Zvakatorwa kubva mubhuku idzva Kiyuba Represent!: Cuban Arts, State Power, uye Kuitwa kweNew Revolution Tsika, naSujatha Fernandes (pp. 109 – 117)
Pandakatanga kushanya kuCuba muna 1998, kuvepo kwevakadzi muhip-hop kwaive kuchiri kushomeka. Pamakonzati ndaisangana nevaimbi vechirume vane menduru dzegoridhe, giya reFubu, uye mazwi asina mufungo pamusoro pevakadzi, motokari, nepfuti, maviri ekupedzisira aya haamboitike kuvarume vechidiki vazhinji vekuCuba. Kwemakore, pave neshanduko dzakakosha mune zvematongerwo enyika dzevakadzi mukati meCuba, kunyanya mumhanzi werap, uye vakadzi vari mukati merudzi urwu vanonzwa vaine simba rekutaura nezvenyaya dzakadai sezvepabonde, zvechikadzi, pamwe nemabasa ezvechikadzi uye fungidziro.
Mubvunzurudzo naPacini Hernandez naGarofalo, vakadzi vekuCuba vairidza rap vakataura nezvemapoka echikadzi emuAmerica uye vaimbi vakadai seTLC, En Vogue, Salt n’ Pepa, Monie Love, uye Da Brat sezvinonyanya kukosha.[1] Vaimbi vane mukurumbira veAfrican-American feminist vakaita saErykah Badu vakaimba kuCuba kumitambo yerap nemakonzati, uye vanga vakakosha mukupa muenzaniso kune vechidiki vanoda kuridza rap. Kushanyirwa nemitambo yevarepa vechikadzi vakadai saMala RodrÃguez wekuSpain, Vanessa DÃaz naLa Bruja vekuNew York, naMalena wekuArgentina kwakakoshawo mukuvandudza maonero uye kupanana mazano.
Vakadzi vanoridza rap vanga vari chikamu cheCuban hip-hop movement kubva pakutanga. Kunyange zvazvo pakanga pasina vaimbi vevakadzi pamutambo wekutanga we hip-hop muna 1995, pamutambo wechipiri muna 1996 paiva nemutambo weboka rekutanga revakadzi vose, Instinto. Mumwe muimbi werapper, Magia, aive chikamu chemurume nemukadzi duo Obsesión, iyo yakatanga panguva iyi yekutanga uye yave rimwe remapoka ane mukurumbira werap muCuba. Magia akaita basa rinokosha mukusimudza chimiro chevakadzi mukati mekufamba kwe rap, uye anozvitsanangura semudzimai wevakadzi: 'Vose avo vanokurudzira uye vanopa simba kune basa rinomiririra rinoitwa nevakadzi uye vanoedza neimwe nzira kana imwe. kuona kuti basa iri rinokosheswa uye rinocherechedzwa, isu tiri vevakadzi… kuvapo kwevakadzi kwandiri kunokosha, nebasa ravo rinofanira kuratidzwa, nezvinhu zvavo zvekutaura, nemarwadzo avo uye mufaro, neruzivo rwavo, kupfava kwavo, nerusaruro. kuti vanotambura nokuda kwokuva vakadzi, neganhuriro dzavo, noutera hwavo nesimba ravo.’[2]
Vamwe vakadzi vakadai saDJ Yary vanozvionawo sechikamu chetsika iyi: 'Nebasa rangu rose, ndinotsvaka kusimbisa basa revakadzi veCuba mukati mehip-hop. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mukati mesangano iri varume vanonyanya kukosha, asi vakadzi vechidiki varatidza zvatinogona kuita kuti tipfume.'[3] Koniti yekutanga yemimhanzi yevakadzi vese yakarongwa neObsesión muna 2002 munzvimbo yakakurumbira yemimhanzi yerap inozivikanwa. saMadriguera. Koniti iyi yaisanganisira kwete ma rapper chete, asi kutora mifananidzo uye kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi, magitare, nhetembo, uye kutamba. Izvi zvakadzokororwa kaviri muna 2002 uye 2003, uye muna Zvita 2003 Youth League yakaronga konzati yevakadzi vese vehip-hop sechikamu chemutambo werap. Koniti yakatengeswa, yainzi ‘Presencia Probada,’ kana kuti Proven Presence, yakaratidza simba revakadzi vairidza rap mukati mehip-hop.
