'Haugone kudzinga pfungwa,' chakaverenga chikwangwani chakaiswa pahwindo re21-29 Sun Street, muGuta reLondon.
Iyo grey kongiri yehofisi block, yeSwitzerland bank UBS, yakanga yapindwa ikaitwa 'Bank of Ideas' nenhengo dzeLondon's Occupy movement.
Mukati, panzvimbo yemasikirini uye mamonitor anoratidza kukwira nekudzika kwemisika, madziro akashongedzwa neBanksy-style graffiti art. Paigona kunge paive netafura yemumba, pairidzwa ping pong.
Kumusoro, vana vadiki vairidza mhere. Mahofisi aimboshandiswa nevashandi vakuru pamihoro yevanhu vatanhatu akanga ava kupa pekugara kumhuri dzisina pekugara.
Mukamuri hombe, vanhu vakanga vachiungana kumusangano une musoro unoti 'Beyond Capitalism'.
Kunze kwedambudziko riri mucapitalism - 'kuparara zvachose pamatanho ese' sekutaura kwakaita mumwe mubati - dingindira raidzokororwa raive 'kusaenzana'.
Neniwo
Kurumidza-mberi kwemavhiki mashoma kugungano rakasiyana kwazvo, kuSwitzerland ski resort yeDavos. Apa ndipo painge pasangana vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nevemabhizimusi pasi rose vangangosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu kumusangano weWorld Economic Forum.
Musangano wegore rino wainzi 'The Great Shanduko'. Pano zvakare kuenzana kwakaonekwa. Pachiitiko che $40,000-a-head vamwe vakaratidza kusafara 'nehutsvina' hwevemabhanga' vachipfuura mabhonasi. Vamwe vatungamiri vemabhizimisi vakatoti 'hazvina kugadzikana' kusagadzirisa kusaenzana kuri kukura.
Izvi zvitsva. Maonero akaiswa neoliberal agara ari ekuti kusaenzana hakuna basa; musika wemahara uchaita kuti hupenyu huve nani kune wese munhu. Kuenzana kufunga kunotadzisa bhizinesi.
Sei kuchinja tambo?
Chimwe chikonzero chaigona kuwanikwa kusiri kure nenzvimbo yemusangano, munzvimbo yekupaka mota umo boka diki reVagari rakanga ramisa musasa weigloos nemayurts, shanduro yakagadziridzwa nemamiriro ekunze chero ye800 kana kupfuura misasa yekuratidzira, mikuru nediki. , iyo yakabuda munyika yose mumwedzi ichangopfuura.
Kunyangwe pakutanga yakashorwa sevanhu vasina hunhu uye vasina gwara, bato reOccupy rakarova ruzhinji uye rakaita kuti vakuru vemakambani nevezvematongerwo enyika vazungunuke.
Vatungamiri vakafanirwa kugadzirisa matauriro avo. VaBarack Obama naDavid Cameron wekuBritain vachangobva kudaidzira 'responsible capitalism' uye hupfumi 'huri nani'. Julia Gillard wekuAustralia anoti nyika inogona 'kuvaka hupfumi hwakapfuma, hwakaenzana'. Kunyange US Republican anotarisira Mitt Romney (mumiriri wezvemari anobhadhara mutero wemari pa13 per cent) anobvuma kuti 'ari kunetseka nezve 99 per cent'.
Kuwanikwa kwekuenzana hakusi zvese pasi peOccupy movement. Mabhuku akaita seThe Spirit Level akapa humbowo hunogutsa mune zvedzidzo hwekuti nzanga dzakawanda dzakaenzana dzinoita zviri nani munzira dzose.1 Kunyange kuIMF, akadaro nyanzvi yezveupfumi yakahwina muNobel, Joseph Stiglitz, vanhu vakuru vari kutaura nezvekuenzana pari zvino.
Saka vapirisita vakuru vecapitalism vari kushandura maitiro avo. Zvakadini nekuita kwavo?
