Zvinoshamisa, zvakawanda.
Muchinda we Facebook anogara ari mudiki, Mark Zuckerberg, akaudza nyika kuti iye nemukadzi wake Priscilla Chan vaizopa zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe kubva muzana zvemigove yavo kumabasa erudo mukati mehupenyu hwavo.
Chiitiko chakashinga uye chine rupo: chinenge chakakwana kumutsiridza pfungwa yekuti tech mabhiriyoniire chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Kure kure kubva kune avo grey uye grubby bankers vakabata mabhonasi avo nenzira isina kufanira, kana mabhurashi ezvivakwa tycoon ane follicles anowanikwa chete uye hana dzisina munhu.
Uyu mukomana ane makore makumi matatu nerimwe ekuzvarwa, achiri pamusoro pekuzvarwa kwemwanasikana Max, mwana wake wekutanga, akati zvikamu, izvo zvino kosha mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu emadhora, zvichaenda ku'dzidzo, kurapa chirwere uye kubatana'.
Zuckerberg chimwe chechizvarwa chema technopreneurs vakagadzira nyaya dzinoshamisa dzebudiriro dzeGoogle, Facebook, Amazon et al.
Makambani anopenga kwazvo, ari kunze-kwe-bhokisi kugadzira, asina muganhu muzvishuvo zvavo. Kufamba kwemuchadenga, marobhoti, mota dzisingatyairi, cryogenics - hapana chinopfuura kusvika kwekufungidzira kwavo, kana simba rehomwe dzavo.
Ndivo vane chimiro, vane hushamwari huso hwecapitalism. Vadiki 'vanovhiringidza' vakagadzira mapuratifomu nemidziyo yatisingakwanise kuramba - izvo zvisiri nyore uye zvakapfava kushandisa, asi kazhinji mahara, zvakare!
Zvese zvinoita sezvakanaka zvakanyanya kuti zvisave chokwadiโฆ
Uye ndizvo, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakarova misoro chiri chero chinhu chingapfuura.
Iwo madhijitari titans ari kunzvenga mutero pachiyero cheindasitiri. Mapurisa eFrance achiferefeta mari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika bhiriyoni imwe chete yemadhora inokweretwa yemutero wekumashure, akapinda mumahofisi eGoogle muParis.1 Facebook inofungidzirwa kuti haina kwayakarerekera pasocial media masevhisi uye injini yekutsvaga yeGoogle inopomerwa mhosva yekushandisa zvematongerwo enyika. Mishumo yemukati inoratidza hukasha uye hudzvanyiriri mamiriro ekushanda mukati meAmazon pamatanho ese, uye kuramba vachiramba kuziva mibatanidzwa.2, 3 Uber, mwana ari kubuda we "hupfumi hwekugovana", anopomerwa zvisiri pamutemo uye zvine njodzi maitiro, akarambidzwa munyika dzinoverengeka.
Uye kune kunetseka kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera pamusoro pesimba rekutonga.
Panguva yekunyora, European Union yave kuda kubhadharisa Alphabet (Google's holding company) rekodhi $3.4 bhiriyoni, zvichitevera kuferefetwa kwemakore manomwe emonopoly-abuse. Google, iyo inonakidzwa ne90-per-cent yeinjini yekutsvaga musika muEurope, icharairwa kuti irege kukanganisa mibairo yekutsvaga kuti ifarire zvigadzirwa zvayo uye zvevamwe vayo. 4
The network effect
John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil mu US inowanzotaurwa semuenzaniso wekutanga wezana ramakore rechi20 wekuzvitonga. Mitemo inopesana nekutenda yakarongwa kuti iparadze makambani akadai, kudzivirira iwo ega mupi wezvakanaka kana sevhisi, uye kugonesa makwikwi, mukuda kwekururamisira uye kubatsira vatengi uye nzanga yose.
Mazuva ano madhijitari titans ane tekinoroji oligopolies - vashoma vatambi vakuru vanotonga musika. Asi maitiro avari kuratidza anonyatsokunda-anotora-ese monopolistic.
Nechekare Google, Facebook neAmazon dzinofarira zvinoshamisa migove yemusika. Imwe mumaminetsi manomwe anoshandiswa online munyika nhasi anopedzerwa paFacebook uye kambani, nekutsvaga kutsiva ese mapeji ewebhusaiti, iri kutarisira kuve. ari gedhi reinternet; Amazon haina chete 67 muzana yezvese mabhuku ekutengesa epamhepo (kudhindwa nedhijitari) asi inodarika Walmart semutengesi mukuru mumusika. US uye iri kugadzirira kutonga makore-computing masevhisi; Kuchinja kwepagore kweGoogle ikozvino kwakwira kupfuura yemasangano matanhatu makuru ekushambadzira - kusanganisira ane simba. WPP โ pamwe chete.