Mumakore ekutanga ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe, kwaive nevakadzi gumi nevatatu vaimbi veRapper nemapoka erap muCuba, nhamba diki asi yakatanhamara, kunyanya sezvo vakati wandei vevakadzi ava vari pakati pevashoma nhamba yevaimbi vakagadzira madhisiki kuburikidza nevakuru vakuru. uye nzira dzisiri pamutemo. Tichifunga nezvehuwandu hudiki hwemadhisiki anogadzirwa nesangano rehurumende rekurekodha EGREM uye kushaikwa kwekuridza airplay kweCuba rap panhepfenyuro dzinodzorwa nehurumende, vaimbi vazhinji vatanga kugadzira madhisiki avo nemari yekunze uye rubatsiro kubva kushamwari, uye izvi zvaburitsa kukura pasi pevhu network yekugovera uye kutenderera. Magia MC sechikamu cheObsesión akaburitsa madhisiki maviri, rimwe neCuban agency EGREM, uye rimwe sezita rakazvimirira. Mumwe mukadzi rap anoshanda mukati meboka rakasanganiswa rap ndiTelmary DÃaz, weboka reFree Hole Negro, akagadzira madhisiki mukati nekunze kweCuba. La Fresca, muimbi werapper anoda zvekutengeserana kupfuura vamwe, achangobuda nedhisiki rake rekutanga.[4] Vatatu vechikadzi vanoridza rap vanozivisa sengochani, Las Krudas, vakagadzira dhisiki ravo, uye vanogara vachiimba munzvimbo dzine mukurumbira uye dzepamutemo dzevashanyi senge Svondo-mangwanani rumba kuCallejon de Jamel. Vamwe vakadzi vanyori vanoimbawo vakazvimiririra kana mumapoka echikadzi uye vanosanganisira Oye Habana (aimbozivikanwa seExploción Femenina), Esencia, Yula, I & I (pronounced Ayanay), I Two Yi, Atomicas, Mariana, Soy, uye Las Positivas. muSantiago de Cuba. Vakadzi vakapinda mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehup-hop tsika senge graffiti uye djaying. Vakadzi vaviri madhisiki jockey, DJ Yary naDJ Leydis vakaburitsa cd muna 2004, rine musoro unoti Platos Rotos (Broken Plates), kwavakagadzira mateki nemapoka makuru ekuCuba erap akadai saAnónimo Consejo naHermanos de Causa. DJ Yary naDJ Leydis vakapinda muhondo dzeDJ, iyo Havana hip-hop mutambo, nemakonzati nemapoka makuru eCuba rap. Havasi vose vevakadzi ava vanogadzirisa zvidzidzo zvevakadzi, uye sechido mukati me hip-hop havana kugadzikana, asi zvakadaro vanomiririra kuwedzera, simba rakanaka rekuchinja.
Kudyidzana kwevaimbi verapper vechikadzi nevachembera vekuCuba vanorwira kodzero dzevakadzi kwakabatsira kusimudzira manzwi avo mukati mehip-hop uye kugadzira kuvepo kwezvinetswa zvavo munharaunda. PaZuva Revanhukadzi Repasi Pose, Kurume 8, 2003, murwiri Sonnia Moro nevaimbi vechikadzi verap vakaronga musangano waiti, ‘Machismo mumashoko enziyo dzerap.’ Zvichitevera izvi, mumwe murwiri Norma Guillard akaronga maforamu aiti, ‘Kukosha kwemashoko ekudzidzisa mu rap lyrics' uye 'Rap and Image: a proposal for reflection.' Panguva yeimwe yemitambo yerap macolloquiums muna 2004, Guillard akapa bepa pamusoro pebasa reLas Krudas, rine musoro unoti, 'Las Krudas: Gender, Identity and Social Communication muHip. -Hop.' Vanorwira kodzero dzevakadzi vakapawo kunyora kwavo uye nhetembo kuvarepi kuti vaise munziyo dzavo. Semuyenzaniso, nhetembo yaGeorgina Herrera, ‘Magandanga Anhasi,’ yakapiwa Las Krudas kuti iite rwiyo rwerap. Mukudyidzana kwake nevarepa vechikadzi, Guillard anoti vakavhurika zvakanyanya kupfungwa dzechikadzi kupfuura chizvarwa chakare: 'Ndakaona kuti vakadzi vechidiki havatarise kurwisana kwakafanana nesu, vanozviona sevanhukadzi pasina matambudziko, havana kurarama munguva imwe cheteyo yatakararama. Tinoziva kuti pakati pevaimbi verap pane vanodavira zvevakadzi, ndiko kuti, nedonzo rakanyanyisa, rakasununguka.’[5] Nemhaka yokupinda kwakaitwa nevechikadzi vekare,[6] zvave zviri nyore kuchizvarwa chitsva ichi kuti chitaure. nzvimbo. Vatsigiri vevakadzi vakura vanogara vachikoka vakadzi vairidza rap kuforamu dzavo, vanovapa zvinyorwa zvokurava nokunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro pechikadzi, uye vakataura pamusoro perap yavakadzi mumaforamu mukati nokunze kweCuba.