Haina kugadzikana...
Zvaiita sekunge, kwechinguva muna 2008, sekunge vezvematongerwo enyika nevemabhizinesi vagamuchira kuti danho rekukurumidzira raidiwa kudzora kuwanda kwechikamu chezvemari. Mabhangi akange afambisa hurongwa hwemari yepasi rose pamusoro pemawere, uye akabatwa achimiswa chete netambo dzechikwama cheveruzhinji.
Makore mana gare gare, chii chakawanwa?
Kwete zvakawanda.
Ngatinzwei kuti vanhu vekuDavos vanoti kudii nemamiriro akaita zvinhu. Mitemo yekubika inodzivirira kusazivikanwa kwavo muzvikamu, saka vanokwanisa kutaura zvakanyanya.
'Chikwereti chiri chose chinofungwa chiri pamwero wapamusoro,' akadaro mumwe munyori weboka. 'Ini handisi kuona kuti zvinogoneka sei kutaura kuti tinogona kukura mazviri.'
Mune imwe sangano sarudzo yemashanga yakaitwa umo mubvunzo wakabvunzwa: 'Mafambiro emari akachengeteka here iye zvino?' Pavanhu 140 vakanga vakazara muimba yacho, gumi chete ndivo vakabvuma. Vanenge hafu yavo vainetsekana kuti zvakatonyanya kuipa, akadaro mutori wenhau weBBC Tim Weber.10
Nyika yazara nechikwereti, uye isu hatisati tanyatsoziva kuti yakawanda sei 'chepfu'. Kutengeserana mune zvinobuda - pamwe zvichipomerwa dambudziko rekupedzisira - kuri kuenda nepadenga. Uye nepo mabhanga echinyakare ari kudzoreredza kukweretesa kwaanoita - kunyanya kubhizinesi diki nepakati - iyo riskier uye isingadzorerwe zvishoma 'shadow banking' nenzira yehedge funds, misika yemari uye yakavanzika equity, yadzoka panguva yayo yekutanga dambudziko.
...uye kusaenzana
Kana nyika ikanyanya kugadzikana, haina kuenzana zvakare. Mukaha uri pakati pevapfumi nevarombo muupfumi hwekuMadokero wanyanya kukura mumakore makumi matatu, inodaro OECD. Mukaha uyu uri kukurawo muIndia, China nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeGlobal South.
Imwe yemhedzisiro isingatarisirwe yekurerutsira kweUS yaive yekuzadza pasi rose nemari, izvo zvakakonzera kukwira kwakanyanya kwemutengo wezvekudya, zvichisundidzira mabhiriyoni evanhu vanotambura pasi rose kupinda muhurombo.
Ivo vakapfuma zvakanyanya, nekusiyana, vakangoona kunyura kushoma muhupfumi hwavo. Muna 2009, pakukwirira kwedambudziko, avhareji yeWall Street mabhonasi akange adzoka padyo nepamusoro-soro munhoroondo. Muna 2010 Forbes magazini yakaverenga rekodhi 1,200 mabhiriyoni epasi rose - kusvika 28 muzana muna 2007.
MuGreece mwero wokuzviuraya wakakwira ne40 muzana mugore rimwe
Uye havasi vebhengi chete. Pundutso yemakambani muUS yakakwira nezvikamu makumi mashanu nezvinomwe kubva muzana mumwedzi gumi nemisere kusvika pakutanga kwa57. Vemabhizimisi vakatora mukana wekuderera uku kumisa mihoro, kuderedza maawa uye kuderedza vashandi. Mari dzemuhoro dzakadonha nemadhora 18 bhiriyoni panguva imwe cheteyo.2010
Hupenyu hwehupenyu hwadzikira kuvanhu vazhinji muUS, Britain neEurope yese. Mihoro chaiyo muBritain yakamira kubva muna 2005. Munyika dzakaita seGreece neIreland yakaderera. Kushaya pokugara kuri kuwedzera. Pakati pechikamu chimwe nehafu chepwere kumaodzanyemba kweEurope neNorth Africa havagoni kuwana mabasa.
