Pakistan ine makore makumi matanhatu. Kweanopfuura makore 60 oupenyu hwayo, yave ichitongwa zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga neuto rayo. Kutenderera kwega kwega kwehutongi hwemauto kwasiya nyika iri mudambudziko guru.
Utongi hwaGeneral Pervez Musharraf, avo vakatora masimba muna 1999, hauna kumbosiyana. Beset kumativi ese, iye zvino ari kutsvaga, nerubatsiro rweAmerica, kuti abvise dutu uye arambe ari musimba.
Munzira iyi mune njodzi yakatokura.
Kwakabva Kukundikana
Vatungamiri vePakistan vakazvitadza kubva pakutanga. Pakuzvitonga, baba vayo vakavamba, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, vakatora zita reBritish koloni uye masimba egavhuna-mukuru. Akafa mukati megore, achisiya pasina chiono chakajeka chekuzivikanwa kwenyika kana remangwana, pasina-yakafara, yakabatana, bato rezvematongerwo enyika kana sangano rekutungamira, pasina tsika yedemokrasi. Pakistan yakawira mumaoko evashandi vehurumende uye mauto aiziva maitiro ehukoloni chete.
Paive nemagavhuna makuru mana nemakurukota manomwe mumakore gumi ekutanga, vaisimuka nekudonha kuburikidza nemanomano emuzinda, asi vese vasina simba pakupedzisira. Pakistan haina kana kukwanisa kugadzira bumbiro. Ipapo, muna 10, kwakauya kuvhozhokera kwemauto kwokutanga. General Ayub Khan akaudza nyika kuti mauto akange asina sarudzo. Iye akadaro, pakanga pane โnyongano yose yehurumende, yezvemari, yezvamatongerwe enyika uye yetsikaโ yakaunzwa โnevanozvitsvakira zvavo, avo vakapfeka nguo dzevatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika, vakaparadza nyika.โ
General Ayub Khan akatonga kwemakore gumi. Zvinangwa zvake zviviri zvaive kusimbisa mauto nekuvandudza magariro nehupfumi. Mukuru akataurirana mubatanidzwa wemauto wepedyo neUnited States, iyo yaitsvaga vatengi veCold War pasi rese. Madhora eAmerica, zvombo, vanachipangamazano, uye mazano zvakadururirwa muPakistan. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri hondo ya1965 neIndia, kuchinja kwenzanga kunoparadza, uye kusaenzana kunorwadza. Pakupera kwekutonga kwake, zvakanzi mhuri makumi maviri nembiri dzaidzora zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveindasitiri yePakistan uye chikamu chakatokura chebhangi neinishuwarenzi chikamu.
Pakupedzisira, vanhu vakamukira. Zvaidiwa kuti vamiririrwe zvakanyanya muEast Pakistan, kumusha kune ruzhinji rwevanhu vePakistan. Sarudzo dzakaitwa uye bato renyika kubva kuMabvazuva rakakunda, asi mauto nevabatsiri varo vezvematongerwo enyika vainyanya kubva kuWest Pakistan uye vaisazove nazvo. Mauto akaenda kundorwa navanhu varo. Kwakanga kune kupondwa kunotyisa. Muna 1971, nerubatsiro rwakabva kuIndia, East Pakistan yakasununguka ndokuva Bangladesh.
Chizvarwa Chakarasika
Mauto akasiya simba kuMadokero. Asi mutungamiri mutsva wevanhu, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, akange asina hutongi hwejekerere, uye aibata kupikiswa sekutyisidzira. Akatora zvikamu zvakakura zvehupfumi, achiwedzera kusimbisa vatongi vagara vasingaverengeki, akapa mabasa ehurumende kuvateveri vake, akatanga chirongwa chePakistan chezvombo zvenyukireya, uye akavandudza tsika yekutenga rutsigiro rweruzhinji nekufadza mallah.