Vakadzi ma rapper echikadzi, vakapihwa zvavakasangana nazvo muhudyu-hop inotsanangurwa nerusarura, vanosangana nemazano nemisimboti yevatema vechikadzi sezvayakabuda kubva muchitatu-wave feminism muU.S. Aya mazano, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa muBlack Feminist neCombahee. Rwizi Collective, rinosanganisira kuziva kuti rudzi, kirasi uye udzvanyiriri hwepabonde zvakapindirana; vakadzi vanofanira kurwisana nevarume vatema vachirwisana nerusaruraganda uye nevarume vatema pamusoro pekuita zvepabonde; vakadzi vatema vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvepfungwa uye kuwana kushoma kwezviwanikwa uye ivo vanofanirwa kutevera shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika. Aya madingindira anowanzoitika muzvinyorwa zvevakadzi rap. Chokwadi, rap yevakadzi vekuCuba inonyatsoenderana neizvo vamwe vevatema vevakadzi vekuUS vakadaidza se'hip-hop feminism'.[7] Sezvakangoita mimhanzi yevarepe vekuAmerica vakaita saSalt-N-Pepa, Mambokadzi Latifah, uye MC Lyte vakabatsira kukurudzira kuziva kwechikadzi kwechizvarwa chevatema vakadzi vanoteerera hip-hop, [8] feminist rappers muCuba vari kugadzirawo zvitsva. marudzi ekuziva kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati pevakadzi vechidiki vanobatana nekufamba kuri kukura kweCuba hip-hop.
Varepe vechikadzi vekuCuba vanoedza kutaura nezvemaitiro akadai sejineterismo vasingatsvinyi vakadzi vanozviita. Murwiyo rwakanyorwa naMagia MC muna 2002, rine musoro unoti Le llaman puta (Vanonditi Hure), Magia anotaura pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa anokonzera chipfambi, uye upenyu hunosuruvarisa hwevakadzi vakawanda vanomanikidzwa kuita chipfambi. Rwiyo runovhura neruzha rwecaxixi, kana bhasiketi rakarukwa richirira pamusoro pematoni akadzika evibratone. Kupinda kwengoma yechinyakare yakabatanidzwa kusanganisira bata, bhombo andino, dhiramu rakanyorovera, uye campana, bhero remombe rinorema, rinomutsa ruzha rwe hip-hop. Rwiyo rwerwiyo urwu, runotanga nemutsara wekuti 'Vanondidaidza kuti puta,' vachishandisa nemaune kutaura kunozvidza kunoshandiswa kune vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde kuitira kuti vanyadziswe uye kudzikisirwa zvine chekuita nebasa iri.