Matanho ehutemi ane chinangwa chekudzikisa kushomeka kwebhajeti renyika apinda mumabasa eruzhinji uye akanganisa mikana yekupora. Vakadzi vakabatwa zvisina kufanira, mukurasikirwa nemabasa uye mubasa ravo sevachengeti vedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri. Kunyange hurongwa hwekuCanada huri mugwara rekupfurwa. KuGreece nhamba yekuzviuraya yakakwira ne40 muzana mugore rimwe chete - izvi zvisati zvaitika nyika yakanga ine mwero wakaderera muEurope.
Mumwe bhirioni ane mukurumbira Warren Buffet anoti: 'Kune hondo dzekirasi, zvakanaka, asi ikirasi yangu, boka rakapfuma, riri kuita hondo - uye tiri kukunda.'
Kusaenzana pamudzi
Makore akati kuti apfuura nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeNobel, Paul Krugman, akaona kuti nguva pfupi yadarika gore ra2007 risati rawedzera kusaenzana kwemari muUS kwaive kwakakura kupfuura chero nguva kubva pawall Street Crash isati yatanga muna 1928. 'Zvakaitika kana kuti zvakakonzera?' akabvunza.6
Mubhuku idzva, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yekuBritain, Stewart Lansley, anoisa nyaya yekusaenzana pamudzi wedambudziko, uye anopa huwandu hwechokwadi nenhamba dzinotsigira nyaya yake.4
MuUnited States kuma1960, musiyano uri pakati pemihoro yevakuru vakuru mumakambani avhareji uye wevashandi vose waiva 42 kusvika ku1. Pakazosvika 2007 wakanga wakwira kusvika pa344 kusvika ku1. Muitiro wacho wakafanana kunenge kwose kwose.
Asi muenzaniso wekukura kwehupfumi uye budiriro iri kuteverwa yaida mwero wepamusoro wekushandisa - nemunhu wese, kusanganisira anobhadharwa zvishoma. Nzira yekuyananisa sei maviri? Credit. Chikwereti chakachipa, chiri nyore, chakawanda. Iva nezvaunoda izvozvi wobhadhara gare gare. Chikwereti chaiita kuti vaibhadharirwa mari shoma vanzwe varombo pane zvavaiva uye vaipedza kusagadzikana.
Panguva imwe cheteyo hurumende dzaidisa kusimudzira chiroto chokuva muridzi wemba. Vakakurudzira mabhanga kuti agadzire mari zhinji yechikwereti chemondi. Kunyange nyaya inonyengera yekutengesa zvikwereti kune vanhu vaisakwanisa kuitenga yaigona kukundwa nekushandisa mari yakaoma.
Kusaenzana, kwemhando dzese, kwaive pakati peUS sub-prime mortgage bubble iyo yakazoputika muna 2007. Hupfumi hwakanga hwaitwa nemabhanga epasi rese nemabroker avo vakabira 'musika usina kushandiswa' wevanhu vane mari shoma. Zvikwereti zvavakanga vatora zvaive nemitengo yakakwira yekudzokera kune vakakwereta.
Pakupedzisira vakanga vari vanhu vane mari shoma vakasiiwa vasina pokugara, vasina kana sendi uye vane rekodhi yakashata yechikwereti. Kune vanhuwo zvavo pakanga pasina mari yekubhadhara mari kubhanga, pasina mhinduro yekukurumidza. Kungotsungirira nhamo. Mumwedzi mumwe chete, July 2010, dzimba dzinopfuura 93,000 XNUMX dzokuUnited States dzakatorwazve.
Upfumi hunobva pachikwereti haungowedzere kusaenzana. Iyo ine zvakare nzira yekuuraya rusununguko uye democracy - zvese padanho remunhu uye padanho renyika.