Izvi zvingaite sezvisinganzwisisike - zvichipihwa kuti cyberpace yaifanirwa kuve yemahara uye yakavhurika, nzvimbo yevatambi vakasiyana. Muchokwadi, zviri kuitika kutorwa kweinternet nemakambani mashoma akabudirira kwazvo.
Kunyatsotarisisa nyaya yeGoogle kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti izvi zvaitika sei.
Muna 1996, vadzidzi Sergey Brin naLarry Page vakagadzira algorithm inonzi PageRank iyo yaizove hwaro hweiyo yakasimba uye yakaoma kwazvo yekutsvaga injini yeGoogle. Nenguva isipi tese takanga tava 'Googling', uye tichikanganwa zvese nezve Alta Vista nevamwe vese.
Google yaibatsirwa ne 'network effect': kana vanhu vakawanda vachishandisa injini yekutsvaga, ndipo painozonyanya kukosha kune vese. Uye zvechokwadi vagadziri vayo. Katsika kekuzvitonga ndechimwe chinhu.
Wired Chris Anderson anoti: 'Monopolies inotonyanya kuitika mumisika ine network senyika yepamhepo. Rutivi rwakasvibira rwemambure etiweki nderekuti mafundo akapfuma anopfuma.' 5
Google yaifanira kuva ari yekutsvaga injini uye yakaita. Uye nekuti kutsvaga kwakakosha kuhupenyu hwedu nhasi, Google yakakwanisa kuwedzera hutongi hwayo munzvimbo ino kuenda mune imwe. Nhanho inotevera yeGoogle yaive yekushambadzira.
Pinda surveillance capitalism
Pamberi pedot.com bust isa kudzvanywa kwe investor kumakambani akaita seGoogle, vashambadziri vaingosarudza mapeji ekutsvaga-nguva yekuratidzira kwavo.
Google yakafunga kuyedza kuwedzera mari nekushandisa kugona kwayo kwekuongorora kuwedzera kukosha kwekushambadzira kune vashandisi, uye nekudaro kukosha kune vashambadziri. Kuti uite izvi, yakadzoreredza cache yayo iri kukura yemaitiro data (kubva patsvagiridzo yapfuura, semuenzaniso) kuti ienderane nayo nemashambadziro.
Kusvika panguva iyoyo, data rakadaro rakanga rakafuratirwa kana kuraswa; zvino chigadzirwa ichi chakaratidza kuve mugodhi wegoridhe.
Semaonerwo azvinoitwa napurofesa weHarvard Business School, Shoshana Zuboff: 'Google haina hunyanzvi hwemhando itsva yecapitalism umo pundutso inobva mukuongorora uye kugadzirisa maitiro evanhu. Iyi ndiyo itsva surveillance capitalism isingafungidzike kunze kweiyo inscrutable high-velocity circuits of Google's digital universe.' 6
We ndidzo raw material here. Yese data yega yatinopa isu tisingazive isu tichishandisa internet yakakosha zvakanyanya kune avo vanoda kufanotaura maitiro edu emangwana, uye kutisundira munzira yavanoda. Izvi zvinosanganisira makambani ari kuedza kutitengesera zvinhu kana makambani einishuwarenzi ari kuedza kufanotaura maitiro edu. Pundutso yaro inobva, 'kana zvisiri zvachose, kubva kumisika yakadai yemaitiro emangwana'.
Sekureva kwaZuboff, iyi yekutarisa capitalism 'inobata vanhu vanotsamira vasiri vatengi vayo kana vashandi vayo uye vasingazive maitiro ayo'.
Anoona izvi sezvisina gutsaruzhinji, 'kupandukira kubva kumusoro' uko 'kunopikisa misimboti nemaitiro ekuzvisarudzira'.
Simba rekutarisa reGoogle ndiro godo renyika. Asi, sekutsanangura kunoita nyanzvi yezvekuchengetedza, Bruce Schneier, madhijitari uye hurumende dzinodyidzana zvakanyanya kupfuura zvatinoziva isu vazhinji.