Mukupesana nezvose zviri zviviri kurongeka kwemiviri yevakadzi uye kuganhurira hunhu hwekuchinja, vakadzi rap vanotsvaga kutsanangura yavo pfungwa dzepabonde uye chishuwo. Mumhanzi weRap wakaonekwa nenyanzvi zhinji dzekuAmerica sekusimbisa hurume hwevatema, [9] asi sematauriro aTricia Rose, tsananguro iyi haingoenzanisi urume nevarume, asi inoita kuti vanhukadzi vafare uye vatore chikamu muhip hop zvisaonekwe. kana kuti hazvigoneke.'[10] MuCuba, vaimbi verap vechikadzi vanotsvaga kuveza nzvimbo inozvimiririra mukati memufambiro wehip-hop, umo vanorondedzera chishuwo chevakadzi uye kusimba kwemuviri wechikadzi maererano nezvavanoda. Murwiyo rweTe Equivocas (Wakanganisa) pane rake 2000 albhamu Un Monton de Cosas (Gomo reZvinhu), Magia anoseka aimbove mudiwa akamushungurudza uye anoti kodzero dzake kumuviri wake uye hupombwe hwake. Magia anoudza aimbova mudiwa wake kuti haachagamuchirwi muupenyu hwake, haasi musikana asina simba uye anotsamira waanofunga kuti ndiye: ‘Wakanganisa kundiudza kuti ndingafa nekutsvoda muromo wako.’ Magia anorwisa machismo. uye humbimbindoga hweaichimbova mudiwa wake: “Nekuda kuzvida kwakagadzira machismo, iwe pachako wakawira mugomba rakadzika-dzika reurume hwenhema.” Magia anoratidza kuti ngano dzakagadzirwa neaichimbova mudiwa wake pamusoro peurume hwake nehurume inhema. Haakodzeri kunyange chikamu chimwe-chiuru chezvose zvaakapfuura kuburikidza naye uye akamunyima mufaro. Anomuudza kuti haachazoshandiswa naye: ‘Ndapedza kuva chitoyi chako.’ Urwu rudzi rwokutaura kwesangano revakadzi rine nhoroondo mutsika dzakakurumbira dzavatema, dzinotangira kuvakadzi veblues vokuAmerica uye rumba rweCuba. Sokupokana kunoita Imani Perry, mimhanzi yevaimbi vechikadzi vechitema 'inoshanda zvakapesana zvikuru ne'zvinofungwa nezvepabonde' uye kurongeka kwemuviri wechikadzi kunowanzoonekwa mumimhanzi yakakurumbira.' simba nevadiwa vavo uye vachiratidza kuvapo kwavo sevanhu vanoita zvepabonde, kwete zvinhu.
Chinhu chinocherechedzwa cheCuban hip-hop kwave kutora chikamu kwevakadzi vakaonekwa pachena sengochani. Tichifunga nezve homophobia munharaunda yeCuba, pamwe nekusavapo kwenyaya dzehuremu kubva munhau, kuvapo kweboka rengochani rerap Las Krudas kunomiririra kuvhurwa kwakakosha. Las Krudas, inoumbwa naOlivia Prendes (Pelusa MC), Odaymara Cuesta (Pasa Kruda), uye Odalys Cuesta (Wanda), vanoita mareferensi akazaruka kumitumbi yavo uye zvepabonde munziyo dzakanyorwa pane yavo 2003 demo CUBENSI. Murwiyo runonzi 120 Horas Rojas (120 Red Hours), Las Krudas anotaura nezvechiitiko chemwedzi chekuenda kumwedzi sechiratidzo cheuranda hwevakadzi kubiology yavo munharaunda inotongwa nevarume:
Madonhwe anorwadza emvura yakakosha ruvara rwedu
nhengo dzepedyo zvikuru,
kunetesa miviri yedu
kunetesa pfungwa dzedu
kuderedza manzwi edu
Gotas dolorosas de lÃquido vital sangre
colorean nuestras mas Ãntimas soledades,
debilitando nuestros cuerpos
debilitando nuestras mentes
debilitando nuestras voces
Kuenda kumwedzi nekushanda kwemuviri wechikadzi ndicho chikonzero nei vakadzi vachionekwa sevasina simba mumuviri uye nepfungwa kupfuura varume. Las Krudas anotaura nevarume, pavanoratidza kuti, ‘Haudi kuteerera? Kutenda kune iyi dzvuku tsime raunogona kusvika pakuziva nyika ino.' Las Krudas anotaura pachena uye zvakananga, 'nemhodzi imwe chete ndinokura iwe mubeche rangu.' Kune vanyori veRapper, maitiro chaiwo akavanzwa, anoshandiswa kuderedza kukosha kwevakadzi. kutora chikamu uye kuvanyararidza, ndiko kunounza hupenyu munyika.
