Kwemakumi emakore, vatungamiriri veIndia nePakistan vakaroyiwa nesimba rebhomba. Pasinei nemimwe misiyano yavo yakasiyana-siyana, vanoratidzika kuva vakatenda kuti tyisidziro yokuparadza kukuru kunomiririrwa nezvombo zvenyukireya isimba rezvakanaka, uye kuti zvombo zvacho zvimene zvinokosha kugarikano yenyika dzavo. Mutungamiri JP Abdul Kalam, semuenzaniso, akataura kuti zvombo zvenyukireya รขโฌลzvezvombo zverunyararoรขโฌ. Kune rumwe rutivi, Mutungamiri Pervez Musharraf vazivisa kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvenyika yavo zvakakosha uye zvakakosha sekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, hupfumi neKashmir.
Kune avo vasina kupofumadzwa neBhomba, zvisinei, kutsvaga zvombo zvenyukireya hakuna zvakuunza kunze kwekukwikwidza mukugona kunoparadza uye dambudziko mushure medambudziko. Hondo Yemashoko yakaita seuchapupu hwakakwana, asi zvidzidzo zvakarasika kune avo vanotonga muIndia nePakistan. Zvishuvo zvenyukireya zveNew Delhi zvakashanda chete kukurudzira Islamabad kutevera neupofu. Kuedzwa kwenyukireya muna 1974 kuPokhran kwakarodza kutsunga kwePakistan kusasara shure uye, sekutya kwaiitwa nevakawanda, bhomba rakanga risingadi kusiiwa mumumvuri kwenguva refu. Kutanga India uye ipapo Pakistan vakaedza zvombo zvenyukireya muna May 1998.
Zvinhu zvakabva zvawedzera kuipa. Hondo yeKargil yakatevera mushure megore, zvichiratidza kuti nyika mbiri dzine zvombo zvenyukireya dzinogona kurwa hondo - zvinopesana nemazano evamwe. Mazana mazhinji emauto akafa kudivi rimwe nerimwe, sezvo hutungamiriri munyika mbiri idzi hwakatyisidzira apocalypse. Makore anoti pfuurei maviri gare gare, India nePakistan dzakagadzirira kurwa zvakare. Varwi vanofungidzirwa kuva hafu yemirioni vakamhanyiswa kumuganhu uye, sezvo mazuva akachinja kuva mavhiki nemwedzi, tyisidziro dzenyukireya dzakaitwa nokusiiwa. Zvidzidzo zvipi zvakadzidzwa pakurambana kwakawedzerwa pamuganhu? Hapana, zvinoita sekunge รขโฌโ kunze kwekuti pamwe nyika imwe neimwe yaida kugadzirira zvirinani kurwa hondo yenyukireya.
Muna 2005, nyika mbiri idzi dzakaita mitambo mikuru yehondo yaifungidzira kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Hondo yenyukireya yeIndia nePakistan, umo imwe neimwe yakashandisa zvishanu bedzi zvezvombo zvayo zvenyukireya zvinowanika, yaizouraya vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni matatu ndokukuvadza zvakakomba imwe mirioni imwe nehafu. Zvichakadaro, kunyangwe maonero eruzhinji rweSouthasia nepasirese anotsikirira nyika mbiri idzi kuti dzidzoke kubva kumucheto wenyukireya, New Delhi neIslamabad dzinopindura nekuedza kuzviratidzira se โnyika dzine chekuita nenyukireyaโ. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vanoramba vachisunda mberi nesimba sezvinobvira nomujaho wavo wezvombo.
