Iyo karoti-ne-tsvimbo zano pakutanga yairatidzika sehungwaru, kana hungwaru. Mumazuva anotungamira kuhondo inotungamirwa neUS kuIraq, "tsvimbo" yekupinda nechisimba yaizomanikidza mauto eIraq kana vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vasunge kana kuuraya Saddam Hussein. "Karoti," kana kuti kukurudzira kwavo kudzinga Saddam nevanakomana vake, kwaizova kudzivirira vatorwa kuti vasapinda munyika yavo. Mutauriri weWhite House, Ari Fleischer, akataura zvakananga paakaudza maIraqi kuti "bara rimwe chete" raizodhura pane hondo.
Zvakadaro munguva yekuyeverwa ye48-awa yakatungamira kuhondo, Bush Administration yakaburitsa rug kubva pasi pechero mukana weIraq. Ari Fleischer (kana kuti airatidzika kunge Fleischer uye kwete muviri kaviri) akataura zvisina mubvunzo kuti kunyangwe Saddam akadzingwa, kana kusiya nyika nekuzvidira, mauto eUS-British aizopinda Iraq mu "nerunyararo kupinda" kutsvaga. "zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru."
Chiratidzo chacho chakanga chisingakanganisi: zvakanga zvisina basa kuti maIraqi akaita sei kubvisa mudzvinyiriri wavo, maAmerica aizotonga nyika yavo zvakadaro. Kana chero mukuru weRepublican Guard akagadzirira kutarisana naSaddam kuti aponese nyika yake, pfuti ingadai yakadzokera muholster yake. Kuzvinetserei? Iyo "karoti" yakanga yatorwa. Iko kugona kuzvisunungura kwevaIraqis kwakange kwashanduka kuita hondo yekune dzimwe nyika yekukunda. Dambudziko nderekuti kupera kwekupedzisira kwekuzvisarudzira kweIraqi kunopindirana zvizere neUS nhoroondo yemutemo kune vanhu vekuIraq.
Vanhu vekuIraq munhoroondo vaive nemukurumbira wekuzvisarudzira mafambiro avo. Muna 1920, maOttoman Turks akabva kuIraq mukukundwa. Muna 1932, maIraq akapidigura mutemo weBritish colonial. Muna 1958, vakadzinga humambo hweHashemite uye vakazivisa republic. Ava vaive vanhu vaigona kupidigura vatongi vehudzvanyiriri. Sei vasina kudonhedza Saddam zvakafanana? Nekuti panhanho dzese munzira, US yakapinda pamwe kuti itsigire Saddam, kana kuve nechokwadi kuti ndiyo yaizove imwe nzira yekutonga kwake.
Kutengesa Vapanduki veIraqi
Sezvo Saddam's Ba'ath Party yatora masimba muna 1968, US yakaratidza schizophrenic policy kuhurumende yeArab nationalist. Mutungamiri Nixon akatsigira kumukira kweKurdish kurwisa Iraq, asi akatengesa maKurds muna 1975 mushure mekunge Baghdad asaina chibvumirano cherunyararo neshamwari yake Shah weIran. MaKurds eIraqi vachiri kurangarira kupandukira uku neshungu uye kusavimbana.
Makore mashanu gare gare, mushure mekunge maIranian akunda Shah, mutungamiri mutsva weBa'ath Saddam Hussein akapinda muminda yemafuta eIran nechikomborero cheUS. Mutungamiri Reagan vakapa Baghdad hungwaru uye dziviriro yemauto emugungwa eUS pakutumirwa kwemafuta eIraq, uye Munyori wavo weDziviriro, VaDonald Rumsfeld, vakabata ruoko rwaSaddam noushamwari muBaghdad. Irak neIran pazvakatanga kurwiswa kwemakemikari mudunhu reKurdish padivi pemuganhu wavo, vakuru veUS vakanongedza zvigunwe kuIran chete, uye vakaderedza kana kuvharira mhosva dzeUN dzeSaddam kusvika hondo yapera muna1988.
Mushure mekunge Saddam yapinda muKuwait muna 1990, Bush Administration yekutanga yakaunganidza Coalition kudzivirira kuzvitonga kwehumambo hwakapfuma neoiri, asi vepasi pasi vanopikisa Saddam veIraq hapana kwavaionekwa muhurongwa hwemauto hwakabudirira. Washington yakakurudzira kuumbwa kwevapikisi vekuIraq (vakatungamirwa nevaimbove mauto eIraqi uye mubhangi Ahmed Chalabi) iyo yakave isina kungopatsanurwa mukati asi isingafarirwe muIraq.