Vakadzi vatema varipo pamharadzano dzedzinza, murume kana mukadzi, uye zvigaro zvekirasi; sezvakaita Las Krudas rap mu120 Horas Rojas, ivo ‘vanodzingwa nevanodzvinyirirwa, pasi, mupfungwa dzose.’ Nepo vanyori vechirume verap vachitaura pamusoro pezvinetso zvenhau zvouranda nokuganhurirwa, vakadzi vechitema vanofanira kutarisana nezvimiro zvouranda nokudzingwa kubva kuvarume vamene. . Mune rumwe rwiyo kubva kune yavo album, Eres Bella (Iwe Wakanaka), Las Krudas anonongedza machismo se 'yakafanana system yeuranda' yevakadzi. Sezvinongoita marap echirume anonongedza kusabatanidzwa kwe rap kubva kumitambo mikuru yenhau, nzvimbo uye masangano ehurumende, Las Krudas inodenha ma rapper echirume nekusabvisa vakadzi: 'Ndine tarenda uye ndinobvunza, tichave vashoma panhandare kusvika rinhi?' uye vakadzi mulatta akaitwa asingaonekwi, akashongedzerwa, uye anyaradzwa munhoroondo rekodhi, uye tsika yakakurumbira haina mutsauko. MuAmiquimiñongo, Las Krudas vanopikisa kuti kubva panguva yeuranda vakadzi nevarume vatema vave vachifungidzirwa se 'rudzi rwakanaka,' 'rwakasimba,' uye 'neutano hwakanaka,' asi vanotaura kuti vakadzi vatema havana kumbopiwa. inzwi: 'Pandinozarura muromo wangu, 'poof!' chokwadi chisina kujeka chinopukunyuka kubva mazviri, havatauri pamusoro peizvi, vanoda kundivhara." Las Krudas nevamwe vakadzi rap rap vanodzorera kuzviisa pasi kune vakadzi vechitema, sevatambi. nezwi uye mumiririri.
Madzimai rap anoda kubatanidzwa muhip-hop kufamba uye nzanga zvakanyanya. Sokutaura kunoita Las Krudas: ‘Hapana chimurenga chechokwadi pasina vakadzi.’ Varepe vechikadzi ma‘ebony guerrillas’ ari kurwira nzvimbo muhondo yacho pamwe chete navarume vatema. Boka revanhukadzi rerap reOye Habana, rinosanganisira Yordanska, Noiris, naElizabeth, vanopemberera masimba echikadzi uye hudzimai mutema. Murwiyo rwavo Negra (Mutema), Oye Habana vanopemberera runako rwemunhukadzi mutema, mukusiyana neanomiririra runako:
Mukadzi mutema ane miromo yangu makobvu,
hapana chinondishamisa.
Mukadzi mutema nemhino dzangu nedzangu
makumbo mahombe, mukadzi mutema...
Ndiani akadaro kune rima rangu
Ndoturika musoro wangu here?
Ndizvo zvandiri, mukadzi mutema!
Negra con mi bemba,
no hay que me sorprenda.
Negra con mi ñata y mi
Grande pata, negra...
¿Quien dijo que por mi color oscuro
debo bajar mi cabeza?
¡Asi soy yo, negra!
Tsananguro dzisina kunaka uye dzerusarura rwezvinhu zvinozivikanwa nevatema zvinowanzoitika muCuba; hakusi kwechienzi kunzwa zvichemo pamusoro pe‘pelo malo’ (bvudzi rakashata) kana kuti ‘mejorando la raza’ (kuvandudza nhangemutange) nokuita vana vane ganda rakapfava. The rappers kubva Oye Habana vanoramba stereotypes aya; vanosimbisa kunaka kweAfro maitiro uye simba uye kuvapo kwevakadzi vatema. Kune vakadzi rap, mibvunzo yekuzviremekedza ine chekuita nekudada kuti ivo vari vanaani sevakadzi vatema. Muchidimbu chake chekutaura, ¿A Donde Vamos a Parar? (Tichaenda kupi?), DJ Yary anoti, 'Muenzaniso wangu wemukadzi wekutevera: Ndini! Uye muimbi wandinoda: Ndini!’