Reform - inotya uye inononoka
Matanho aitarisirwa kuunza chengetedzo, seDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act muUS uye kurudziro yaVicker kuBritain, yakadzikiswa nekukurudzira kwakasimba kubva kubazi rezvemari uye kunonoka kuita. The British kuronga kupatsanura zvitoro uye mari kubhengi haina kurongerwa kuitika kusvikira 2019. Ndiyo inenge nguva yaitora kuti vokuAmerica vasarudze kuisa murume pamwedzi uye chaizvoizvo kuzviita. Nguva yakafanana inoshanda kune zvibvumirano zvepasi rose - pasi peBasel III - kusimbisa mitemo yekuti mabhanga makuru anofanira kubata sei.
Panguva yekunyora, Nicholas Sarkozy chete anoita seanoshuvira kuenderera mberi nekutengeserana kwemari (aka Tobin) mutero unobvumirana nenyika dzakawanda dzeEU yaizova nzira yekuwedzera mari, kuderedza kutengesa kune ngozi uye kuderedza kusagadzikana kwemusika. Asi kunyangwe iye ari kuzvimisa kusvika mushure mesarudzo dzemutungamiri weFrance. Mutero wacho unorambwa zvisina mubvunzo naDavid Cameron, vachizvikudza vachidzivirira chimiro cheGuta reLondon senzvimbo yekutengeserana kwezvinobvamo uye nzvimbo huru yemitero pasi rose.
Ndiani muridzi wembwa iyi?
Mutungamiri weVenezuelan, Hugo Chรกvez, nguva pfupi yadarika akazivisa kuti achafunga kuita bhanga chero ripi zvaro rairamba kupa mari zvirongwa zvekurima zvinosimudzirwa nehurumende yavo. Mabhanga emunyika anosungirwa nemutemo kuti ape zvikamu gumi kubva muzana zvezvirongwa zveveruzhinji zvakadai.
Zvinomutsa mubvunzo: sei vamwe vatungamiri vasingakwanisi kuomesera mabhanga ari kutadza basa ravo rekukweretesa zvine pundutso? Sei vatungamiriri vakaita saObama naCameron vasingakwanisi kuunza yakashatiswa uye yakazvibata zvakashata rotweiler yekubhengi kuchitsitsinho?
Mhinduro iri nyore: havasi varidzi vembwa yacho; imbwa ndeyadzo.
Muridzi wacho ane chikamu chepfungwa. Hurumende dzakatevedzana muBritain neUS dzakabatwa nepfungwa yekuti chikamu chikuru chemari chisina kugadzikana ndicho kiyi yekubudirira.
Asi pane chimwe chikonzero, chinotyisa, chikonzero chekunyara kwavo.
Nzvimbo yezvemari ndiyo yakapfuma uye ine simba zvakanyanya pasi rose. MuUS ndimo munobva mipiro yakakura kwazvo yemushandirapamwe; kubvira 2006 yakapa mari inodarika bhiriyoni imwe nemazana maviri emadhora kumapato makuru maviri aya. Muchirongwa chesarudzo chinotungamira kukunda kwaVaObama, vemabhanga vakapa mari zhinji kumaDemocrats.
Vatambi vepamusoro pa2011-12, kusvika parizvino, ndiMitt Romney ($7.8 miriyoni) naBarack Obama ($4 miriyoni).7 Chenjerera.
KuBritain bato rinotonga reConservative Party rakawana zvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvemari yaro kubva kubazi rezvemari mugore resarudzo ra50 Uye tinoziva kuti 'zombie' Royal Bank yeScotland (2010.8 muzana yehurumende) yakashandisa madhora 80 miriyoni yevateresi vekuBritain. ' kutsvaga mari muWashington kuti kudiridzira shanduko dzekubhanga dzine chinangwa chekuita kuti hurongwa huve kuchengeteka.4
Kufungidzira uye mazano
Munyori uye murwiri Susan George anodana vanhu vanotungamira pasi rose 'Davos class'.