Muna 1977, mauto akatorazve kutonga, uye akauraya Bhutto. Mutongi mutsva, General Zia ul Haq, akatsvaga kuIslamize Pakistan. Akaunza mitemo yechitendero, matare, uye mitero, akatsigira madrassas echiIslam (seminari) nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika, uye akachinja mabhuku echikoro kusimudzira urudzi hwechiIslam. Basa pabhomba rakaenderera mberi.
United States yakafuratira udzvinyiriri nebhomba. Yakadira mabhiriyoni emadhora muPakistan kutenga rutsigiro rwehondo yekurwisa Soviet Union muAfghanistan. Mauto ePakistan akadzidzisa nekupa zvombo varwi veIslam kubva pasi rose, nemari yeAmerica, uye akavatumira kuyambuka muganhu kunorwisa communism isina Mwari. Jihad yakazvarwa.
General Zia akafa mutsaona yendege isinganzwisisike muna 1988, uye Soviet Union yakabvuma kukundwa ndokusiya Afghanistan. Sarudzo dzakaitwa, kuti uto rive simba kuseri kwechigaro. America yakaona zvakare kuti Pakistan yaigadzira bhomba, ikabva yatemera zvirango. Kwainge kwatononokerwa.
Chirimwa chitsva chevatungamiri, kusanganisira mwanasikana waBhutto, Benazir, vakapinda muhuwori nehungwaru, mumwe nemumwe achitsvaga rubatsiro rwemauto kuti atore basa. Paive nemakurukota mapfumbamwe mumakore gumi. Vamwe vakashingairira mhashu, hapana akaedza kumisa kurongeka kweIslam kwakagadzirwa naGeneral Zia. Chizvarwa chakasiiwa mukusashivirira, chisimba, uye chiIslam chine utsinye.
Mauto akada mugove weshumba wepfuma yenyika. Vezvematongerwo enyika vakabhadhara, kunyangwe hupfumi hwakadonha uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chePakistanis chakawira pasi pehurombo. Mauto akaramba achitonga mitemo yenyika. Yakabatsira kugadzira, kudzidzisa, ruoko, uye kutungamira maTaliban kusimba muAfghanistan. Chinangwa chaive chekugadzira hutongi hwevatengi uye kuchengetedza miganhu yePakistan yekumadokero. Vanhu veAfghanistan vakabhadhara mutengo unotyisa.
Zano rakafanana rakaedzwa muKashmir. Pakistan yakaronga uye yakashonga varwi vechiIslamist ndokuvatumira kuhondo. Kashmiris, avo vakatamburira kwemakumi emakore kodzero yekuzvisarudzira ramangwana ravo pasina hutongi hweIndia, vakazviwana vavharirwa pakati pemhirizhonga yakaburitswa nemauto eIndia nemauto anotsigirwa nePakistan.
Mukati menyonganyonga yacho, muna 1998, India nePakistan zvakaedza zvombo zvenyukireya uye gore rakatevera dzakaenda kuhondo. Mativi ose ari maviri akatyisidzira zvombo zvenyukireya. Vezvematongerwo enyika vakasarudzwa vePakistan vakafamba, vachida kukweretwa pamukana wese.
Iyo Musharraf Era
Pakave nekuratidzira kushoma apo mauto, achitungamirwa naGeneral Pervez Musharraf, akatora masimba muna 1999. "Mauto ane mauto haana chinangwa chekugara achitonga kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvakafanira zvachose kugadzira nzira yekuti democracy yechokwadi ibudirire," akavimbisa. Pane kudaro, akabira sarudzo uye akaita chibvumirano nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika echiIslam aida kumutsigira semutungamiri wenyika.
Mushure mekurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, United States yakasiya kushora kwayo kuna General Musharraf. Zvaida rutsigiro rwePakistan kune imwe hondo yeAmerica. Mari yakadururwa mukati (inodarika madhora mabhiriyoni gumi kusvika pari zvino), uye zvido zvekudzokera kudemokrasi zvakanyangarika.