Varepe vechikadzi vekuCuba vakaita saInstinto, Magia, Las Krudas, uye Explosión Feminina vakakwanisa kukudziridza masitayipi nemaitiro anoratidza kusiyana kwavo sevakadzi. Perry anotsanangura kuti mamwe maRapper evakadzi vekuAmerica vakaita saYo Yo, Harmony, Isis, naMambokadzi Amai Rage vanotsvaga kuveza nzvimbo yekugonesa mukati mehip-hop nekutora zvakajeka masitaera eAfrocentric, kupfeka akarukwa kana ebvudzi rechisikigo, African headwear, mhete dzemhuno, uye kuzvipa mazita.[12] Varepe vechikadzi vekuCuba vanoshandisawo musambo kugadzira meseji yezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuratidza hunhu hwavo, kuvapo, uye kuzivikanwa sevakadzi vatema. Magia uye vanyori vanobva kuLas Krudas vanowanzopfeka zvipfeko zvemusoro, zvipfeko zveAfrica uye bvudzi rechisikigo, kana shati dzebhegi nemabhuruku. Murwiyo Mujeres (Vakadzi), rapper Mariana anozivisa chishuwo chake chekutorwa zvakakomba semutambi uye protagonist, pamwe nevarume. Anoti:
Ndinozviti, ‘Protagonist!’
asi kumunda, kwete panhovo.
Sezvo vazhinji vanosarudza kubva kune rapper kuenda
rapper kuti awane mukurumbira.
Ini, Mariana, ndinoratidza nyika kuti maCuba
mukadzi haangoziva kufamba chete
muviri wake,
asi kana vachitaura nezve hip-hop isu tiri
zvakanakisa, zvechokwadi,
kunyangwe isu takasarurwa nemachistic
concepts.
Yo me nombro, '¡Protagonista!,'
pero en la pista y no en la cama.
Como muchos prefieren ir de rapero
en rapero para comer fama.
Yo, Mariana, hago demostrar al mundo
que la mujer cubana no sólo sabe mover
sus caderas,
sino cuando se habla de hip-hop somos las
primeras, las realistas,
aunque seamos discriminadas por conceptos
machistas.
Mukupesana nekukwezva kwevakadzi vatema neve mulatta mukati mehupfumi hutsva hwevashanyi sevanowanika pabonde, vadikani vakanaka, uye vanotamba zvinonyadzisira, Mariana anodzoreredza kuvakadzi kugona kwekufunga, kuita mutinhimira, uye kugadzira 'hip-hop chaiyo.' Mariana anoramba zviripo. mienzaniso yevakadzi vechidiki vevabiki ('Nilsa Villapol ane maresiphi ake') uye mienzaniso ('Naomi Campbell mumagazini yake'); asi anosarudza kuve hip-hop muimbi nekuda kweiyo agency yaanomupa.
Zvisinei nekupinda kwakakosha kwakaitwa nevaimbi vechikadzi muhip-hop, uye kushandisa kwavo fomu kuitira kuti vabudise chirongwa chezvechikadzi, vakadzi vachiri kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi kutora chikamu mumhando inotongwa nevarume. Sezvakataurwa naMargaux Joffe muna 2005, pamapoka mapfumbamwe erap akamiririrwa zviri pamutemo muCuban Rap Agency, boka rimwe chete raive nemukadzi, Magia MC anobva kuObsesión.[13] Vazhinji vanogadzira rap vekuCuba varume. Joffe anotsinhira Magia achiti maartist echikadzi anotenda kuremekedzwa kwavanoitwa mumutambo wepagore, asi akaona kurongwa kwechikamu chemadzimai mukati memutambo unoitwa nevanhurume se‘kutsigisa,’ uye kuti ‘vakadzi havafanirwe kunzwirwa tsitsi. kana kuti kupfekedzwa pedestal.'[14] Chikamu chedambudziko rinotarisana nevarepe vechikadzi ndechekuti ivo chikamu chesangano rakakura rehip-hop rakabatana nemasangano ehurumende uye rinosanganisira hutungamiriri hwechirume huzhinji huchiri kuita sarudzo zhinji. .[15] Kunyange zvakadaro kuedza kwavo kuita zvepabonde uye machismo kunomiririra danho rinokosha revakadzi rap; nyaya dziri kukurukurwa uye inhengo yenhaurirano inoenderera mberi uye gakava. Nziyo dzerap dzakagovera nzvimbo yekurukurirano pakati pevechikadzi vakura navaduku, pamwe chete napakati pavarume navakadzi vatema mubato rehip-hop.
