TBato reOccupy Wall Street rakaratidza kuwedzera kwekuratidzira kwakanangana nekambani yeAmerica. Kubva ipapo, kunyangwe midhiya mikuru yakaburitsa kurwira kodzero dzedzimba kwakanangana nevanokweretesa vanobira, kurohwa uye zvimwe zviitiko zvebasa zvichipokana neketani dzechikafu-cheni uye vatengesi vanotambira mari shoma seWalmart, uye kufamba-ne-divestment mafambiro akananga kuindasitiri yemafuta emafuta nemakambani akabatana. kune kutorwa kweIsrael.
Sarudzo yevaratidziri yekunongedza makambani inoratidza kutenda kuri kukura kwekuti hurumende haisi kuterera zvinodiwa neveruzhinji nekuti haidi kana kutadza kumisa kushungurudzwa kwemakambani enyika (maonero aya anotsigirwa neazvino. zviwanikwa zvenhamba kuti "vanhu vane simba shoma kana kuti havana simba" pamitemo). Nepo mafambiro aya achigona kushandura maitiro emakambani, isu tinotenda kuti anogonawo kupesvedzera hurongwa hwehurumende nenzira dzinomanikidza vezvematongerwo enyika havakwanise.
MuUnited States yanhasi, shanduko shoma dzinofambira mberi dzakaitwa uye dzakaitwa pasina mvumo uye/kana tsigiro yezvikamu zvakakura zvevakuru vemakambani. Kukonzera marwadzo kumakambani kuburikidza nekuvhiringidza kwemaitiro evanhu vakawanda kwakagara kwave iri nzira yakanakisisa yekuderedza kushorwa kwekambani kune kuchinja kunofambira mberi, uyezve, kushorwa kwevematongerwo enyika vanovamiririra.
Saka kunyangwe zvichiwanzo fungidzirwa kuti nzira yakanakisa yekushandura marongero ehurumende ndeyekumanikidza vezvematongerwo enyika kana kusarudza akasiyana, mafambiro anonyanya kushanda kana achinge akananga kumakambani nemasangano anodzora mutemo weveruzhinji kuseri kwezviitiko.
Hnzira iyi yekunanga makambani nemasangano ingaite sei mukufamba kwazvino?
Iyo ichangoburwa yekukurumidza-chikafu uye yekutengesa mishandirapamwe inopa muenzaniso mumwe. Kusiyana nefungidziro yevaongorori vakawanda yekuti kuisa maDemocrats muhofisi ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekuwedzera muhoro wakaderera, zviito zvepabasa uye kuratidzira kunonangana nevashandirwi vanotambira mari shoma kunogona kuve zano rakanakisa. Zviito izvi zvinonangidzira ngwariro yeveruzhinji pamuhoro wakaderera uye zvinobatsira kugadzira nzira yereferenda yekuvhota yemuno neyehurumende kukwidza muhoro wepasi.
Zvinotonyanya kukosha, kudzvinyirirwa kwakananga - kuburikidza nekurambana, kuratidzira, kuramwa mabasa, kana kukanganiswa kwekutengesa - paMcDonald's, Walmart, nemamwe mafemu ane simba anogona "kukanganisa" nheyo yavo, kunyanya kupiwa "kuwedzera kutarisisa kweveruzhinji pazvinhu zvekusaenzana kwemari," semagwaro ekambani yeMcDonald munguva pfupi yapfuura akanyeverwa. Kudzvinyirirwa uku kunogona kupa chibvumirano chakananga panguva imwe chete: mamwe echikafu-chikafu uye cheni dzekutengesa dzakaita kuratidzira kwazvino nekupa kukwidziridzwa kuvashandi vasingadzoreki, uye vashoma vakavimbisa. kuwedzera kwekambani.
Asi kunze kwekukanganisa uku, shanduko dzakaitwa nekuratidzira kwakananga dzinogona zvakare kudzikamisa kupokana kwemafemu kukwidza muhoro wepasi kusvika padanho ravari (ikozvino) kubhadhara vashandi vavo. Vamwe vangatokurudzira hurumende kuti iwedzere zvakadaro kuderedza dambudziko ravo remakwikwi. Iyi pfungwa yakakurudzira mamwe mabhizinesi eUS kutsigira 1891 Meat Inspection Act, The 1906 Chakachena Chikafu uye Mushonga Mutemo, uye nemimwe mitemo yekudzora inocherechedzwa, nekuti vaiona mitemo sekumanikidza vakwikwidzi vavo kuti varemekedze mipimo yavakanga vachitomanikidzwa kuita.