'Vanotungamira masangano edu makuru, vanoziva chaizvo zvavanoda, uye vakarongeka. Asi vane utera zvakare. Nokuti vakaroorwa kupfungwa isingashandi uye havana kana pfungwa kana fungidziro dzokugadzirisa izvi.'10
Sezvineiwo, izvi hazvigone kutaurwa kune plethora yemapoka uye vanhu vari kushanda pane dzimwe nzira. Iko hakuna mashiripiti bullet, asi hapana kushomeka kwemazano. Tinoisa zvimwe zveizvi muKusvika ikoko: mepu yemugwagwa kune imwe nzvimbo mukati Nyaya 450.
Vakawanda vane njere dzakajeka. Semuyenzaniso, kumisa kasino kubhengi uye kuwana mabhangi kuita basa ravo: kubatanidza vanhu vanoda kukwereta neavo vanoda kukweretesa. Vamwe, vakaita senyanzvi yezvehupfumi yekuAustralia, Steve Keen, vanopokana nenyaya yekuti mabhanga ave nenyika; Susan George anofarira kutaura nezve 'socialization' kuvaisa pasi pekutonga kwevagari. Rongedza zviitiko zvekufungidzira uye kurambidza zviridzwa zvemari zvine njodzi zvinokanganisa hupfumi hwenyika.
Vamwe vanoda kuvandudza hurongwa hwemari pachahwo. 'Kusikwa kwemari kwakakosha zvikuru kuti isiye mumaoko evabhengi kana vezvematongerwo enyika,' anodaro Ben Dyson weboka remushandirapamwe rePositive Money. Vanoda dare rakajeka, rakazvimirira, rinozvidavirira kuti rive nesimba iroro. (Imwe 97 muzana yemari muhupfumi hweBritain parizvino yakagadzirwa nemabhanga akazvimirira kuburikidza nekugadzira chikwereti; zvikamu zvitatu chete kubva muzana zvinopihwa nenyika.)
Imwe pfungwa yakajairika: usabhadhara zvikwereti zvisiri zvako. Icho chinhu icho vagari vemuIceland vakabata - mumareferendamu maviri vakaramba kubhadhara zvikwereti zvepasi rose zvakatorwa nemabhanga nemabhanga. Asi ipapo Iceland yakasiya mabhanga ayo akatadza kuparara, yakatsvaga mari kubva kuIMF uye yakawedzera mambure ayo ekuchengetedza magariro. Hupfumi hwave kusimuka. Zvinokwanisika kuisa vagari pamberi pemabhangi.
Iyo Republic of Ireland yakatora nzira yakapesana, ichinyora pasi zvikwereti zveAnglo Irish neINBSin kukurumidza kufamba kuchaita kuti vagari vemuIreland vadye madhora mabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu uye kusaverengeka kuomerwa panosvika 60.
Ikozvino mubatanidzwa wevaIrish trade unionists nemaNGOs vatanga chirongwa che'Anglo: Not Our Debt' chirikudaidzira kumbomiswa kwekuwedzera kubhadhara kwe 'chikwereti chisina kururama'.
Mune chimwe chirongwa cheIrish vanhu vari kutatarika zvivakwa zvakatorwa nemabhanga akatambira mari yechibatiso. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chiri kuitika muUS.
Hupfumi hwakanaka hahugoneki pasina hurongwa hwemitero uye saka vanorwira mitero pasi rese vari kufumura makambani anodoja mutero, vachikurudzira kuvhara nzvimbo dzemitero uye maburi anoita kuti vanhu vakapfuma nemakambani vatize kubhadhara miripo yavo.