Gomba rakadzikadzika pakati pemashoko nezviito rakanga rakajeka kubva pakuratidzira kweruzhinji rwenyukireya รขโฌโ musangano weLahore muna 1999 pakati pemakurukota Atal Bihari Vajpayee naMian Nawaz Sharif. Kunyangwe zvazvo varume vaviri ava vakanga varaira kuti zvivako zvavo zvenyukireya zviedze gore rakanga rapfuura, muLahore vakakurukura รขโฌลkugovera chiono cherunyararo nekugadzikanaรขโฌ uyeรขโฌลbudiriro nebudiriroรขโฌ kuvanhu vavo. Musangano uyu wakaburitsa zvishoma nzira yebudiriro inooneka pakudzora nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya. Nyika mbiri idzi dzakabvumirana kuzivisana nezve ballistic missile bvunzo, asi maingove muna Gumiguru 2005 pavakazotevera pachibvumirano ichocho. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, chibvumirano hachiite chinhu kudzikamisa budiriro yeramangwana kana kuyedzwa kwemakomba.
Mitambo yehondo
Iyo Subcontinent iri pakati pemujaho wekupotsera. Ose India nePakistan akaedza marudzi akasiyana ezvombo mumakore achangopfuura, achitotora matanho ekutanga kuendesa zvombo zvenyukireya zvine zvombo. India yakaunza 2000 km-range Agni-II missile mune yayo arsenal. Pakistan yakaita zvimwe chetezvo ne750 km Shaheen missile, pamwe nekuyedza 1500 km Ghauri. Aya mabhomba angada maminetsi mashoma kusvika mashanu ekubhururuka kuti asvike kumaguta akakosha ari munyika โdzinopikisaโ.
Sezvakangoitika munguva yeCold War pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union, muSouthasia kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvinokandwa izvi kwakakonzera kutsvanzvadzira kwenhoo yekudzivirira, pamwe neanopikisa kudzivirira kwakadaro. India yakatsvaga dziviriro yeBallistic missile kubva kuRussia, Israel neUS kuti ibvise zvombo zvePakistan. Pakistan yakapindura nekuyedza 500 km-range-launch-launch cruise missile, iyo General Musharraf akabatanidza nekunetsekana pamusoro pehurongwa hweIndia: "Pane manzwiro ekuti pakanga paine kusaenzana, kuri kugadzirwa nekuda kwekutenga kwepamberi- zvombo zvemichina ... Rega nditi izvi zvinovandudza chiyero.รขโฌ
Iko kutsvaga mukana kunokonzeresa kuda kwekuenzanisa uye kwainoenda. Hazvishamisi kuti bhajeti remauto muIndia nePakistan rakawedzera kubva pakatanga bvunzo dzenyukireya. India yakashandisa mari inopfuura INR 2.2 trillion pamauto ayo pakati pa2000 na2004. General Musharraf vakaburitsa pachena kuti Pakistan yakashandisa zvakawanda kubva 2000 kugadzira zvombo zvayo zvenyukireya kupfuura zvayaive nazvo mumakore makumi matatu apfuura.
Ramangwana rinoratidzika kushata. Muna Chikumi 2005, US neIndia dzakasaina chibvumirano chemakore gumi chekudzivirira-mushandirapamwe, icho chinosanganisira kutengeswa kwezvombo zvepamusoro uye rubatsiro kune zvese zviri zviviri nzvimbo yeIndia uye zvirongwa zvenyukireya. Sokutsanangura kwakaita mukuru mukuru weUS: รขโฌล[Chinangwa chedu] kubatsira India kuti ive simba guru renyika muzana remakore rechi10,รขโฌ achiwedzera kuti, รขโฌลTinonzwisisa zvizere zvinorehwa, kusanganisira zvechiuto, zvechirevo ichocho. โฌ Chinangwa chechibvumirano chakajekeswa apo aimbove mumiriri weUS kuIndia, Robert Blackwill, akabvunza, "Sei US ichida kutarisa kugona kweIndia" nzira dzinogona kutungamira kuChina nyukireya zvachose. kutonga pamusoro peIndia yedemocracy?รขโฌ
Sarudzo yaChikumi yakateverwa muna Chikunguru paine chibvumirano chenyukireya chakajeka, umo hutongi hweBush hwakabvuma kupidigura US uye mirau yepasirese iyo yave nemakumi emakore ichirambidza India kuwana uranium, iyo yakabikwa yemafuta enyukireya uye zvombo zvenyukireya. Nekudivi rayo, India ichapatsanura zvivakwa zvayo zvehondo nedzevanhu nezvirongwa uye ichazvipira zvivakwa zvayo zvehurumende kuti zviongororwe neInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). IUS haina kubvunza India kuti imise kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya sechikamu chechibvumirano; India haigone kuita saizvozvo. Kuwanika kumusika wepasi rose uranium kwaizobvumira India kusunungura yakawanda yeuranium yayo yemumba kuti iwedzere zvakanyanya kugona kwayo kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Sarudzo dzeIndia dzinogona, semuenzaniso, kubatanidza kuvaka chechitatu nuclear reactor kugadzira plutonium yezvimwe zvombo; kutanga kugadzira uranium yakapfuma zvikuru yezvombo; kana kugadzira mafuta engarava yepasi penyukireya yave ichiedza kugadzira kwemakumi emakore.