Maventure capitalists
Kuseri kwevanamuzvinabhizinesi vedhijitari kune rimwe boka rine mumvuri revanhu - venture capitalists. Vakave nekukanganisa kwakanyanya pane izvo internet yave nhasi.
Mumazuva ekutanga, mugadziri weBritish wewebhu yepasirese, Tim Berners-Lee, akagadzira internet sechinhu chakafanana kushandira vanhu. Haana kutsvaga kuita mari kubva mukugadzira kwake kwakanaka uye akaomerera kumisimboti yake, achirwira kuchengetedza mambure akavhurika, asina kwaakarerekera uye akasununguka.
Mafungiro akafanana akakunda mune mamwe ekutanga internet kutanga-ups. Asi vazhinji havana kukwanisa kutsungirira kurwiswa kwe megabucks. Vagadziri vemari vakadururira huwandu hwemabhizimusi mumakambani achangotanga - uye zvinotarisirwa mhedzisiro.
Iko kukosha kwemari, mari yakasimwa uye mutengo wemugove uyo makambani aikwanisa kuraira kana aenda kuruzhinji, yaive nzira yekusaenzana nekukosha kwemakambani maererano nemari ipi neipi yavaitarisirwa kuita.
Vekutanga mabhizinesi vakakurumidza kudzidza kubva kune avo vakapfuma vanovatsigira kuti basa ravo rakanga risiri rekuti kambani yavo ive yakasimba, asi kuita kuti itengeseke. 'Vanogona kunge vakafunga kuti vaiinjiniya tekinoroji itsva,' anotsanangura kudaro munyori wezveupfumi hwedhijitari Douglas Rushkoff, 'apo vakanga vachigadzira kugoverazve mari.'7
Nhasi indasitiri yedhijitari inobatwa mune iyi musungo wekukura. 'Hazvina kukwana kuti app itsigire bhizinesi rakasimba,' anodaro Rushkoff, 'inofanirwa kuve negwara rekuve nemusika wese, pamwe nekusingaperi, nenzira yekutora vamwe. Zvikasadaro hazvigone kupembedza venture capital yayakagamuchira.'
Twitter, inobatsira kwazvo kuvatori venhau uye vanorwira muArab Spring uye Occupy mafambiro, parizvino iri pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kubva kune vapfumi vayo vanoisa mari (vanosanganisira Goldman Sachs uye Saudi bhirionaire Prince Al-Waleed) kukura uye kuwana chikamu chikuru chemusika wekushambadzira. .
Gore rapfuura pakanga paine zvichemo zvekuti kambani yaive kure zvakanyanya kusvika pakusvika kwayo '100x kukura kwayo' uye yayo CEO Dick Costello akamanikidzwa kubuda. Rushkoff anofunga kuti kuti Twitter idzosere ka100 mari yekudyara mariri, yaizoda kuve kambani yakakura kudarika hupfumi hwenyika dzakati wandei.7
Imwe nzira yekukura ndeyekukwira mamwe makambani. Facebook neGoogle, vakambotanga ivo pachavo, ikozvino vanowana mabhizinesi akawanda kupfuura avanoisa mukati. Kubva 2001 Google yakawana makambani anopfuura zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe (ave kunyorwa pasi pekambani yeGoogle, Alphabet). Facebook yakawana makumi mashanu kubva 190.
Chikara chezvematongerwo enyika
Nzira iyo hofori dzepainternet dzakapinda nayo hupfumi hwenyika, dzakasanganiswa nehupfumi hwavo, inovapa simba rezvematongerwo enyika.
Mashefu avo anooneka pamapanera pamusangano wepamusoro-soro wepasi rose weWorld Economic Forum kana G8, semuenzaniso. Hurumende dzinoda makambani aya parutivi. Uye makambani anoda kuti hurumende dzisiye mutemo, dzivape zororo remutero uye kufuratira ivo vachiedza kutonga.
Mushure memwedzi yekunyengerera Mutungamiriri Narendra Modi weIndia, uye kutsamwisa kwakasimba kwakanangana nevanhu veIndia, Facebook yakaita senge inches kure nechibvumirano chaizounza hutongi hwega painternet yemamiriyoni evashandisi vatsva. Zvino, kuunganidzwa kwakabudirira zvinoshamisa neveIndia-vasina kwavakarerekera vezvematongerwo enyika kwakashora hurongwa hwemukuru wenhau.