Chekupedzisira, kana kukoshesa kwevezvematongerwo enyika kuenzana kuchidavirwa, vanozofanira kuendesa mari kure nekusimudzira hurongwa hwemari uye kuzvirongwa zvikuru zvedzidzo nekugadzira mabasa pamwero usingaonekwe kubvira kuma1930s. Mazhinji anogona kunge ari mabasa egirinhi (ona Is the Green New Deal idhadha rakafa?, kumwe kunhu mukati Nyaya 450) izvo zvaizobatsira nyika kuti dziende kuhupfumi hwakaderera. Nokuti hupfumi hwakanaka hunofanira kusanganisira kushandiswa kwakanyatsonaka uye kwakaenzana kwezviwanikwa zvepasi; chinhu chinodiwa chekuenderera mberi chinopesana nekukura kunotungamirirwa nepurofiti. Zvinodawo kucherechedzwa kuti nharaunda yakasikwa yakanaka kune veruzhinji, kwete mukana webhizinesi rega.
Kuenzana mukuita
Pamatanho eSt Paul's Cathedral vanhu gumi nevaviri vakagara vakaita denderedzwa. Mumwe murume anonzi Bere anoisa bepa hombe raakadhirowa madhayagiramu.
Ari kuyedza kuvandudza hurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji hunoshanda mukamba yeOccupy kuti ichengetedze yakaenzana asi chengetedza kubva mukushungurudzwa nevanhu vanoda kukanganisa maitiro.
Zvinotaridzika zvakaoma. Vachakakavadzana kwemaawa anotevera, vozotora chero chavanobvumirana kudzokera kuGeneral Assembly, musangano wemazuva ese wakavhurirwa vese. Sarudzo dzinotorwa kwete nevhoti asi nekubvumirana, uchishandisa zviratidzo zvemaoko.
Izvi zvakachinjika, zvinosanganisira zvematongerwo enyika zvakangofanana nemafambiro asina mutungamiriri atanga kutenderera pasirese - kusanganisira Tahrir Square. Uye vaenzi vanofuratira kana kuvaseka vanozviita panjodzi yavo.
Paul Mason, mupepeti wezvehupfumi weBBC Newsnight uye munyori weNei It's Kicking Off Kwese Kwese, anoti:
'Vanhu vakaguta, uye vakarega, nyika inotungamirirwa nevapfumi nokuda kwevapfumi.'
Mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange vapfumi vakave nezvakawanda, sezvo vanodzika misasa paOccupy muGuta reLondon vakawana muhurukuro dzavo navashambadziri vomuguta navemabhanga vanopfuura.
Mumwe anogara kuWall Street anoyeuka mashoko aya omupurisa aisunga varatidziri paBrooklyn Bridge: 'Ndinoda kuti muzive, ndinonyatsoziva kwamuri kubva. Mhuri yangu yakabatikana nekuvharirwa uye zvikwereti zvechisimba uye indasitiri yekubhanga ichimonyoroka, asi handikwanise kuva nemi varume nekuda kwebheji.'11
Inguva yakadini vanhu vakaita saiye vasati vauyaโฆ kudivi ravo?
Notes
Richard Wilkinson naKate Pickett, The Spirit Level, Penguin Books, 2010.
Tim Weber, BBC nin.tl/xLwkMoOECD, Yakaparadzaniswa Isu Tinomira: Nei Kusaenzana Kunoramba Kuchikwira, 2011.
OECD, Yakaparadzaniswa Isu Tinomira: Nei Kusaenzana Kunoramba Kuchikwira, 2011.
Stewart Lansley, Mutengo Wekusaenzana, Gibson Square, 2011.
Greek Ministry of Health nin.tl/wq8hyd
Paul Krugman, 'Kusaenzana uye Matambudziko: tsaona kana causation?' nin.tl/zaivsy
OpenSecrets.org nin.tl/w75e2E
Guardian.co.uk nin.tl/yhaiTa
Guardian.co.uk nin.tl/zPDwVV
Susan George nin.tl/wQEBR9
Vanyori ve99%, Occupy Wall Street, OR Mabhuku, 2011.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta