Nemusi weMuvhuro Ndira 28, Bishop Alejandro Goic vakazivisa kuti murwiri wekodzero dzeMapuche, Patricia Troncoso, akange amisa kuramwa kudya kwemazuva 111 muChile. Troncoso, pamwe nevamwe vairamwa mabasa vakati wandei, vanga vachida kuti vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika veMapuche vasunungurwe, kumisa kudzvinyirirwa nemauto kwemapoka echivanhu, uye kubvisirwa mhosva yekupisa moto nekambani yeForest Minoco. Kuramwa kwacho kwakaperekedzwa nekuratidzira muguta guru reChile reSantiago uye zvichemo.
Muna 2002, Troncoso nevaMapuche vakati wandei vakapomerwa mhosva yekupisa maeka zana eminda yemupaini - mhosva dzavanoramba - uye vakatongerwa makore gumi mujeri. Vakatongwa mukutongwa kusina kururama, uko hutungamiriri hweRicardo Lagos hwakatora mutemo wekurwisa hugandanga wakagadzirwa panguva yemutongi wemauto Augusto Pinochet. Uyezve, vanhu veMapuche vanoti minda iyi sechikamu cheminda yemadzitateguru avo, yakagarwa nekambani iyi zvisiri izvo. Makambani ezvemasango akawedzera kubvutwa kwavo kwenzvimbo dzechivanhu munguva yePinochet, apo vanhu vazhinji veko vakamanikidzwa kusiya kodzero dzavo.
Hutongi huchangobva kusarudzwa hwaMichelle Bachelet hwakapa Troncoso zvibvumirano nemusi weMuvhuro, kusanganisira kuendeswa kwevanorwira kodzero dzeMapuche kujeri reDzidzo neLabour Center uye ongororo yemutemo unopokana nehugandanga. Bachelet akagadzawo komisheni wemutungamiri wenyika wezvinoitika zvechivanhu kuti atange nhaurirano nemapoka echivanhu uye kukurudzira kucherechedzwa kwevanhu veko. Mhosva iyi yakaunza kutarisisa kwenyika uye kune dzimwe nyika kumatambudziko evanhu veMapuche muChile, nyika inowanzonzi inobudirira yekusununguka kwedemocracy ine mazinga ekukura kwepamusoro, pasinei nokuti ine imwe yenhanho dzakaipisisa dzekusaenzana kwevanhu munharaunda.
Kuramwa mabasa uku kwakaratidzawo kurwiswa kwemauto munharaunda dzanga dzichiwedzera mumakore achangopfuura muLatin America. Nzvimbo dzeMapuche kumaodzanyemba kweChile dzine mapurisa akawandisa uye vanhu veMapuche vanogara vachishungurudzwa nemapurisa, kurwiswa zuva nezuva, uye kushandiswa kwepfuti kurwisa vanhu vasina pfuti munharaunda mavo. Musi wa2 Ndira, mumwe wechidiki weMapuche akapfurwa ndokuurayiwa nemapurisa apo nhengo dzenharaunda yeYupeco-Vilcun dzakaronga kugara papurazi.
Kune mishumo yakafanana kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeLatin America zvakare. VaZapatistas, boka rechimurenga rakavakirwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico, vakatarisana nemhirizhonga iri kukura kubva kumauto eparamilitary mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura. MuBrazil, mutemo uri kukakavadzana unobvumidza nyika kuti ipindire munharaunda dzechivanhu kudzivirira vana kubva mukuregeredzwa nekushungurudzwa. Kufanana nekupindira kweAustralia munzvimbo dzevaAboriginal, uko mapurisa nemauto akatumirwa kunharaunda yekuchamhembe nekunyepedzera kuponesa vana veko, zviito zvinoonekwa nenharaunda nemapoka ekodzero dzevanhu sekusava nehanya nekugarika kwevana, nezvimwe. nekuedza kutora minda yezvizvarwa zvechivanhu uye pakupedzisira kutora pfuma yavanochiva.