Kuratidzira kwemamiriro ekunze kunanga makambani kunogona kuita zvakafanana. Boycotts, mhosva, zviito zvevashandi, uye divestment nemaguta, makoreji, uye mari yepenjeni inogona kukwidza mari kune zvinosvibisa zvihombe uye kumanikidza (chikamu) kuchinjika kune makuru anogonekazve simba manyuko. Izvi zvingangorerutsa kushora kwavo kumitemo yakasimba, asi zvakare kuvatungamira kuti vatsigire mutemo wehurumende unomanikidza vakwikwidzi vavo kuti vatevedzere zviyero zvavari kutosangana nazvo ivo pachavo.
Movement pressure inogona kubatsirawo kusunda mabhizimisi asiri emagetsi - zvizhinji zvacho kutyisidzira kubva pamhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze - kupesana nezvido zvefossil. Iri zano haridi kuti macapitalist awane kumuka kwehunhu - zvinongoda kuti vatarise kubvumira kune zvinodiwa zvekufamba sehuipi hushoma.
Kunyangwe varatidziri vazhinji vasina kutora zano iri, isu tiri kutoona mimwe mienzaniso yekushanda kwayo. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, mupiro wokuratidzira kwomunzvimbomo uye chiito chapamutemo mukumisa kuvakwa kwe 184 akaronga zvidyarwa zvemagetsi emarasha, izvo maererano naMarc Hertsgaard โZviri pachena kuti kukunda kukuru kwemamiriro okunzeโ mumakore achangopfuura. Kuratidzira uku kunogona kunge kwakateya hwaro hwemitemo yehutongi hwaObama pakuburitswa kwemagetsi emagetsi - nyara uye zvisina kukwana zvakakwana sezvavari - sezvo mirau ingadai yakakanganisa zvidyarwa izvo zvakatodzimwa.
Zvizhinji, kuwedzera kwazvino kwekuratidzira kwekudzivirira kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kushandura zvakanyanya mutengo-mubhadharo wezvese mabhizinesi makuru anosvibisa uye asiri-fossil mafuta, nokudaro kufambisa shanduko yehurumende.
Iyi nzira haina kunangana nemaitiro emunhu ekushandisa uye haafadze kune inofungidzira yekambani hana, seizvo mamwe mapoka makuru ezvakatipoteredza anotsvaka kuita. Asi, ine chinangwa chekutemesa mari kune macapitalist kuburikidza nekuita kwakarongwa kwevazhinji, nekudaro vachipesvedzera calculus yevaviri macapitalist nevakuru vehurumende.
Makambani ekunangisa anogona kutoita zvine musoro kana makambani asiri iwo vavengi vanonyanya kuoneka veshanduko, semukurwira kodzero dzevatorwa. Muna Kurume 2011, gumi nevaviri veArizona-based corporate executives vakanyora a tsamba kune vamiriri venyika vachikumbira kuti varambe kupfuudza mamwe mabhiri anopikisa vatorwa seaya ane mukurumbira wakashata SB1070, izvo zvaive muna 2010.
Dambudziko, vakatsanangura, rakanga riri rekuti โkurambana kwakashevedzwa kurwisana nenzanga yebhizimisi [yenyika]โ mukupindura mutemo. Kuramwa kwacho "kwaikuvadza mufananidzo [wavo]" zvekuti "mabhizinesi eArizona akaona zvibvumirano zvadzimwa kana kunyimwa kubhidha," uye "kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakaramba" (kuramwa uku kwakatungamirawo vazhinji. Makambani eMexico kumisa kutengesa nemabhizinesi eArizona).
Kutyisidzirwa kwepurofiti yavo kwakaita kuti vasimbirire pakuchinja kwemutemo wehurumende. Zvakaguma nei? Mukati mevhiki, iyo Republican-inodzorwa neparamende akaramba mabhiri mashanu rakagadzirirwa kuita kuti vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vave nemhosva.