Pakistan ikozvino yakumbira chibvumirano chimwe chete kubva kuUnited States. Aimbove mukuru wemauto, Jahangir Karamat, zvino mumiriri kuUS, akayambira kuti: "Kuenzanirana kwesimba muSouthasia hakufanirwe kurerekera mukufarira India, nekuda kwehukama hweUS neIndia, zvekuti Pakistan inofanira kutanga. kutora matanho anoshamisa ekuona kugona kudzivirira nekudzivirira.รขโฌ America yaramba chikumbiro cheIslamabad, ichitaura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, basa rePakistan mukuparadzira matekinoroji ezvombo zvenyukireya kuNorth Korea, Libya neIran, uye kuramba kwayo kubuda pachena panyaya yeA Q Khan. Zvisinei nekutaurwa kwese kwe "minimum deterrent", Pakistan inogona ikozvino kutsvaga kugadzirira kuwedzera kwechirongwa chayo. Aimbove munyori wezvekunze wePakistan akatombopokana kuti Islamabad "inofanirwa kunatsiridza kugona kwayo nekusimudzira tsvakiridzo nebudiriro uye nekubatanidza zvinhu zvine hungwaru panyika, mhepo nemugungwa - kunyangwe chirongwa ichi chinodhura uye kutora makore." ยฅ
Nguva yevapengo
Kuwanda kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvine simba muzvose zviri zviviri India nePakistan kuri kukurira pfungwa dzakanaka uye kukanganisa mukana werunyararo. Pamativi ese, aine zvinangwa zvakatetepa zvakafanana, vatsigiri vezvombo zvenyukireya vari kutyaira Subcontinent nekukurumidza munzira inoenda kune hombe uye ine njodzi yezvombo zvenyukireya nehondo. Nguva yasvika yokuti titsinhire mashoko enyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu vokuAmerica Lewis Mumford, achinyora nokukurumidza pashure pokunge zera renyukireya ravamba: รขโฌลMadmen anotonga zvinhu zvedu muzita renhevedzano nechengeteko. Vakuru vanopenga vanoda mazita emukuru, admiral, senator, sainzi, maneja, Secretary of State, kunyangwe Mutungamiriri.รขโฌ
Kana Southasia ichizopona zera rayo renyukireya, tichada mafambiro akasimba erunyararo muPakistan neIndia, pamwe nemuSouthasia yese. Matanho ekutanga akatotorwa. Iyo Pakistan Peace Coalition, yakavambwa muna 1999, isangano renyika remapoka anoshandira runyararo nekururamisira. Kune rimwe divi remuganho, varwi veIndia muna 2000 vakagadzira Campaign yeNuclear Disarmament and Peace. Mafambiro aya anozoda rubatsiro rwese nerutsigiro rwavanokwanisa kuwana kuti vachengetedze vatungamiriri vemauto, vatungamiri nemakurukota. Vatungamiriri muIndia nePakistan vanofanira kuudzwa zvakasimba kuti vanhu havazobvumiri hondo yenyukireya kurwiwa.
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