Kuwedzera kuedza kwekudzivirira uye kudzvanyirira kwakabatana nekuunganidzwa kuri kukura kwevanhu veko mudunhu rese, izvo zvakagamuchira kurudziro yakasimba nekumukira kweZapatistas muna Ndira 1.st. uye kuratidzira kwakawanda kunopesana nekuvandudzwa kweneoliberal. MuBolivia, mubatanidzwa wemapoka echivanhu, varimi nevashandi vakapinda muhondo dzemvura vachiratidzira kuratidzira kwehondo dzemvura negasi vachida kudzoreredzwa kwegasi rechisikigo kubva kune dzimwe nyika.
Sarudzo dza2005 dzaEvo Morales, mutungamiri wekutanga weBolivia uye mutungamiri wemubatanidzwa wevarimi vecoca, chiratidzo chemakore aya ekuronga kwechivanhu. Kusimuka kweMorales nevamwe vatungamiriri vakasara mudunhu rese, pamwe nekuedza kwavo kuendesa gasi renyika, kunyora bumbiro, uye kupa mazita enzvimbo kunharaunda dzechivanhu, kwakaratidza kupokana kuripo, sevaridzi veminda vakapfuma, vekunze, uye macreoles vasingade. kuti vasiye simba ravo rakadzika uye kutonga pamusoro penyika dzemadzitateguru.
KuVenezuela, bumbiro remutemo ra1999 rakapa vagari veko kodzero yeminda yavakagarwa nemadzitateguru avo, uye Mutemo wa2001 wekutema miganho wakagadzira nzira yekugadzira mamepu enzvimbo dzechivanhu izvo zvaizodzoreredza minda yevagari vemo kana yatenderwa zviri pamutemo. Asi nzira yekuwana minda iyi yanga ichipokana uye vanhu veko vakatyisidzirwa nemapoka evaridzi veminda. Kuwedzera kwekuratidzira kwemapoka echivanhu muVenezuela kwakonzera kutangazve kwemaitiro erusaruraganda uye macaricatures munhau. Chimwe chikamu chakaburitswa muwedzero Chameleon zvezuva nezuva El Nacional muna 2003 ine musoro unoti โKutangwa kwedenderedzwa remabolivari munharaunda yevaIndia veTabayara,โ yakashuma kushanya kwapurezidhendi Hugo Chรกvez kunzanga yokufungidzira yeTabayara. Mukumwe kushanya kuCacique Konsoda, mufananidzo waishe wechirudzi, sabhuku anonzi anotaura nemutungamiri wenyika kweawa nehafu, asi sezvo mutungamiri wenyika asingatauri mitauro yemuno hapana chaanokwanisa kunzwisisa. Mushumo wacho unogumisa, kuti: โNdiro dambudziko naizvozvi MaIndia, hapana anonzwisisa zvavanotaura.โ Aya mavakirwo erusarura evanhu verudzi rwechivanhu sevasingazivi uye asinganzwisisi anoratidza kushushikana kwevapfumi uye vepakati peboka rinopikisa, vanotya vanhu vemunyika kuti vatorezve kodzero dzavo.
Saizvozvowo, kuBolivia, uko kwakadzikwa mutemo mutsva wekuvandudza kurima muna 2006 kudzivirira nyika dzechivanhu kuti dzisatengeswe kana kupatsanurwa, vatungamiriri veko vakarohwa nekuda kwekudzivirira nharaunda dzavo kubva kune vanotyora mitemo. IPS yakashuma kuti ivhu reveruzhinji muAscensiรณn, raigarwa nevanhu veGuarayo kumabvazuva kweBolivia, rakatengeswa zvisiri pamutemo nevatungamiriri venzvimbo dzine huori dzeUnion of Guarayo Native People (COPNAG). Nhengo dzeGuarayo dzedare rekuranga rakaumbwa kuzopomera vatungamiriri vane huori vakatyisidzirwa nehupenyu hwavo uye kurwiswa nemauto akazvimirira.
Pasi pemutemo wekuvandudza minda, hurumende ine simba rekugovera patsva ivhu risati rava kushandiswa kuvagari vemunyika, kuitira kuti varidzi veminda vapihwe muripo. Pasi peMorales, pakavewo nekuedza kuderedza kuwanda kwevaridzi veminda pakati pezvido zvevanhu. Musi waZvita 8, gungano remuBolivia rakazopasa bumbiro remitemo mushure memwedzi gumi neminomwe yekunetsana uye kunonoka, izvo zvinomisa huwandu hwevhu hunogona kubatwa nemunhu chero upi zvake. Chikumbiro ichi chichavhoterwa pareferendamu mukati memwedzi mitanhatu.