Tnzira yake haisi yemashiripiti bara rekubudirira kwekufamba. Kune zvakawanda zvinoumba kune yakabudirira kuronga zano, uye ekunze mamiriro zvakare ane basa. Mhinduro dzemakambani kune activism dzinosiyana neindasitiri uye nekambani, zvichienderana nezvinangwa '. link kune mamwe makambani, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Mafambiro anofambira mberi anofanirwa kufunga nezve izvi mukugadzira zano.
Asi nhoroondo yenhoroondo yakazara nemienzaniso inoratidza kushanda kwekunangana nemasangano (kazhinji, asi kwete nguva dzose, makambani) anodzosera kuramba kwezvematongerwo enyika kune inofambira mberi.
Funga nezve 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), iyo yakanyatso bvumidza masangano akazvimirira ega. Vazhinji vatungamiriri vemakambani vakapokana nebhiri payakapfuura Congress, uye haina kutevedzerwa kwemakore maviri ekutanga. Asi muna 1937, makambani makuru mazhinji akachinja nzira ndokutendeukira kuNational Labor Relations Board (NLRB) kuti ibvise mhirizhonga munzvimbo dzavo dzebasa. Kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga yevashandi kwakaitika muna 1935-37 - kusanganisira kurohwa kungangoita zviuru zvipfumbamwe munyika yose - ndiko kwakakonzera shanduko iyi yechinzvimbo.
Muindasitiri yemotokari, semuenzaniso, zvikwata zvinokwikwidzana mukati memubatanidzwa weUnited Auto Workers zvakachinjana kumisa basa, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kuburitsa uye kutyisidzira purofiti yeindasitiri. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, makambani emotokari akasvika pakuona masangano akatemerwa neNLRB sehuipi hushoma, zviri nani pane kuvhiringwa kuri kuramba kuchiitika. Vagadziri vemotokari - uye, pakupedzisira, manejimendi mune mamwe makambani makuru - vakatsvaga iyo NLRB, nekudaro vachiibvumidza uye nekubvumidza kuita kweNLRA.
Iyo Jim Crow sisitimu yekusarura yakaguma nenzira yakafanana: kudzvanywa kukuru pane zvakakosha zvebhizinesi zvakakonzera shanduko inofambira mberi mugwaro rehurumende. Vanorova mabhazi, vatori vechikamu, uye Vatasvi veRusununguko vakanangana nemasangano ehupfumi ari munjodzi uye, kazhinji, havana kuisa simba ravo pavakuru vehurumende. Munzvimbo dzakawanda kuMaodzanyemba, varatidziri vakavhiringa hupfumi hwenyika, vachiisa mari iyo mabhizimisi aisakwanisa kutsungirira. Vatungamiri havana kungopedza rusarura munzvimbo dzavo pachavo, asiwo vakapfavisa kupikisa kwavo kuchinja kwemutemo wehurumende.
Munyori wenhoroondo dzekodzero dzevanhu Charles Payne inotaura kuti pakati pevachena vokuMaodzanyemba vakanangana nekuratidzira kunovhiringidza, โboka rinoramba richiita basa rinofambira mberi rinoratidza kuti rakanga riri vanamuzvinabhizimisi,โ sezvo kuratidzira โkwakanga kusina kunaka nokuda kwenharidzano huru.โ
Mushure memushandirapamwe wakakundikana wakanangana nehurumende yemuno muAlbany, Georgia, muna 1961-62, Martin Luther King Jr pachake akagumisa kuti chirongwa ichi chaifanira kunge chakanangana ne "mabhizinesi ari muguta," achiti "simba rezvematongerwo enyika rinoteerera kuhupfumi. chimiro chemagetsi. " Mushandirapamwe wa1963 muBirmingham wakatevera zano iroro, zvichikonzera kubviswa kwerusarura rwemudhorobha, uye zvakaratidza kuti zvakakosha mukukunda kwemutemo.