Mushure mekurwisa kweUS kuAfghanistan muna 2001, varwi vazhinji veTaliban neAl-Qaeda vakatiza vachiyambuka muganhu kuenda kunzvimbo dzemadzinza ePakistan uko vakazvigadzirisa. Nekumanikidzwa kweUS, mauto ePakistan akaedza kupinda munzvimbo dzemuganho wedzinza kuratidza kuti vari kurwisa maTaliban neAl-Qaeda ikoko. Vakasangana nekupikisa. Zvakare, kune vakawanda mumauto vasingadi kurwa zvavanoona sehondo yeAmerica. Mauto aita zvekurwiswa nendege, zvikepe zvechikopokopo, uye artillery. Sezvo nzufu dzevarwi dziri kuwedzera, vanhu vomunzvimbomo vamukira mauto, uye vamwe vakakumbanira varwi.
Iyo al-Qaeda neTaliban pesvedzero yatanga kupararira kubva kunzvimbo dziri kure dzemuganho kuenda kumaguta akakura uye kunyange maguta makuru mumatunhu maviri emuganhu. Ava varwi vakaita chikonzero chakafanana nemapoka echiIslam emuno, anowana vanotora mumadrassas asingaverengeki ePakistan nemapato mazhinji ezvematongerwo enyika echiIslam. Mauto akarwisa masoja, mapurisa, vakuru venzvimbo, vanhuwo zvavo, nevatungamiri venyika, kusanganisira VaMusharraf. Kubhomba kwevanhu vakazviuraya kwauraya mazana evanhu munyika yose.
Varwi vechiIslam vatora misha yese. Vachitevedzera maTaliban, vanodzvinyirira vakadzi, vanovhara zvikoro zvevasikana, vanorwisa zvitoro zveDVD nemimhanzi, vanoparadza maTV, uye vanoda kuti varume vakudze ndebvu voenda kumusikiti. Kufamba kwapararira kunyange kuguta guru. Kwemwedzi mitanhatu, vadzidzi vechiIslam nevarwi vakatora mosque muIslamabad uye vakamisa dare ravo. Hurumende yakaramba iripo kusvikira yamanikidzwa kuita chimwe chinhu nedzvinyiriro yenyika nepasi pose. Kudeuka kweropa kwemusikiti kwakabatsira chete kukurudzira mhirizhonga uye kushatirisa maonero evanhu.
Mhirizhonga yemasekete yaperekedza kusimuka kwevarwi veIslam. Mapoka eSunni ane zvombo, mamwe akabatana nemapato makuru ezvematongerwo enyika, akarwisa maShia nevezvitendero zvidiki nekusiya. Mazana akafa. Kunyange zvazvo mapoka acho akarambidzwa, anoshanda asingarangwi, vatungamiriri vawo vachioneka pachena.
MaIslam haazi iwo ega anopokana nehurumende. Kune hupanduki mudunhu guru rePakistan, Baluchistan, rinokuchidzirwa nekuda kwekuzvitonga kukuru uye kutonga pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvavo. Chichemo chagara chiripo. Mauto ePakistani akapwanya achangoburwa munhevedzano yehupanduki ina. Mapoka eBaluch akavharira nekurwisa nzvimbo dzegasi, mapaipi egasi neoiri, shongwe dzekufambisa magetsi, uye njanji dzechitima. Vakanangawo makambani ekunze ari kuda kutsvaga nzvimbo itsva dzekuchera gasi mudunhu iri pamwe nekushanda nezvimwe zvirongwa zvekusimudzira ikoko. Vadaidzirawo kuratidzira nekuramwa mabasa.
Dambudziko reDemocratic
Kuedza kwemauto kutarisana nemaIslamist nevapanduki veBaluch kwagadzira dambudziko rayo. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, hurumende yakasunga mazana evanhu uye, pashure pokunge โvanyangarika,โ yakaramba kuti haina kumbovasunga. Mhuri dzavo dzakawana shamwari mutongi mukuru weDare Repamusorosoro rePakistan. Vati hurumende iburitse vanhu vakashaika kumatare edzimhosva. General Musharraf vakapindura nekudzinga mukuru wevatongi. Kutya kukuru kwaVaMusharraf ndechekuti dare rinorwira kodzero dzevanhu rinovarambidza kuenderera mberi nekutonga semutungamiri wenyika.
