Musi weSvondo Zvita 2, veVenezuel vachadzokera kudzimba dzekuvhotera kuti vabvumidze kana kuramba zvirevo zviviri zvekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro, makumi matatu nematatu ayo akakurudzirwa neMutungamiriri Hugo Chávez uye makumi matatu nenhanhatu shanduko dzakaitwa neNational Assembly. Inosanganisirwa mune zvakarongwa shanduko kubumbiro reVenezuela ra33 kuwedzera kwetemu yemutungamiri wenyika kubva pamakore matanhatu kusvika manomwe uye kubviswa kweiyo-temu mbiri, kupfupikiswa kwevhiki yebasa kusvika maawa makumi matatu nematanhatu, kudzvanywa kwekodzero yeruzivo panguva yenyika. zvechimbichimbi, kubviswa kwekuzvitonga kwebhanga guru renyika, kuwedzera mari kumakanzuru emunharaunda, kusikwa kwemhando itsva dzezvivakwa zvakabatana, zvinodiwa zvekuenzana kwevakadzi munzvimbo dzehurumende, uye kucherechedzwa kwemapoka eAfro-Venezuelan, kuwedzera mapoka echivanhu akasanganisirwa mushanduko dzakapfuura.
Iyi bhegi yakasanganiswa yekuvandudzwa kuri kudiwa yakamutsa mhirizhonga munyika yose, uye kubva kune vacherechedzi vekunze. Kuchema kwakajairika kwe "dictadura" (udzvanyiriri) kubva kumusasa wevanopikisa hazvishamise, asi kuratidzira kwevadzidzi vachibuda mumayunivhesiti makuru eCaracas, uye manzwi akapanduka mukati mekutonga kwaChavez kwakonzera nyonganiso pamusoro pekuti mhosva dzinonyepa. Mamwe masangano anotsigira Chávez anga achityira kuti zvikumbiro zvinodzokororwa zvakasanganiswa pamwe chete neshanduko dzinofambira mberi, zvichiita kuti zviome kuita mushandirapamwe nekuvhota panhau sebhuroka. Chii chiri panjodzi mureferendamu iri kuuya yeVenezuela? Kuchema pamusoro pekuchinja kunoratidza zvakare kuvhiringidzika kwechishoro chakakanganiswa mugakava riri kuenderera mberi nehurumende, kana kuti pane chimwe chinhu chiri kuitika?
Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise anatomy yeakasiyana mauto masimba akakanda ngowani yavo mumhete. Iyo musasa wenguva refu inopokana neChavista, inopesana neyakagadziriswa shanduko, yakakamurwa pamusoro pekuti ndeipi nzira yekuenda nayo kureferendamu yekuvandudza. Mamwe mapato anopikisa anosanganisira Primero Justicia, Un Nuevo Tiempo, neChristian Democratic COPEI atanga hurongwa hwekukurudzira vanhu kuti vavhote “Kwete” pakuvandudzwa kwebumbiro iri. Kusiyana neizvi, National Resistance Command, iyo inosanganisira mapato anopikisa akadai saAcción Democrática (AD), Alianza Bravo Pueblo naBandera Roja vakadaidzira kuti referendamu irambwe uye vakaunganidza vanhu mumigwagwa nekuda kwechikonzero chavo, kunyangwe AD yakadzora chinzvimbo ichi. ndokujoinha “Kwete” mushandirapamwe mazuva mashoma gare gare. Semunguva dzakapfuura, kusagadzikana kwevanopikisa uye kusakwanisa kwavo kuita sarudzo yakabatana nezve nzira yekutarisana naChávez kwaita kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvipere simba.
Mukufamba kunoshamisa, aimbova Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa kwaChávez, Raul Isais Baduel, uyo akange aita basa rakakosha mukudzoreredza Chávez pachigaro panguva yecoup ya2002, akabudawo achipesana nekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro uye akakurudzira vanhu kuti vavhote "Kwete" mureferendamu iri kuuya. Aimbova mukuru wemauto akatsanangura shanduko iyi se "coup d'état" iyo yaizoisa rimwe simba mumaoko emutungamiri wenyika, achiti hapana chikonzero chekugadzirisa bumbiro remutemo ra1999. Vamwe vaityira kuti kudzingwa kwevakuru muchiuto kunogona kukanganisa mauto, asi kusvika pari zvino hapana chinoratidza kuti ndizvo zvinofanira kuitika. Zvinoitawo sekunge kupikisa kwaBaduel kunobva mukunetsekana kwake pamusoro peshanduko yakarongwa kuChisungo 328, icho chinoda shanduko kune chimiro chemauto.