Muzviitiko zvese izvi, masangano aitsvaga shanduko mumutemo wehurumende akamanikidza vadzivisi vavo vezvehupfumi kugamuchira shanduko idzodzo nekutyisidzira kukanganisa purofiti yavo kana kuvepo kwavo. Vavengi veshanduko - vagadziri vakakura muma1930, mabhizinesi akapatsanurwa muma1960s - vakazopedzisira vasarudza shanduko inofambira mberi pamusoro pekuramwa kwevashandi, kurova rova, uye kumwe kukanganisa.
Kana vatyisidzirwa zvakakwana, vakadzoreredza kushora kwavo kushanduko yezvematongerwo enyika kana kuisimudzira, zvichikonzera shanduko yakasimba muhunhu hwevezvematongerwo enyika. Muzviitiko izvi, kwaive kumira kwevatungamiriri vebhizinesi kwakakonzera shanduko yemitemo - kwete kusarudzwa kwevezvematongerwo enyika vanonzwira tsitsi.
Kukosha kwekudzvinyirirwa kwemasangano kwakananga kana kuenzaniswa nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwevashandi vehofisi kunoratidzirwawo nemaitiro ehutongi hweNixon hwakajeka. Nixon akaparadzanisa zvikoro zveruzhinji muSouth kupfuura manejimendi aKennedy naJohnson akasanganiswa, akawedzera kushandisa mari mudzimba kupfuura chero mutungamiri kubva Hondo Yenyika II, akakurudzira mari shoma yakavimbiswa, yakawedzera Social Security, uye yakamisa zvitambi zvekudya, Environmental Protection Agency, uye. iyo Occupational Safety uye Health Administration.
Zvirongwa izvi nemitemo hazvina kubva kune zvaitendwa naNixon - zvaive mhedzisiro yemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika izvo zvakamusiya diki diki rekuita. Chirevo ichi chaisanganisira kwete chete Civil Rights uye Black Liberation Movements asiwo kuwedzera kwezvakatipoteredza, anti urombo, feminist, LGBT, antiwar, uye mafambiro evashandi.
Kazhinji, mafambisirwo aya haana kupedza nguva yavo achimanikidza kuumbwa kweWashington kana kuita mishandirapamwe yesarudzo. Ivo panzvimbo pezvo vakatsvaga kukudziridza kudzvanywa kwemasangano vachipokana nemakambani nemasangano akagadzira matambudziko avaitsvaga kugadzirisa. Shanduko dzematongerwo enyika dzakabuda kubva mukufambiswa kwezvematongerwo enyika - kunyanya nemasangano akanangana - akakonzerwa nekumanikidza uku.
Kunyangwe zvakangonangana zvisina kunanga kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa, mafambiro ema1960, senge sangano revashandi rema1930, akakonzera shanduko inofambira mberi yemitemo yaive isingafungidzike makore gumi apfuura. Vakatungamirawo kune shanduko dzakakura mumasangano ehurumende uye masimba: NLRB yakagoneswa pakupera kwema1930 uye mashandiro anoshanda ekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu pakupera kwema1960.
Vese vatungamiri venguva yemberi, zvisinei nebato, vaizomanikidzwa nemasangano aya (kunyangwe masangano angangogara achirwiswa, uye pakupedzisira akapera simba - iyo nzvimbo yatinozodzokera).
Cmasangano handiwo chete vavengi vekuchinja kunofambira mberi. Dzimwe nguva zvakakosha zvinodzivirira shanduko masangano ehurumende ane simba senge Border Patrol, ivo NYPD, kana kuti vatungamiriri vemauto. Pano zvakare, zano rinonyanya kushanda rinogona kunangana nesangano rinogumbura panzvimbo pevakuru vakasarudzwa.
Tora, semuenzaniso, kubviswa kweUS kubva kuVietnam. Tsanangudzo dzakajairika batisisa kuti kubviswa kwakakonzerwa nekupikisa kweCongress kuenda kuhondo (ine madhigirii akasiyana echikwereti akapihwa kune antiwar movement, maonero eruzhinji, uye vanhu muCongress).