Mushumo mutsva kubva ku US Campaign for Accountability (CfA) inoratidza kuti Google yanga ichikwidza sei kuedza kwayo kukwezva. Iyo kambani inotonakidzwa isingaenzaniswi pesvedzero muWashington. Vakuru vayo vanoshanyira White House kanopfuura kamwe pasvondo paavhareji, maererano naAnne Weismann weCfA. Sangano rakanyora mafambiro anodarika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu e ' revolving door' pakati peGoogle nehurumende yeUS.
Ikozvino Google inoita kunge iri kuyedza kutevedzera iyi nhanho yekurudziro muEurope mukuda kubvisa anti-trust chiito uye kuyedza kusimbisa kuvanzika kwepamhepo. Tsvagiridzo iyi inoratidza kuti Google yakahaya vangangosvika makumi matanhatu nevaimbova vakuru vehurumende kubva mukati meEuropean Union mumakore gumi apfuura. Vakuru vakuru makumi maviri nevasere vakapinzwa basa kubva kumapazi akakosha muhurumende yeBritain. Zvichakadaro, Eric Schmidt, sachigaro weAlphabet (Google), ari pamutungamiri wehurumende David Cameron's Business Advisory Council.
Tamasin Cave weboka reBritish mushandirapamwe Spinwatch anoti: 'Tinofanirwa kufunga zvakare maonero atinoita Google. Haisi injini yekutsvaga, chikara chezvematongerwo enyika chatora pfungwa dzevagadziri vedu. Chinonyanya kunetsa muhutano nedzidzo, uko kushambadzira kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi huri kuunganidza. Kunyangwe vezvematongerwo enyika vakatenga mukufunga kwavo, isu severuzhinji tinofanirwa kunge tichibvunza kuti kuita kweGoogle muNational Health Service uye zvikoro zvinovakanganisa sei. Ndeipi mhedzisiro, uye ndiani anobatsirika: isu kana Google?'8
Chii chinofanira kuitwa?
Tave panguva yakaoma sezvatinopinda mu'Internet Yezvinhu', nyika iyo inenge midziyo yese yemumba nemasisitimu zvinenge zviri online; iyo 'smartification' yehupenyu hwemazuva ese, neGoogle's android system inoshandisa mawachi edu akangwara, mota dzakangwara, smart thermostats. Sezvo mutsoropodzi weSilicon Valley Evgeny Morozov anozviisa, izvi zvinoisa Google 'pakati pako nefriji yako, iwe nemotokari yako, iwe nemarara ako emarara, zvichibvumira National Security Agency kugutsa kusvuta kwayo data muhuwandu uye kuburikidza nehwindo rimwe chete.'9
Pakazosvika 2020, midziyo inofungidzirwa mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu ichave yakabatana nenzira iyi. Mikana yekutarisa haina magumo, uye kwete kumakambani uye Big Brother states, asi matsotsi nemagandanga futi. (Mabhureki emota anogona kuvharwa kure kure, semuenzaniso.) Iyo parlous mamiriro ekuvanzika padandemutande uye kudzoreredzwa kwekutariswa kwakawanda kunoita kuti tese tiwedzere panjodzi kune avo vangatinyengedza.10
Isu tinofanirwa kuita izvozvi kana tichida kushandura hukama hwedu nemadhijitari titans anodzora tekinoroji iyi uye data redu pairi, uye vanoda kuenderera mberi nekuita izvi nenzira isingatemerwe zvakanyanya. Iko kusaenzana kwesimba kwatiri kuona haisi mhosva yetekinoroji kana hunyanzvi. Mhedzisiro yechimwe chinhu chisiri chitsva kana shanduko- capitalism, uye yakapusa, yakasununguka uye yeparasitic chimiro chayo.
Kuti timire pazviri tinofanira kuva, nekuziva, kodzero dzedu. Iyo civil-society yeMadrid Privacy Declaration ye2009 kutaura kwakanaka kwedzimwe dzekodzero idzodzo uye kwakave nekukunda kwakakosha kwemutemo muDare reJustice re. EU.11, 12 Asi idanho rinononoka uye rinorwadza.
Panofanirwa kuve nesangano rakazvimirira repasi rose rekutarisa nekudzora makambani edhijitari uye kutora matanho ekurwisa monopolization. Tinoda mitemo mitsva inomanikidza makambani kuunganidza data shoma, kwenguva shoma, uye zvakachengeteka kupfuura zvavari kuita parizvino. Panofanirwa kuve nekujeka, kuti tizive zvavari kuita nedata redu, uye kuve neiyo agency pamusoro payo.