VaBush vakakurudzira maIraqi kuti vamukirane naSaddam, asi maShi'ite ekumaodzanyemba kweIraqi paakasunungura maguta avo muna Kurume 1991, mauto eUS achiona zvigaro zvavo akarairwa kuti asabatsire. MaAllies akasimudza kwenguva yehondo No-Fly Zone, zvichibvumira nguva yakakwana yekuti zvikopokopo zveSaddam zvitadze vapanduki veShi'ite vasati vadzoreredza zvirambidzo zvekubhururuka. Saddam akachera madhaka edunhu kuti apedze kuuraya kwake.
Zvikonzero zveUS kutengesa maShi'ite zvaive zvakapetwa katatu, uye zvinodzidzisa nezvedambudziko riripo muna 2003. Kutanga, Washington yakafungidzira kuti maShi'a eIraq aizotsvaga kutevedzera hutongi hweShi'ite hweIran, kunyangwe vakarwa semauto vachirwisa. Iran muma1980s. (Mapurisa epachivande eMukhabarat aSaddam akasimudzira kubatana uku nekutumira maguta evapanduki eShi'ite aine chinyorwa cheIran Ayatollah Khomeini.)
Chechipiri, vanobatana neUS muSaudi Arabia neKuwait vakatya muenzaniso une njodzi wenyika yedemocracy republic kuyambuka miganhu yavo, panguva apo kushorwa kwemumba kwaikwira kuma monarchies avo. Machinda eSunni nemasheikh vakatsigira zvigaro zvemauto zveUS uye zvido zvemafuta, uye zvaive zvakakosha kupfuura kuzvitonga kwevaIraqi.
Chechitatu, shanduko yedemocracy yechokwadi inotungamirwa nevanhu veIraqi yaizosimbirira kutora kutonga kwakazara kweminda yavo yemafuta, uye kuchengetedza purofiti kubva mukuvandudzwa kwemafuta. Kana hurumende yeIran yakakurumbira yeMossadegh muIran yakapa nyika zvido zvemafuta zveUS neBritish muna 1953, CIA yakapidigura hurumende iyoyo. Washington yakaona Saddam sechinhu chinofarirwa uye chinofanotaurwa chekutonga kweSunni uye "kugadzikana" kwedunhu, uye kutonga kwake kwekutya kwakaenderera.
Kuderedza Kupikiswa Kwemukati
Kurova kwekupedzisira kuzvitonga kwevanhu veIraqi kwakabva kuClinton Administration muma1990s, sezvo zvirango zvehupfumi zvaitungamirwa neUS zvakabvisa simba ripi zvaro raive rasara muruzhinji kurwisa Saddam. Zvirango izvi zvaifanirwa kumanikidza maIraqi kuti apidigura Saddam. Pane kudaro, Saddam akabudirira kutsausa mhosva yekuoma kwehupfumi kuUS, uye kwete pasina humbowo. VaIraqi vakadzidza uye vanhu vanoshanda vakapedza nguva yavo yese yekurara vachitsvanzvadzira kuti vawane zvinhu zvakaringana kuti mhuri dzavo dzirarame. Vakakura vasina simba, vakatsauswa uye vachitya kuronga vachipokana nehutongi, uye vakawedzera kuvenga US nekuvavarira ivo pachinzvimbo cheSaddam.
Danho rakagadzirirwa Hondo yechipiri yeGulf ya 2003. Pasina varwi kana mauto vanopikisa Saddam, Mutungamiri George W. Bush vaigona kuratidza kurwisa kweUS-British se "Operation Iraqi Freedom." Munguva yakakosha yemaawa makumi mana nemasere apo vakuru vemauto vashoma kana vakuru veBaath vaive nesarudzo yekubuda nechisimba nekutora Saddam, Ari Fleischer akabvisa sarudzo.
Zvimwe maAmerica aizodzinga Saddam, kana kuti hapana aizodaro. Chinangwa chaive chekusabvisa mudzvanyiriri kana zvombo zvake zvemakemikari (kusvika parizvino zvisati zvashandiswa) asi kukunda nekutonga Iraq. Kusunungura Iraq inova mukana wepamusoro kwete chete kuchengetedza kutonga pamusoro peminda yemafuta eIraq, asi zvakanyanya kukosha kuwedzera "nzvimbo yepesvedzero" itsva yeUS.