Muchokwadi, zvisinei, kuita kwakawanda kwakanangana nemauto eUS ndicho chaive chinhu chakakosha, zvichiunza vatungamiriri vemauto vazhinji kuti vagamuchire kubviswa kunyange Congress isati yatanga kutora matanho ekurwisa hondo. Pfungwa yekuti hondo yanga isingakodzeri mutengo wemari yakakonzerawo kushorwa kubva kuvatungamiriri vepamusoro vemakambani, vane maonero airatidzwa mukuraira kweMutungamiri Johnson "Varume Vakachenjera" paWhite House mazuva asati asvika Kurume 31, 1968, kutaura kusina kutsva. kuwedzera.
Mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemaitiro evatungamiriri vemauto nevemakambani kwaive kuramba kwakamira uye kwakasimba kuramba kubva kuhuwandu hweVietnam. Kuramba ikoko, kwakabatsirawo kukonzeresa kumukirana mukati memauto eUS, zvichikonzera matambudziko asingaperi evashandi. Pakazosvika 1972, 47 muzana yevarwi vakanyoreswa vakanga vapinda muโkupikisa kana kusateerera,โ mazana ezviuru zvevakapinzwa muchiuto vakaramba kuenda kuhondo, uye vairamba kupinda muchiuto nemhaka yehana vaiva vakawanda kupfuura vaipinda muchiuto.
Kunyange zvazvo kukunda kwakasimba muna 1972 pamusoro pemumiriri wevarwi vehondo, George McGovern, kwakapa Nixon chivharo kuti aenderere mberi nehondo, dambudziko guru remauto rakanga ratotungamirira nhamba yevakuru vemauto kuti vatsigire kana kubvuma kubuda. Iko shanduko yemafungiro, yakasanganiswa nekukura kwekupikisa kwebhizinesi, yakagadzira kuderera kweUS uye kubuda zvishoma nezvishoma pakati pa1968 na1973.
Kubviswa kwemasoja eUS kubva kuIraq muna 2011 kwakafanana munzira dzakawanda: kuita kwakawanda kwakanangana nemauto eUS kwakatungamira mukuderera kwekuzvipira pakati pevatungamiriri vemauto, izvo zvakaendeswa kuvakuru vakasarudzwa. SekuVietnam, simba rakanyanya kuvhiringidza raive kuramba kusingadzoreki (zvese zvechisimba uye zvisina mhirizhonga) mukati meIraq. Kupikisa uku kwakakonzera matambudziko makuru pamauto eUS, anoratidzwa mukati kuderera kwemitengo yekunyoresa, pasi musoja tsika, uye kukura kwemasangano akadai Irak Veterans Against the War uye Ushingi Hwokuramba.
Kana hurumende yeIraqi - iyo pachayo yakamanikidzwa neIraqi kuramba kuvepo kweUS - yakaramba kupa kudzivirirwa kuvashandi veUS, vaive Joint Chiefs of Staff vakatanga kuudza hutongi hwaBush kozoti hutongi hwaObama kuti kubvisa kwacho kwaive nani kubvumidza hurumende yeIraq. kuti itonge varwi vayo.
Mukubviswa kwese kwese kongiresi, mutungamiri wenyika, uye bato riri kutonga zvaive zvisina kukosha; vatungamiri vemauto vakaita sarudzo dzekupedzisira. Iyi rondedzero yekudzokorora ine zvakakosha kune antiwar zano mune ramangwana: kukanganisa kupinza basa muchiuto, kutsigira kupikisa mukati memauto, uye kuwedzera mari yehondo yemakambani inogona kunge iri nzira dzinoshanda.
Kusimbisa uku kwekuvhiringidza kuratidzira kunopesana nemasangano akakosha hazvirevi kuti kusarudza nekunangana nevezvematongerwo enyika kunogara kusingabatsiri. Hatisi kuita nharo kuti bato riri kutonga rinoita kwete musiyano. Asi pesvedzero yemakambani nemamwe masangano makuru zvinoreva kuti kudzikwa uye kuitwa kwezvirongwa zvinofambira mberi zvinogona kutsamira pakutanga kudzikisira iyo pesvedzero kuburikidza nekumanikidza kwakananga.
Bkunze kwekukanganisa kwaro pahurongwa hwekambani neyehurumende, zano rekunangisa makambani rine zvakakosha pakuvaka mafambiro.