Sujatha Fernandes ndiye Mubatsiri Purofesa weSociology paQueens College, City University yeNew York.
Zvimwe NezveBhuku: Cuba Inomiririra!: Cuban Arts, State Power, uye Kuitwa kweNew Revolutionary Cultures, naSujatha Fernandes (Duke University Press, Gumiguru 2006). Mufananidzo naJay Davis
ZVINYORWA:
[1] Deborah Pacini Hernandez, naReebee Garofalo. 1999. ‘Hip Hop muHavana: Rap, Race uye National Identity muContemporary Cuba.’ Journal of Popular Music Studies 11 & 12: 23.
[2] Hurukuro naMagia, Kubvumbi 2005.
[3] Hurukuro naDJ Yary, Kubvumbi 2005.
[4] JoaquÃn Borges-Triana, 'Raperas Cubanas - Una Fuerza Natural,' Juventud Rebelde, 5 Agosto, 2004,
[5] Hurukuro naNorma Guillard, Kubvumbi 2005.
[6] Sujatha Fernandes. 2005. ‘Transnationalism and Feminist Activism muCuba: Nyaya yeMagÃn.’ Zvematongerwo enyika neGender 1(3):1 – 22.
[7] Perry. 1995. 'Iyo Thang Yangu uye Ndichaishandura Nenzira Yandinonzwa !: Zvepabonde uye Vatema Vakadzi Rappers.' MuGender, Race, uye Kirasi muMedia: A Text-Reader. Gail Dines naJean Humez, ed., 524 - 530. California neLondon: Sage Press; Imani Perry. 2002. ‘Ndiri ani? Kuzivikanwa uye Mufananidzo wevakadzi muHip-Hop.’ MuGender, Race, uye Kirasi muMedia: A Text-Reader, 2nd Edition. Gail Dines naJean Humez, ed., 136 - 148. California neLondon: Sage Press;
Gwendolyn Pough. 2002. 'Love Feminism asi Hip Hop Yangu Iripi? Shaping a Black Feminist Identity.’ Muna Daisy Hernandez naBushra Rehman, ed., 85 – 95. Colonize This! vakadzi vechidiki vemavara pamusoro pechikadzi chemazuva ano. Seal Press, New York.
Gwendolyn Pough. 2003. ‘Do the Ladies Run This…?: Mimwe Pfungwa PaHip-Hop Feminism.’ MuCatching a Wave: reclaiming feminism for the 21st century. Rory Dicker naAlison
[8] Pough, 'Vakadzi Vanomhanya Izvi…?, 235.
[9] Houston Baker. 1991. ‘Hybridity, the Rap Race, and Pedagogy for the 1990s.’ MuTechnoculture. Andrew Ross naConstance Penley, ed., 197 - 209. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; Henry L. Gates Jr. 1988. Tsoko Inosaina: Dzidziso yeAfrican American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.
[10] Tricia Rose. 1994. Black Noise: Rap Music uye Black Culture muContemporary America. Hanover neLondon: Wesleyan University Press, 151.
[11] Perry, 'Iyi Thang Yangu uye Ndichaizunguza Nemanzwire andinoita!, 526.
[12] Ibid., 528.
[13] Margaux Joffe. 2005. ‘Reshaping the Revolution through Rhyme: A Literary Analysis of Cuban Hip-Hop in the ‘Special Period.’ Working Paper #3, Andrew W. Mellon Undergraduate Paper Series in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Duke University Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 22.
[14] Op. Cit.
[15] Kwidziridzo: nguva pfupi yadarika Magia akaitwa director weCuban rap agency.
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