Kune akati wandei emishandirapamwe yakanangana nekupa simba vashandisi mukubata kwavo nevapeji vetekinoroji. Mushure mezvose, isu, vashandisi, ndisu tsime rehupfumi hwavo. Vamwe vedu vangangove, vachiri kukwanisa kusarudza kusazvishandisa kana kuzvishandisa zvishoma kana kushandura kune mamwe mapuratifomu ehutsika, isu tese tisati tasvetwa muInternet Yezvinhu.
Kubatwa muhasha-inofambiswa nepurofiti techno-rush, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti hazvifanirwe kunge zvakadaro. Vanopa masevhisi vanogona kubata vashandisi vavo nemazvo. Vanogona kuremekedza kuvanzika kwavo, kuzvitonga uye kuda kuchengetedzwa. Vanogona kuita bhizinesi zvakasiyana, mune imwe nzira yekubatana uye isinganyanyi kushandisa. Fungidzira, semuenzaniso, Amazon iyo yakagovana purofiti nevaitengesa, panzvimbo yekudzibvisa-mutengo isati yavepo isati yaenda kune anotevera asina njodzi.
Vanogona kunyange kuona cyberpace, kwete seyakavanzika nzvimbo inoda kukundwa, yakakomberedzwa uye yakavharirwa, asi seyakajairwa pasi rose. Kune kusarerekera kwenet uye open-source activists, iyo pfungwa haina kumbobvira yaenda, asi inoda kushevedzwa zvakanyanya zvino, kubva kune mainstream.
In foreveryone.net, firimu idzva rakanyorwa naJessica Yu, Tim Berners-Lee anotikurudzira kuti tiende kumigwagwa uye kurwisana neinternet iyo yakasununguka kubva pakutonga kwemakambani kana hurumende, uye ikodzero yevanhu, sekuwana mvura.13
Shanduko chaiyo inoda shanduko yetsika dzemagariro uye kuziva kuti mabhirioni ari kutonga ari kutipa 'zvakachipa zvakanyanya' kana 'zvemahara' vane hurongwa hwehudzvanyiriri hunodzikisira democracy.
Saka, zvakadini nehukuru hwaMark Zuckerberg? Chokwadi, mabhiriyoni makumi mana nematatu emadhora imari yakawanda, kunyange kwoupenyu hwose, uye kunoratidzika kuva kwakaoma kunyunyuta. Asi Facebook inodzivirira mutero, uchishandisa 'Double Irish' gadziriro yekubhadhara chete maviri kusvika matatu muzana kana mutero mushoma pamari yese yepasirese. Mutero iwoyo usina kubhadharwa ungadai wakaenda kupa 'dzidzo, mushonga, kubatana' munyika dzakawanda umo Facebook iri kuita mari. Asi zvino ingadai yakagovewa zvinoenderana nezvinokosha zvakaiswa nehurumende dzakasarudzwa nedemocracy, kwete kuda kwemunhu ane bhirioni ane rusununguko, uyo, sezvineiwo, ari kuchengetedza masimba ekuvhota ane mugove wezvikamu zvese zvaanovimbisa kupa.
Sezvinei muzvinhu zvakawanda zvine chekuita neshanduko yedhijitari nevabatsiri vayo, zviri nani kuti usatore zvakanyanya pakukosha kwechiso.
- thestreet.com 05/24/2016 nin.tl/tax-raid-google-paris .
- nytimes.com 2015/08/16 nin.tl/amazon-workplace .
- nytimes.com 2016/05/17 nin.tl/amazon-anti-union .
- bloomberg.com 2016/05/15 nin.tl/google-faces-eu-fine .
- wired.com 2010/08nin.tl/the-web-is-dead .
- Shoshana Zuboff nin.tl/surveillance-capitalism .
- Douglas Rushkoff, Kukanda Matombo paGoogle Bhazi, Penguin, 2016 .
- theguardian.com 2016/jun/04 nin.tl/google-political-influence .
- Evgeny Morozov, guardian.com 2014/jul/20 nin.tl/internet-of-things-v-democracy .
- Le Monde Diplomatique, Chikumi 2016, 'Europe's New Privacy Shield' naJanne Jรคrvinen naMarkku Kutvonen .
- The Madrid Privacy Declaration 2009 nin.tl/madrid-declaration .
- europe-v-facebook.org uye nin.tl/max-schrems .
- foreveryone.net onawo nin.tl/berners-lee-interview .
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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