Kupokana neshanduko idzi kwakauyawo kubva kune vanopikisa-vanozivikanwa vadzidzi vekuratidzira kubva kuruzhinji Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), pamwe nemasangano akazvimirira akadai seAndrés Bello Catholic University uye Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB). Muna October nekutanga kwaNovember, vadzidzi vakafora kana kuNational Assembly, National Electoral Council (CNE), uye Supreme Court vachida kuti referendamu imiswe. Vadzidzi vakarwisa mauto edziviriro nematombo nemabhodhoro, vachiputsa zvipingamupinyi zvekuchengetedza, uye kutanga moto, uye mauto akadaira nemagasi emisodzi nemvura, zvichiita kurwisana kunotyisa mumigwagwa iyo yakagamuchira kuvharwa kwenyika nekunze. Vadzidzi vePro-Chávez vakaronga misangano yekuratidzira vachitsigira shanduko. Vatsigiri vevadzidzi vepro uye vanopesana neChávez vakakamurwa pamwe chete nemitsara yekirasi, nevanoshuvira kukwira kumusoro kana vane rombo rakanaka vadzidzi vepamusoro vachiumba musimboti wekuratidzira kukuru kuri kupikisa shanduko.
Mhirizhonga pakati pevadzidzi veAnti-Chávez uye pro-Chávez yakasvika kumagumo musi waNovember 7, apo boka revadzidzi vanopikisa raidzokera kuUCV kubva kumusangano rakakomberedza Chikoro cheSocial Work, chikamu chebapiro chekuruboshwe, uye chakakomba. kuvaka uko 123 vadzidzi veChávez nevashandi vanga vachigadzira mapepa uye kuronga mabasa avo e "Hongu" mushandirapamwe. Munhepfenyuro dzinotungamirirwa nevanopikisa, zviitiko izvi zvakataurirwa manyepo senyaya yevarume vakapfeka zvifukidzo zvepfuti avo vakapfurira pfuti kune varatidziri vevadzidzi vaipikisa murunyararo.
Pazuva iro National Assembly yakabvumidza kuti seti yeshanduko iende pamberi pereferendamu yeruzhinji, José Manuel González, mutungamiri weFedecámaras, mubatanidzwa wemabhizinesi weVenezuelan, akazivisa kuti, "Democracy yeVenezuela yakavigwa nhasi." Mapato anopikisa nevezvenhau, mubatanidzwa wemabhizinesi, General Baduel, nevadzidzi vanozivikanwa nevanopikisa vose vanoronga kusatendera kuvandudzwa uku vachiti vari kutyira kuti hutongi hwejekerere huri kuparadzwa. Kuumbwa uku kunopindirana nemhosva yavakapomerwa nevanopikisa hurumende yeChávez kubva pakutanga, uye zviri kuenderana nepfungwa yavo yegutsaruzhinji sehutongi hwejekerere.
Procedural democracy, yakabva muzviitiko zvekuMadokero zvehurumende inomiririra, yakavakirwa pakutonga kwemutemo, sarudzo dzakasununguka uye dzakachena, uye kupatsanurwa kwemasimba pakati pevakuru, vemitemo, uye mapazi ekutonga ehurumende. Painyorwa bumbiro remitemo muna 1999, vanopikisa vanopikisa vakanyunyuta kuti bazi repamusoro riri kuwedzerwa mari nemamwe mapazi. Vanopikisa vakaratidza kushushikana kuti Chávez akatyisidzira kuzvitonga kwematare nekupindira muhurongwa hwematare kuburikidza nekurambidza vatongi uye kuwedzera ukuru hweDare Repamusorosoro, uye kuti akawedzera masimba emauto. Vanoenderera mberi vachipomera mhosva imwe chete pamusoro peshanduko dziripo pari zvino dzekuwedzera temu yemutungamiri wenyika negore uye kubviswa kwezvisungo pakubata chigaro, vachiti izvi zvinoisa masimba muhutungamiriri.