Chekutanga, meseji yekupokana ine resonance yakakura pakati pevanhu vazhinji vasingazovhotera maDemocrats. The US public's bipartisan kusavimba nebhizimisi guru zviri pachena kubva kusarudzo dzepfungwa, uye ruvengo rwakanyanya kune zvikamu zvakanyanya hutachiona, zvisizvo fossil fuels, mari, uye inishuwarenzi yehutano. Vanhu vazhinji vanofungawo kuti makambani ane simba rakawanda rezvematongerwo enyika (a 2013 Pew sarudzo vakaona kuti zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevakabvunzwa vakanzwa mitemo yehurumende kubva paGreat Recession yakabatsira zvikuru mabhanga makuru, makambani, uye vapfumi vachirasikirwa nevasiri vepamusoro).
Kunyangwe vazhinji vevavhoti veRepublican vanofunga kuti muhoro wepasi wakanyanya kuderera, sezvakaratidzwa ne budiriro yekusimudza mihoro yekuvhota mune ina "GOP States" muna Mbudzi apfuura. Mapato anonangana nemakambani anogona kukwezva vazhinji vevavhoti ava kana vasina kuvakumbira kuti vatsigire vamiriri kana vakuru veDemocratic Party.
Chechipiri, masangano anonangana nemakambani uye masangano ehurumende haanyanyike kutenderera kwekutenda kwakarasika uye kuodzwa mwoyo kunokonzeresa kunoratidza kuratidzira kunoenderana nebato.
Isu tose tinoziva muenzaniso. Makore mashoma ega ega, mamirioni evakasununguka uye vanofambira mberi vanotarisa kune maDemocrats kuunza shanduko. Kana vakasadaro, tinotsamwira Republican obstruction, uye pamwe zvakare kumaDemocrats, uye totarisa mukupererwa sezvo maRepublican demagogues anowedzera hasha dzakakurumbira musarudzo dzinotevera.
Demoralization kashoma kana bato rinogona kupa vanhu simba rekupikisa vavengi vavo chaivo: makambani nemamwe masangano asingaverengeki anotonga zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwedu. Vanhu vanowanzobata manyepo mashoma pamusoro pezvinangwa izvi pane zvavanoita pamusoro pevezvematongerwo enyika vane ruzha (zvichida chikamu nekuda kweichi chikonzero, kuratidzira kunonangana nemakambani kunowanzo kushandisa nzira dzinokanganisa, se2008. kudzidza mu American Journal of Sociology kuwanikwa).
Chekupedzisira, zano rekufamba iri rinogona kuve rakanyanya kubatsira kune chinangwa chenguva refu chekusimudzira shanduko yehurongwa, sezvo ichitarisa kutsamwa kwedu uye ongororo pamasangano ari pamoyo we capitalism, rusaruraganda, madzitateguru, uye hondo.
Kuhwina shanduko yepolicy, shure kwezvose, hazvina kukwana: Shanduko netsanangudzo inotyisa sezvo dzichisiya dzakasimba masangano uye masisitimu enzanga. Sezvo nhoroondo ichangoburwa ichijekesa zvinorwadza, kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi uye kodzero dzevanhu vatema dzave pasi pekurwiswa kwakanyanya nezvido zvakadzika midzi. Kubuda kwechiuto hakuna kupedza mhirizhonga yamambo.
Pakupedzisira, chete nekuparadza masangano ekare uye kuvaka mamwe akabudirira munzvimbo yavo ndipo tinogona kutarisira kuchengetedza kukunda kwekuchinja kwatinokunda. Uye kutarisana zvakananga nemasangano anodzvinyirira anoumba mutemo anoita seanosimudzira chinangwa ichi zviri nani pane kutarisa kune vezvematongerwo enyika.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta
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Zvinoita zvine musoro! Kana makambani akabata simba, taura navo pachinzvimbo chevamiriri vavo. Saka pamwe kutyora mahwindo mashoma ebhangi panguva yekuratidzira kunonyatso kutaurirana kunoshanda?
Chimwe chinondinetsa ndechekuti mishandirapamwe yakadai yakanangwa haiwanzo kupa chiono chakakura kana kukurudzira vanhu nezve shanduko yehurongwa.