine makemikoro akawanda mazviri, zvinogona kupinda muropa zvikuru uye zvinokuvadza utano hwako,โ anodaro Samaniego.
Vazhinji vekuMexico vanonzwa kuda kupfeka chitarisiko. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunyepedzera hupenyu hwavo huri nani pane hurombo hwavanotarisana nahwo, pamwe nekutevedzera nzira dzeUS kana dzekuEurope, nekutenga zvigadzirwa kana mabhureki kubva ikoko. Kwemazana emakore, kutonga kwekoloni uye kutonga kwehurumende kwakadzidzisa vanhu kuti tsika dzavo nemararamiro zvaive zvakaderera.
Isati yapinda Spanish, uye mushure mayo zvakare, vanhu vaidya chikafu zvinoenderana nemwaka, Arenas manotsi. "Asi ikozvino, Walmart inotengesa zvigadzirwa gore rose, uye saka inoputsa nenzira yekare yekuita zvinhu," anodaro.
Anotsanangura kuti vagadziri vanokwikwidza kuti vawane rombo reWalmart sherufu nzvimbo, uye vatengi vanotenga zvinhu zvavasingade sechikamu chekushuvira kuve chimwe chinhu chiri nani. โZvinosimbisa idzo nyaya dzemhando uye kurasikirwa nekuzivikanwa,โ anodaro.
Pamberi pekurwiswa kweSpain, vanhu vakaungana munzvimbo huru nenzvimbo dzepakati uye vakaisa pasi akarukwa mateti, ndokuronga zvigadzirwa zvavo pazviri. Vaichinjanisa zvinhu, kana kutengesa cocoo kana midziyo yakagadzirwa nemhangura. Izvi flea market misika yaiva chikamu chinokosha chetsika nemararamiro evanhu, uye vanoramba vachidaro iripo neimwe nzira nhasi mumataundi akaita seCuetzalan, Tianguistengo, Otumba, Tenejapa, Chilapa, Zacualpan, nezvimwe.
โMuWalmart munochinjana mari nemumwe munhu, asi hamutsinhani ruzivo, hamutauri,โ anodaro Samaniego. Asi mune zvemazuva ano uye zvechinyakare tianguis, unogona kutaura nevarimi zvakananga, kana nevanyori vakagadzira mabasa emaoko, vanopikisa.
Vana vechibage
Ndosaka Melรฉndez achiona makambani akaita seWalmart neMcDonald's seanodzinga nharaunda, pamwe nechikafu nemararamiro avo.
โIsu tiri vana vechibage. Kubva kumadziteteguru tairarama nechibage,โ vanodaro. Anotsanangura hukama nenyika nemhoteredzo inova chikamu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kwevanhu.
โTsika dzechivanhu dziripo, asi hadzioneki,โ anodaro. Mimwe mitauro yaanoimba nayo yakadai seNahuatl neMixteco, inotaurwa nevakawanda. Asi mamwe anenge atsakatika, anotaurwa nemazana mashoma evanhu. Colonization, ipapo US hupfumi uye tsika imperialism vakaona vanhu vachiramba midzi yavo yeko, uye "panzvimbo iyoyo vanotevedzera tsika dzeUS. Kuve chizvarwa chinoshorwa,โ vanodaro.
Ndosaka Melรฉndez achiona nziyo dzake nehunyanzvi hweIndigenous neMexico sedzakakosha kuti vanhu vazive kuzivikanwa, uye kuoneka kwavo. Pane mamiriyoni 12 nyanzvi dzechivanhu mhizha muMexico. Asi vanga vari rimwe remasectors akanyanya kuipa kukanganisa nedenda. Vanowanzogara munzvimbo dzisina Internet kana masaini efoni, uye kazhinji havana ruzivo rwehunyanzvi hwekusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvavo pamhepo - pachinzvimbo vachivimba nekudyidzana mumigwagwa nemumakwere. Munguva yekuvhara kwegore rapfuura, maartist mazhinji akagurwa zvachose kubva pamari yavo.
Zvitoro zvakaita seWalmart, kune rumwe rutivi, zvakajaira kutengesa online. Purofiti yeWalmart muMexico neCentral America yakawedzera kusvika 162 bhiriyoni pesos muna 2020, kubva pa148 bhiriyoni muna 2019.
"Mexico inotongwa neUS ... zvetsika, zvehupfumi, uye vanotosarudza vatungamiri vedu kuti varambe vachitumira makambani avo kuno uye vachinakidzwa nekushanda kwakachipa ... uye izvo zvinouya mutemo wekuti vanhu varambe tsika yavo, uye zvinoreva kuzviramba ivo pachavo. ,โ anodaro Melรฉndez.
Makambani ekunze ane rusununguko rwakawanda muMexico, uye anotsigirwa nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana seNAFTA neUSMCA izvo zvakagadzirwa mukati memasimba asina kuenzana zvakanyanya. Mumwe muratidziri, Gustavo Esteva panguva ye2002 zvinopikisa vachipesana nezvirongwa zveMcDonald's munzvimbo huru yeOaxaca inotaura muchidimbu, "Ichi hachisi chinhu kunze kwekukunda kwetsika."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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Saka vanhu vekuMexico vava nesarudzo.