Asi izvi zvinotarisa pamaitiro edemocracy zvinoshanda senzira yekudzivirira matunhu emasimba aripo. Mafungiro ehutongi hwemutemo, kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, uye maitiro ari muhurukuro yakasununguka anotora kutora chikamu kwevanhu vane njere, vanozvimirira vanogovana kuenzana pasi pemutemo, vasingatarise kusaenzana kukuru munharaunda yeVenezuela. Kumatunhu ari kumucheto, pfungwa yakasununguka yedemocracy yemaitiro haigone kuyananiswa zviri nyore nenhoroondo dzerusarura mukirasi uye nerusaruraganda. Vamwe vakakakavadzana kuti simba guru riri kupiwa kune mukuru rinogona kunge riri madikanwa kuitira kuti pave nekugovewa patsva kwehupfumi hwevanhu uye midziyo inogona kushandura chimiro chekirasi yakadzika midzi.
Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe mumusasa weChavista havana kugadzikana pamusoro pekuchinja, kunyangwe nezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Muna Gumiguru, varatidziri venhau munharaunda kubva kuNational Association of Free and Alternative Media (ANMCLA) vakaratidza kushushikana neshanduko yakarongwa yeChinyorwa 337, iyo yaizobvisa kodzero yeruzivo rwevagari munguva dzenjodzi. Kufamba uku kwakaruramiswa nehurumende yeChávez semhinduro yekunyengedzwa nevezvenhau kwakaitika panguva yekutonga kwe2002. Asi vanorwira kodzero kubva kuANMCLA vanoona zvinotemerwa kodzero yeruzivo panguva dzenjodzi senzira ine ngozi kune chishandiso chave chichishandiswa nezvikamu zvine simba munhoroondo yese yeLatin America kusunga, kutambudza, nekunyaradza vanhu. Chimurenga hachifanire kudzivirirwa kuburikidza nekuongorora, pikisa ANMCLA, asi kuburikidza nemamiriyoni emanzwi ari pamhepo, sezvakaratidzwa panguva ye2002 coup.
The Agency of Alternative News (ANA), iyo ANMCLA agency inopa imwe nzira yenhau kune inodzorwa nehurumende Bolivarian Agency of News (ABN), yakatenderedzawo chidimbu chakanyorwa neUCV Sociologist Javier Biardeau iyo yakabvunza nzira yekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro senzira. zvinoreva kuita shanduko munzanga yeVenezuela. Achitaura nezve shanduko munhandare yemutemo se "nzvimbo yezvimbambaira," Biardeau anopokana kuti shanduko yebumbiro inzira shoma yekushandura nyika mushanduko yakananga kuSocialism. Anobvumirana nemutori wenhau uye munyori weblogger José Roberto Duque, uyo anobvuma kuti kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro kuedza kukurumidzira nekudzamisa hurongwa hwechimurenga, asi kuti pari zvino hwakangobudirira mukutanga kudyidzana kunoshamisa pasina kubata chero zvido zvine simba.
Iyo nzira yekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro ne plebiscite yakatorwa nehurumende yeChávez yakavharawo mamwe maforamu anosanganisirwa ehurukuro dzekuchinja kubumbiro. Panzvimbo pekuita kuti boka diki revamiriri vasarudze pamusoro peshanduko dzakarongwa vobva vadziisa kuvanhu mureferendamu, Biardeau anopokana kuti zvingave zviri nani kudaidza imwe Constituent Assembly kuti ibvumidze gakava reruzhinji uye kutora chikamu kwakafara kwemhando dzakasiyana. zvemafambiro evanhu uye mapoka ane mukurumbira. Kuburikidza neshanduko dzakarongwa, anodaro Biardeau, 21st century socialism iri kutongwa kubva kumusoro pane gakava regutsaruzhinji nekupihwa zvinhu kubva pazasi.
Sezvinoonekwa kubva mukutsoropodza kunobva kumagariro evanhu uye vatauri vanotsigira hurumende yeChávez, zvinogoneka uye zvakakosha kutsoropodza kuedza kwehurumende kutora masimba, kwete muzita rehurongwa hwedemokrasi, sevatsigiri vemusika wemahara. vanopikisa vangazvigona, asi muzita reutongi hwezvido zvevanhu hwunoisa simba rekuita sarudzo mumaoko evanhu vakarongwa mukati memakanzuru, magungano, nemasangano ane mukurumbira. Panyaya iyi, "kutora chikamu" hakungogumiri pakukurudzira uye kukurudzira vanhu kuti vavhote mureferendamu yekurangarira pane zvinyorwa zvakatosarudzwa neboka diki revamiriri. Inoshuvira kune chikamu chenzvimbo chekuita sarudzo izvo zvingaite kuti vanhu vaone zviri mumitemo yavo nemasangano.
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