Paive nesangano renyika rekuti mukuru wevatongi adzorerwe pabasa. Vatongi vakasiya basa, magweta akaramwa mabasa, uye mapurisa akarwisa kuratidzira kwakaitwa nemagweta kunze kwedare repamusorosoro. Munyika yose, mapoka makuru evanhu akaungana kuzonzwa uye kutsigira mutongi mukuru wevatongi. Dare repamusoro rakazivisa kuti mukuru wevatongi anofanirwa kudzoserwa pabasa. Musharraf aifanira kubvuma kukundwa.
Dare rave kunzwa nyaya dzevanhu vakashaika. Hurumende yakagadzira vamwe ndokukweva makumbo kune vamwe. Mukuru wevatongi vematare edzimhosva akatyisidzira kuti achaisa mujeri mumwe mukuru wezvemitemo uye kudaidza vakuru vemauto ePakistan kana hurumende ikasaendesa vanhu kumatare edzimhosva. Sezvo sarudzo dzave pedyo, uye VaMusharraf vachida kuramba vaine masimba, Dare ratotanga kunzwa nyaya dzakakwidzwa panyaya yekunyoresa kuvhota.
Vamwe vanotarisira kuti kudzoreredza chimiro chedemocracy kunogona kushandura mafambiro kurwisa maIslam uye kuderedza njodzi yenyukireya. Musharraf, nerubatsiro rweUS, ari kuyedza kubatanidza chibvumirano kuti arambe ari musimba. Ari kufunga kurasa shamwari dzake dzechiIslamist kuti awane rutsigiro kubva kuna Benazir Bhutto, uyo achabvisirwa mhosva dzehuori dzaakatiza akabvumidzwa kudzoka kubva kuutapwa. Hazvizokwani.
Mumakore eMusharraf, mauto akabatanidza simba rayo nenzira itsva. Vakuru vemauto vanotonga matunhu, vanofambisa hushumiri hwehurumende, vanotungamirira mayunivhesiti, uye vanotungamirira makambani enyika. Zvido zvemabhizimusi zvemauto zvave kubhanga neinishuwarenzi, simende nefetereza, magetsi neshuga, chibage nema corn flakes. Havazoregi izvi vasina kurwa.
Kumauto, nyika dzekunze dzinoita sedziri kutyisidzirawo. Sezvo hupfumi hweIndia huchikura uye hunowedzera kushandiswa kwemauto mukusvetuka uye miganhu, mauto ePakistan anotsvaga nzira dzekuenderera mberi. NeUnited States kurima hukama hutsva neIndia, mauto anotya kurasikirwa nemubatsiri wawo wekare. Inonetsekana kuti ichachengetedza sei nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya, missile uye zvakajairwa neIndia. Mauto anofanirwa kutora zvimwe kubva muhupfumi hwePakistan. Utongi hwehurumende yevanhuwo zvavo hauzobvumirwi kupikisa izvi zvakakosha.
Kutonga kwechiuto uye vezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika vakaunza Pakistan kumamiriro ayo azvino anotyisa. Panzvimbo pekuchengeta Musharraf ari musimba, nyika inofanirwa kuda kuti mauto ePakistan ape hutongi pamusoro pehurumende nehupfumi zvachose. Hurumende yakasarudzwa zvakasununguka uye inomiririra iyo inogona kuita sarudzo inokwanisa kuita kusimudzira hupfumi sekunge vanhu vane basa, kutarisana nemaIslam, uye kuita runyararo neIndia.
Zia Mian inyanzvi yefizikisi neChirongwa cheScience uye Global Security paWoodrow Wilson Chikoro chePublic and International Affairs paPrinceton University uye munyori wenyaya yeForeign Policy In Focus (pamhepo pa www.fpif.org). Imwe vhezheni yekutanga yechidimbu ichi yakaonekwa mukati Iyo Philadelphia Inquirer.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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