Asi nharaunda dzechivanhu dzinonzwisisika kuti dzakangwarira kupinda mumubatanidzwa nevatungamiriri vekuruboshwe. Lucio Gutiรฉrrez, aimbove Colonel wemauto akarumbidzwa sechikamu cheboka idzva revatungamiriri vekuruboshwe pavakasarudzwa semutungamiri weEcuador muna 2003, vakapomedzerwa mhosva yemubatanidzwa uye kudzoreredza bato rechivanhu rine simba muEcuador. The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) yakaumbwa muna 1986 uye yakatungamirira kuratidzira kukuru kwekurwisana nemakambani emarudzi akawanda. Muna 2003, CONAIE yakapinda mumubatanidzwa naGutiรฉrrez, uye vakazviwana vatengeswa naGutiรฉrrez, uyo akasaina tsamba neIMF yekubiridzira zviwanikwa, kusunungura musika wevashandi uye kuita shanduko yemari, zvese zvinopesana nepuratifomu yaakasarudzwa. Muna Kubvumbi 2005, Gutiรฉrrez akamanikidzwa kubvisa simba uye kutiza nyika mukati mekuratidzira kukuru.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, muna Ndira 10-12, mapoka ezvizvarwa zveEcuador akaungana paThird Congress of Indigenous Nationalities and Peoples of Ecuador. Nhume dzeCongress dzakapika kurwira kucherechedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vomunharaunda uye kucherechedzwa kweEcuador senyika yeplurinational, uye kupikisa kubviswa kwezviwanikwa. Vadaidzira gungano ririkuitwa vachitungamirwa nemutungamiri wekuruboshwe, Rafael Correa, kuti ubatanidze mutemo wekuvandudza minda unodzoreredza minda kuvanhu veko. KuCongress, mutungamiri mutsva, Marlon Santi, akasarudzwa kuCONAIE. Santi aipinda mukuratidzira achipokana nekambani yemafuta emarudzi akawanda ARCO (kambani yeAtlantic Richfield) muma1980s, uye aive mupikisi panguva yekutonga kwaGutierrez.
Mubvunzurudzo naPatricio Zhinghri T., Santi akati zvirevo kubva kuboka rezvizvarwa zvechivanhu hazvisi pahurongwa hwehurumende yeCorrea, uye pane kutyira kuti haisi kuzomiririrwa mukuvandudzwa kwebumbiro. Vakataura kuti vanoda kuronga nekudyidzana nehurumende, asi vakasimbisa kuti masangano echivanhu acharamba achiungana akazvimirira kuti aise nhuna dzavo pahurongwa.
Zvinetso izvi zviri kutsigirwa mune mamwe matunhu eLatin America sezvo mapoka echivanhu akatsvaga kuchengetedza rusununguko rwesangano pasi pehurumende dzekuruboshwe. Muna Kurume 2005 naNdira 2006, mapoka echivanhu kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweZulia muVenezuela akaronga kuratidzira achipikisa hurongwa hwehurumende yeChรกvez yekuwedzera kucherwa kwemarasha mudunhu ravo. Vachitaurawo rutsigiro rwavo kumutungamiri wenyika, vakanongedzerawo kusvibiswa kwemvura uye njodzi dzehutano kune ruzhinji rwevagari venzvimbo iyi vanovimba nekushaikwa kwemvura.
Kukura kuri kuita kuratidzira kwechivanhu mumwedzi ichangopfuura nemakore, uko kwaisanganisira musangano wevakadzi veZapatista wenhoroondo uye Musangano weZapatistas neVanhu Vepasirese kubva Zvita 28 kusvika Ndira 1, 2008, kwakaratidza kusimba kwemafambiro echivanhu mukati menyika. mabhindauko echimurenga ari kuitika mudunhu rese, uye kusada kwavo kutyisidzirwa nemhirizhonga kana kutyisidzira kwevane simba.
Sujatha Fernandes: [email inodzivirirwa]
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