Kupindira kwega kwega kweUS kubva 1990 (muGulf, Balkans, neCentral Asia) kwakasiya masumbu ezvigadziko zvechiuto zvechigarire mu "pakati pepakati" pakati pevakwikwidzi vehupfumi vari kusimukira muEU neEast Asia. Hazvishamisi kuti Germany, France, Russia neChina ndivo vaipikisa hondo iyi. Iraq neIran zvanga zviri izvo chete zvipingamupinyi zvinovharira hutongi hweUS mudunhu pakati peHungary nePakistan, semutsindo we "humambo" hutsva hwehupfumi.
Vagari veiyi โnzvimbo yesimbaโ yeUS havangotenderwi kupidigura vadzvanyiriri vavo. Bato rekurwisa hondo rakanangana netarisiro yekufa kwevanhu vakawanda muGulf War II, uye dambudziko revanhu rakatotanga. Asi mhosva chaiyo yanga iri yekuramba kweWashington kuzvitonga kwevanhu veIraqi mukati memakumi matatu emakore apfuura, kusvika uye kusanganisira Gulf War II, kunyangwe vashoma maIraqi akafa.
Kugamuchira Mauto?
Hazvingave zvisina kujairika kune vamwe vakaneta uye vanotya mauto eIraqi kana vanhuwo zvavo kuti vatange vagamuchira mauto ari kupinda nechisimba (chero zvikonzero zveUS zvekupinda), semaitiro evanhu pakupunzika kwehutongi hunotyisa hwaSaddam. Asi chii? Mamwe maSaudis akatambira mauto eUS muna 1990, kudzamara vapfuudza kugamuchirwa kwavo munyika tsvene yeIslam mushure mekukunda kweGulf War I. Vanhu vekuSomalia vakagamuchirawo mauto eUS pavakasvika muMogadishu muna 1992, kudzamara US yatanga kutora divi muhondo yevagari vemo uye yakabhadhara zvakazoitika muhondo ine mukurumbira wakashata ye "Black Hawk Down".
Nekukunda Iraq, mauto eUS ari kupinda munyika yakakamukana zvakanyanya nehutsika uye mune zvechitendero kupfuura Somalia, uye ichikwikwidza Bosnia neAfghanistan. Munyika yakaoma kunzwisisa, US ichakurumidza kutanga maitiro ayo ekutsanangura "vanhu vakanaka" uye "vakaipa," uye kutora divi mukukonana kwemukati. VaIraqi vanogona kunge vachikanda maruva kumauto eAmerica muna 2003, asi magirinedhi muna 2004.
Nenhoroondo yavo yekudada yekuzvisarudzira, maIraqi haazogutsikane kutongwa nemukuru wemauto eAmerica kana anogadzwa. Ivo havazongobvuma kuKarzai-maitiro ekuIraq puppet akadai saChalabi, uyo akamisa mahofisi makuru kuchamhembe kweIraq. Uye maKurds haazogamuchire mauto eTurkey kuchamhembe kweIraq, kunyangwe senge quid pro quo yeUS overflights pamusoro peTurkey kurwisa Saddam.
VaShi'ite vari kumaodzanyemba vanogona kumhoresa vanhu vekuAmerica vanovasunungura kubva kumudzvanyiriri weSunni Saddam, asi vanozogumbukira vatongi veAmerica vanovadzivisa kutora nzvimbo yavo sehuwandu hwevaIraqi, uye kuvandudza mamiriro avo ehupfumi hwechipiri. Urban, vakadzidza Iraqis, uye anopokana-Saddam leftist mapato, zvakafanana havazogutsikane "kusangana nemukuru mutsva, zvakafanana nemukuru wekare."
Kukunda ndicho chikamu chiri nyore. Mutungamiri Bush vanogona kukunda nyore Gulf Hondo yechipiri, asi kurasikirwa nerunyararo. Iyo nzungu yakaoma yekutsemura haizove kushorwa nevateveri vaSaddam, asi kuramba kubva kune vanomupikisa. Kufanana nePhilippines makore zana apfuura, US yakasvika "kusunungura" vanhu kubva muhutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, asi inogona kuzopedzisira yazviwana sesimba rehumambo kurwisa vapanduki vedemokrasi yavakange vauya kuzotsigira.
Zoltan Grossman ndiye Mubatsiri Purofesa weGeography paYunivhesiti yeWisconsin- Eau Claire, uye murongi werunyararo, nharaunda, uye anopikisa rusaruraganda. Manyoro ake erunyararo anogona kuonekwa pa www.uwec.edu/grossmzc/peace.html uye anogona kusvikwa pa [email inodzivirirwa]
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